Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)
Registration No. 333-276630
Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
Up to 67,782,968 shares of common stock
Up to 12,435,000 shares of common stock
issuable upon the exercise of Warrants
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_001.jpg)
This
prospectus relates to the offer and sale from time to time by the selling securityholders
named in this prospectus or their permitted transferees (the “selling securityholders”)
of up to 80,217,968 shares of our common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “common
stock”) consisting of: (a) up to 57,400,000 shares of our common stock issued to Alternus
Energy Group Plc., our majority stockholder (“AEG”), pursuant to the Business
Combination Agreement (as defined below) at an equity consideration value of $10.00 per share;
(b) up to 7,666,667 shares of our common stock (2,555,556 of which are subject to vesting
upon the occurrence of certain events) issued to Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC (the
“Sponsor”) upon conversion on a 1-for-1 basis of 7,666,667 Founder Shares (as
defined below) held by the Sponsor on the closing date of the Business Combination (as defined
below) (the “Closing Date”) purchased at less than $0.01 per share; (c) up to
1,320,000 shares of common stock to be issued to Wissam Anastas (“WA”) pursuant
to the conversion of a convertible note at an effective price of $0.73; (d) up to 890,000
shares of common stock issued to the Sponsor in a private placement as part of units (the
“Sponsor Units”) at a price of $10.00 per Sponsor Unit, each Sponsor Unit comprising
one share of common stock and one one-half of one warrant; (e) up to 100,000 shares of our
common stock issued to Moneta Advisory Partners, LLC at an equity consideration value of
$0.50 per share; (f) up to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC Sponsor Capital
Access at an equity consideration value of $0.52 per share; (g) up to 81,301 shares of our
common stock issued to Outside the Box Capital Inc. at an equity consideration value of $1.32
per share; (h) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred to Jones Trading Institutional
Services LLC from AEG as compensation for services at a value of $0.44 per share; (i) up
to 11,500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of our 11,500,000 Public
Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (j) up to 445,000 shares of common
stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (the “Sponsor Warrants”) with an
exercise price of $11.50 issued to the Sponsor as part of the Sponsor Units; (k) up to 300,000
shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (the “SCM Tech 1 Warrants”)
issued to SCM Tech, LLC with an exercise price of $0.01 per share; (l) up to 100,000 shares
of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants with an exercise price of $11.50 per
share issued to SCM Tech, LLC (the “SCM Tech 2 Warrants”); and (m) up to 90,000
shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants with an exercise price of $0.01
issued to SCM Tech, LLC (the “SCM Tech 3 Warrants” and together with the SCM
Tech 1 Warrants and SCM Tech 2 Warrants, the “SCM Tech Warrants” and the SCM
Tech Warrants together with the Sponsor Warrants, and the Public Warrants, hereinafter referred
to as the “Warrants”). At the closing price of $0.3526 per share for our common
stock on July 17, 2024, no profit will be earned from the sale of our common stock by any
of the selling shareholders except for the Sponsor, who would earn $2,626,000 in profit if
it sold its 7,666,667 Founders Shares and SCM Tech, LLC, who would earn $133,614 if it exercised
in full the SCM Tech 1 Warrant and SCM Tech 3 Warrant and sold all 390,000 shares issued
to it from such exercises. The large number of shares of common stock that may be sold in
this offering, or the perception that such sales may occur, could have a negative impact
on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, due to the significant price difference
between the prices our Sponsor and SCM Tech, LLC paid for their securities and price per
share that our public securityholders paid for their shares of common stock, these selling
securityholders in this offering may experience a positive rate of return based on our current
trading price, while our public securityholders may not experience a similar rate of return
based on the prices out of which they purchased our common stock as compared to our current
trading price.
The selling securityholders may offer, sell or
distribute all or a portion of the securities hereby registered publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices
or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales of these securities, except with respect to amounts
received by us upon exercise of the Warrants for cash. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their Warrants for
cash and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our common stock. If the
market price for our common stock is less than the exercise price of the Warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that it will be
unlikely that holders will exercise their Warrants. There is no assurance that the warrants will be “in-the-money” prior
to their expiration. The exercise price of the Warrants, other than the SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants, is $11.50 per share and the
exercise price of our SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants is $0.01. If the trading price for our common stock is less than the exercise
price of any of our Warrants, meaning such Warrants are “out of the money,” we believe the holders of such Warrants will
be unlikely to exercise such Warrants on a cash basis. In addition, the Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. To the extent
such Warrants are exercised on a cashless basis, we would not receive any cash from such exercise and the total amount of cash that we
would receive from the exercise of the Warrants will decrease. We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration
of these securities, including with regard to compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws. The selling securityholders
will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to their sale of shares of common stock or Warrants. See the section titled
“Plan of Distribution.”
Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”)
under the symbol “ALCE”. On July 23, 2024, the last reported sales price of our common stock was $0.3420 per share. We
currently do not intend to list any of the Warrants on any stock exchange or stock market, but currently have our Public Warrants trading
on the OTC Markets Pink Tier under the trading symbol, OTCMKTS:ACLEW.
AEG,
has voting control over approximately 70% of our voting power of our outstanding voting stock and therefore we currently meet the definition
of a “controlled company” under the corporate governance standards for Nasdaq listed companies and for so long as we remain
a controlled company under this definition, we are eligible to utilize certain exemptions from the corporate governance requirements
of Nasdaq.
We are an “emerging growth company”
as defined under U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with reduced public company reporting requirements.
This prospectus complies with the requirements that apply to an issuer that is an emerging growth company.
Investing in our securities involves a high
degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning
on page 11 of this prospectus, and under similar headings in any amendments or supplements to this prospectus.
NEITHER THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
NOR ANY STATE SECURITIES COMMISSION HAS APPROVED OR DISAPPROVED OF THESE SECURITIES OR PASSED UPON THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS PROSPECTUS.
ANY REPRESENTATION TO THE CONTRARY IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE.
Prospectus dated July 31, 2024
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a registration
statement on Form S-1 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) using the “shelf”
registration process. Under this shelf registration process, the selling securityholders may, from time to time, sell the securities
offered by them described in this prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by such selling securityholders of the securities
offered by them described in this prospectus, except with respect to amounts received by us upon the exercise of the Warrants for cash.
Neither we nor the selling securityholders have
authorized anyone to provide you with any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or
any applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectuses prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you.
Neither we nor the selling securityholders take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other
information that others may give you. Neither we nor the selling securityholders will make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction
where the offer or sale is not permitted.
We may also provide a prospectus supplement or
post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus.
You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement
together with the additional information to which we refer you in the sections of this prospectus titled “Where You Can Find
More Information.”
On October 12, 2022, Clean Earth Acquisitions
Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Clean Earth”), entered into a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain
First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended
by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by that certain Amended
and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination
Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, AEG
and the Sponsor. On December 22, 2023, in accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, the Closing occurred, pursuant to which
Clean Earth issued and transferred 57,500,000 shares of Class A common stock of Clean Earth, par value $0.0001 per share, to AEG, and
AEG transferred to Clean Earth, and Clean Earth received from AEG, all of the issued and outstanding equity interests in the Acquired
Subsidiaries (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (the “Equity Exchange,” and together with the other transactions
contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the Closing, Clean Earth
changed its name to “Alternus Clean Energy Inc.”
Unless otherwise stated or unless the context
otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to (1) “AEG” refers to Alternus Energy Group Plc, a public limited
company incorporated under the laws of Ireland and our majority stockholder, (2) “Clean Earth” refers to Clean Earth
Acquisitions Corp, a Delaware corporation and our legal predecessor, prior to Business Combination, and (3) “Alternus,”
the “Company,” “Registrant,” “we,” “us” and “our” refers to Alternus Clean
Energy, Inc., formerly known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp., and where appropriate, our wholly owned subsidiaries.
TRADEMARKS
This prospectus contains references to our trademarks,
trade names and service marks. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear
without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert,
to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, trade names and
service marks. Other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this prospectus (or documents we have incorporated by reference)
are the property of their respective holders. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or
service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus contains forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements convey management’s expectations as to the future of Alternus, and are based on management’s beliefs,
expectations, assumptions and such plans, estimates, projections and other information available to management at the time Alternus makes
such statements. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and may be identified by terminology
such as the words “outlook,” “believe,” “expect,” “potential,” “goal,” “continues,”
“may,” “will,” “should,” “could,”, “would”, “seeks,” “approximately,”
“projects,” predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates”
“future,” “guidance,” “target,” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words,
although not all forward-looking statements may contain such words. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus may include
statements related to Alternus’ revenues, earnings, taxes, cash flow and related financial and operating measures, and expectations
with respect to future operating, financial and business performance, and other anticipated future events and expectations that are not
historical facts.
We
caution you that our forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those that
are beyond our control, which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the future results.
Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by its forward-looking statements include:
|
● |
the risk that the Business Combination disrupts
our current plans and operations as a result of the announcement and consummation of the Business Combination transactions; |
|
● |
our ability to recognize the anticipated benefits
of the Business Combination, which may be affected by, among other things, competition and our ability to grow and manage growth
profitably following the Business Combination; |
| ● | changes
in applicable laws or regulations; |
|
● |
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic; |
| ● | a
financial or liquidity crisis; |
| ● | the
effects of inflation and changes in interest rates; |
| ● | a
financial or liquidity crisis; geopolitical factors, including, but not limited to, the Russian
invasion of Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war; |
| ● | the
risk of global and regional economic downturns; |
| ● | the
projected financial information, anticipated growth rate, and our market opportunity; |
| ● | foreign
currency, interest rate, exchange rate and commodity price fluctuations; |
| ● | various
environmental requirements; |
| ● | retention
or recruitment of executive and senior management and other key employees; |
| ● | the
possibility that Alternus may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive
factors; |
| ● | our
ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting; |
| ● | our
ability to manage its growth effectively; |
| ● | our
ability to achieve and maintain profitability in the future; |
| ● | our
ability to access sources of capital to finance operations and growth; |
| ● | the
success of strategic relationships with third parties; |
| ● | the
impact of reduction, modification or elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives
(including, but not limited to, with respect to solar parks); |
| ● | the
impact of decreases in spot market prices for electricity; |
| ● | dependence
on acquisitions for our growth; |
| ● | inherent
risks relating to acquisitions and our ability to manage its growth and changing business; |
| ● | risks
relating to developing and managing renewable solar projects; |
| ● | risks
relating to photovoltaic plant quality and performance; |
| ● | risks
relating to planning permissions for solar parks and government regulation; |
| ● | Alternus’ need
for significant financial resources (including, but not limited to, for growth in its business); |
| ● | the
need for financing in order to maintain future profitability; |
| ● | the
lack of any assurance or guarantee that we can raise capital or meet its funding needs; |
| ● | our
limited operating history; and |
|
● |
other risks and uncertainties described in this
prospectus, including those under “Risk Factors”. |
We undertake no obligations to update publicly
or release any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this registration statement
or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, other than as required by law. The foregoing factors and others described under
“Risk Factors” should not be construed as exhaustive. There are other factors that may cause our actual results to differ
materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. Moreover, new risks emerge from time to time and it is not
possible for us to predict all such risks. We cannot assess the impact of all risks on our business or the extent to which any factor,
or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Given
these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. We
urge you to read the sections of this prospectus entitled “Prospectus Summary,” “Risk Factors,”
and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” for a more complete
discussion of the factors that could affect their respective future performance and the industry in which we operate.
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING
MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA
Unless otherwise indicated, information contained
in this prospectus concerning our company, our business, the services we provide and intend to provide, our industry and our general
expectations concerning our industry are based on management’s estimates. Such estimates are derived from publicly available information
released by third party sources, as well as data from our internal research, and reflect assumptions made by us based on such data and
our knowledge of the industry, which we believe to be reasonable. The industry publications and third-party studies generally state that
the information that they contain has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy
or completeness of such information. While we believe that each of these publications and third-party studies is reliable, we have not
independently verified the market and industry data obtained from these third-party sources. Forecasts and other forward-looking information
obtained from these sources are subject to the same qualifications and uncertainties as to the other forward-looking statements in this
prospectus. These forecasts and forward-looking information are subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including
those described under “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those
expressed in our forecasts or estimates or those of independent third parties. While we believe our internal research is reliable and
the definition of our market and industry are appropriate, neither such research nor these definitions have been verified by any independent
source.
Certain information in the text of this registration
statement is contained in industry publications, government websites, and reports or data compiled by a third party. The sources of these
industry publications and data are provided below:
| ● | Solar
Power Europe: Global Market Outlook For Solar Power 2019 – 2023; |
| ● | Solar
Power Europe: Global Market Outlook For Solar Power 2018 – 2022; |
| ● | European
Commission: Jäger-Waldau, A., PV Status Report 2018, EUR 29463 EN, Publications Office
of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2018, ISBN 978-92-79-97465-6, doi:10.2760/826496, JRC113626; |
| ● | European
Commission: Renewable Energy Progress Report – 09.04.2019; |
| ● | European
Commission: Eurostats for Renewable Energy; |
| ● | World
Economic Forum: www.weforum.org; |
| ● | PV
Magazine: www.pv-magazine.com; |
| ● | ANRE
– Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority: www.anre.ro; |
| ● | OPCOM
– Exchange Market for Energy in Romania: www.opcom.ro; |
| ● | German
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy: www.bmwi.de; |
| ● | Gestore
dei Servizi Energetici (Italian Energy Services Manager): www.gse.it; |
| ● | Netherlands
Enterprise Agency: www.rvo.nl; |
| ● | CBS
Statistics Netherlands: www.cbs.nl; and |
| ● | Res-Legal
– Legal sources on Renewable Energy: www.res-legal.eu. |
CERTAIN TERMS USED IN THIS
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise
requires, references in this registration statement to the terms below will have the following meanings:
| ● | “AEG”
means Alternus Energy Group Plc, a company incorporated under the laws of Ireland; |
| ● | “Business
Combination” means the business combination by and among Clean Earth, the Sponsor
and AEG pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement entered into on October 12, 2022,
as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement, dated as
of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment,
the “Initial Business Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by
that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 22,
2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended
and restated by the A&R BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”); |
|
● |
“Clean Earth”
means Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp., a Delaware corporation; |
|
● |
“Closing”
means the closing of Business Combination; |
|
● |
“Closing Date”
means December 22, 2023, the date and time on which the Closing occurred. |
|
● |
“EPC” means
engineering, procurement, and construction services; |
|
● |
“€”
and “Euro” mean the legal currency of the European Union; |
|
● |
“FiT” means
feed-in tariff(s); |
|
● |
“Founder
Shares” means the 5,750,000 shares of Clean Earth’s Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“CLIN
Class B Common Stock”), that on August 17, 2021, the Sponsor purchased for $25,000, or approximately $0.004 per share, to cover
certain of the offering costs in connection with the IPO. On February 7, 2022, Clean Earth effected a 1:1.33333339 stock split of
its CLIN Class B Common Stock, resulting in the Sponsor holding 7,666,667 Founder Shares; |
|
● |
“IPO”
means the initial public offering of Clean Earth; |
|
● |
“IPP”
means independent power producer and refer to our business where we own and operate solar parks and derive revenue from selling electricity
to the power grid; |
|
● |
“kWh”
means kilowatt hour(s); |
|
● |
“Meteora
Entities” means collectively, Meteora Capital Partners, LP, Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP and Meteora
Strategic Capital, LLC. |
|
● |
“MWh”
means megawatt hour(s); |
|
● |
“MWp”
means megawatt peak; |
|
● |
“O&M”
means operations and maintenance services provided for commercially operating solar parks; |
|
● |
“Private
Units” means the 890,000 private units purchased from Clean Earth by the Sponsor in connection with the closing of
the IPO at a price of $10.00 per private unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $8,900,000. Each private unit consists of one share
of common stock and one-half of one warrant; |
| ● | “Public
Units” means the 23,000,000 units sold in the IPO, ; |
| ● | “Public
Warrants” means the warrants included in the Public Units sold in the IPO, each
of which is exercisable for one share of our common stock, in accordance with its terms; |
|
● |
“PV”
means photovoltaic; |
|
● |
“RON”
means the legal currency of Romania; |
|
● |
“Industrial”
(whether capitalized or not) = <1000 kW; |
|
● |
“Solis”
means Solis Bond Company DAC, a company incorporated under the laws of Ireland and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company; |
|
● |
“Solis
Bond” means the 3-year senior secured green bonds which were issued by Solis in January 2021, in the maximum amount
of $242 million (€200 million) with a stated coupon rate of 6.5% + EURIBOR and quarterly interest payments; |
|
● |
“Sponsor”
means Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; |
|
● |
“Subsidiary”
means, with respect to a person, a corporation or other entity of which more than 50% of the voting power of the equity securities
or equity interests is owned, directly or indirectly, by such person; |
|
● |
“Transactions”
means, collectively, the business combination and the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement; |
|
● |
“Utility-scale”
(whether capitalized or not) = >1000 kW, ground-mounted; and |
|
● |
“watt”
or “W” mean the measurement of total electrical power, where “kilowatt” or “kW”
means one thousand watts, “megawatts” or “MW” means one million watts and “gigawatt”
or “GW” means one billion watts. |
PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This
summary highlights some information contained elsewhere in this prospectus, and it may not contain all of the information important to
making an investment decision. Therefore, before investing in our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including
our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto and the information set forth in the sections titled “Risk
Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Unless
otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to the “company,” “we,”
“us,” “our,” “Alternus,” and other similar terms refer to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., formerly known
as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp., and where appropriate, our wholly owned subsidiaries.
The Company
Overview
The Company was incorporated on May 14, 2021
under the laws of Delaware and currently has 21 employees; 11 employees are located Dublin, Ireland, 6 are located at the Company’s
headquarters located in Fort Mill, SC, 1 remote employee in the US and 3 are located in Europe. Our employees perform various services
such as business development, finance and management functions.
We are an independent clean energy producer that
develops, installs, and operates a diverse portfolio of utility scale solar PV parks in North America and Europe, as long-term owners.
You may also hear the term IPP, or independent power producer, to describe similar companies, however we want to focus on the clean nature
of the energy generated from the solar parks we own and operate.
As a long-term owner operator, we focus on ensuring
that the projects we develop and install for our own use, are designed to deliver the most efficient operating results over the full
project lifetime, which averages over 30 years. The solar parks benefit from long-term government offtake contracts and/or Power
Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”) with investment grade off-takers with terms of 15 – 20 years, plus energy
sales to local power grids, typically for 5 to 15 years at a time during the full life of the projects.
As of July 31, 2024, we have approximately
8 operating parks, a total of 44 MWp in operation and circa $16 million in recurring annual revenues.
Business Model
As a vertically integrated business, Alternus
operates across all key segments of the solar project development life cycle from ‘greenfield’ planning and permitting phases,
through to construction and long-term revenue and margin generation from sales of energy to customers. This integration of activities
under one common ownership and management creates a ‘production line’ of new projects supporting organic growth, and visibility
of pipeline, in the business going forward. This business model is designed to lock in lasting shareholder value by significantly reducing
capex for newly developed projects, and lowering acquisition costs for acquired projects at pre-operation from other market participants.
The earlier in the cycle that we acquire new
solar projects means we retain more of the project market value created as it passes each milestone. If we acquire projects further along
the value chain then we pay more capital (and value) out to third parties for those projects. The value creation at each stage results
from the de-risking of the projects as they get closer to operation and as a result, attract higher valuations at the later stages as
the project risk declines.
Alternus Clean Energy Project Stage Classification
This method of operation is designed to bring
the value created during the development cycle directly to us, thereby reducing equity requirements to build out a larger portfolio,
as the margins captured can be reinvested in future growth. In addition, it provides greater certainty of future revenue streams as the
projects owned today reach planned operation dates in the future. This is what drives the stair step revenue growth in the business.
As of the date of this registration statement, we own 533MW of projects in the development phase, all of which are expected to reach
full operation and revenue generation over the next three to four years, in line with industry norms.
We generate our new project pipeline by working
closely with a cultivated network of local and international project development partners that provide a continuous pipeline of new projects
for acquisition and construction.
We believe that a benefit of being a long-term
owner of these projects is the stairstep long-term recurring income created from the stable and predictable income streams as the cumulative
operational portfolio grows. Every time we add a new project into the portfolio, we get a potential lift in long-term incomes that then
accumulates each time. Other participants in our market sometimes ‘build-to-sell’ the projects they develop and/or install,
making their annual numbers more one-off and volatile. Our business model is designed to steadily add long-term income, locking in sustainable
returns and value for shareholders as we stair step up growth.
Corporate Information
We were originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions
Corp. Following the approval of the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special meeting
of the stockholders of Clean Earth held on December 4, 2023 (the “Special Meeting”), we consummated the Business Combination.
In connection with the Closing, we changed our name from Clean Earth Acquisition Corp. to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
Our principal executive offices are located at
360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, South Carolina 29715. Our main telephone number is (803) 280-1468. Our website is https://alternusenergy.com.
The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this
prospectus. “Alternus” and our other registered and common law trade names, trademarks and service marks are property
of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. or our affiliates, as applicable. This prospectus contains additional trade names, trademarks and service
marks of others, which are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in
this prospectus may appear without the ® or ™ symbols.
Recent Developments
Change in Company’s Certifying
Accountant. On June 1, 2024, the Company was notified that Mazars USA LLP (“Mazars”), the Company’s independent
registered public accounting firm, entered into a transaction with FORVIS, LLP (“FORVIS”) whereby substantially all of the
partners and employees of Mazars joined FORVIS. As a result on the effective date of June 1, 2024, FORVIS, LLP changed its name to Forvis
Mazars, LLP (“Forvis Mazars”) and Mazars resigned as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. The
Audit Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors has appointed Forvis Mazars to serve as the Company’s independent registered
public accounting firm effective June 1, 2024.
The audit report of Mazars on the financial
statements of the Company as of December 31, 2023 did not contain an adverse opinion or a disclaimer of opinion, and was not qualified
or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principles.
Resignation of Director. On May 15, 2024,
Mohammed Javade Chaudhri, a Class I director of the Company, notified the Company that they will resign from the Company’s Board
of Directors (the “Board”) effective immediately. Mr. Chaudhri’s decision to resign from the Board was solely for personal
reasons and was not the result of any disagreement with the Company’s operations, policies or procedures, or any disagreements
in respect of accounting principles, financial statement disclosure, or any issue impacting on the committees of the Board on which they
served.
Nasdaq Notice of Failure to Comply with Continued
Listing Standards. On May 6, 2024, the Company received a letter from the listing qualifications department staff of The Nasdaq Stock
Market (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that for the prior 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market
Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) was below the minimum of $35 million required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital
Market pursuant to Nasdaq listing rule 5550(b)(2). The notice has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock,
and the Company’s common stock continues to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” In accordance
with Nasdaq listing rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the Company has 180 calendar days, or until November 4, 2024, to regain compliance. The notice
states that to regain compliance, the Company’s MVLS must close at $35 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business
days (or such longer period of time as the Nasdaq staff may require in some circumstances, but generally not more than 20 consecutive
business days) during the compliance period ending November 4, 2024. The Company believes that it can also regain compliance by meeting
the continued listing standard of a minimum stockholders’ equity of at least $2.5 million. If the Company does not regain compliance
by November 4, 2024, Nasdaq staff will provide written notice to the Company that its securities are subject to delisting. At that time,
the Company may appeal any such delisting determination to a Nasdaq hearings panel. The Company intends to actively monitor the Company’s
MVLS between now and November 4, 2024 and may, if appropriate, evaluate available options to resolve the deficiency and regain compliance
with the MVLS rule. While the Company is exercising diligent efforts to maintain the listing of its common stock on Nasdaq, there can
be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain or maintain compliance with Nasdaq listing standards.
Signing of Definitive Purchase and Sale Agreement.
On April 30, 2024, ALT US 01 LLC (“ALT”), an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary and related party of the Company, entered
into a Membership Interest Purchase and Sale Agreement (the “MIPA”) by and among ALT and C2 Taiyo Fund I, LP (“C2”).
Pursuant to the MIPA, C2 will sell to ALT 100% of the membership interests in Taiyo Holding LLC (“Target”). The Target
owns a portfolio of special purchase vehicles (SPVs) which own and operate a portfolio of solar parks across the United States, with
a maximum total production capacity of approximately 80.7 MWp. In exchange, ALT will pay to C2 a Purchase Price (as defined in the MIPA)
of approximately $60.2 million, minus debt, for a net purchase price of approximately $15 million, plus net working capital, and
which may be further subject to adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the MIPA, and subject to meeting all of the conditions
precedent and other applicable terms and conditions of the MIPA. While the MIPA contemplates that closing of the acquisition will take
place by no later than June 30, 2024 or such later date as the Parties to the MIPA may agree in writing, the conditions precedent to
closing are such that there can be no assurance that the acquisition will be completed in that time or at all.
Resignation of our Chief Financial Officer.
On April 25, 2024 Joseph E. Duey, the Company’s now former Chief Financial Officer, resigned, effective as of April 30, 2024.
Mr. Duey advised the Company that his decision to step down from the role of Chief Financial Officer was not based on any disagreement
with the Company on any matter relating to its operations, policies or practices.
Vincent Browne, the Company’s Chief Executive
Officer, will act as interim Chief Financial Officer. The Company will be seeking a suitable replacement in due course.
3i Note Transaction. On April 19, 2024,
we entered into the Purchase Agreement with 3i, LP pursuant to which we sold, and 3i, LP purchased, (a) a senior unsecured convertible
note issued by the Company (the “Convertible Note”) with an aggregate principal amount of $2,160,000, which is convertible
into shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (b) a warrant (the “3i Warrant”) to purchase an aggregate
of 2,411,088 shares of common stock (the “3i Note Transaction”). Additionally, a warrant to purchase 241,109 shares of common
stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant”) was issued to Maxim Partners LLC as designee of Maxim Group LLC in its role as placement
agent of the Securities (the “Placement Agent”).
The 3i Note Transaction closed on April 19, 2024.
The gross proceeds to us from the 3i Note Transaction, prior to the payment of transaction expenses, was $2,000,000. The Purchase Agreement
contains customary representations, warranties, and covenants of the Company and the Note Investor. Further, the Purchase Agreement contains
a restriction whereby there cannot, under any circumstances, be more than 16,007,325 shares of our common stock issued under the Convertible
Note and the 3i Warrant combined without first receiving stockholder approval to issue more than 16,007,325 shares of our common stock
thereunder in accordance with Nasdaq listing requirements. For a more detailed description of the 3i Convertible Note Transaction see
“3i Note Transaction” under Description of Securities, on page 112.
Solis Bond Extension. Our subsidiary,
Solis, breached three financial covenants under its bond terms and received various waivers from its bondholders, which initially extended
the date on which Solis must repay its bonds to September 30, 2023. On October 16, 2023, the Solis bondholders approved resolutions to
further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. Subsequently, the Solis bondholders approved various resolutions to further
extend the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions
to further extend the temporary waivers and the maturity date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at
the Bond Trustee’s discretion, which it granted, and thereafter on a month-to- month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s
discretion and approval from a majority of Bondholders. On May 27, 2024 Solis received notice that a majority of bondholders have approved
a further extension to June 30, 2024, which was further extended to July 31, 2024, on June 25, 2024. On May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest
payment of Euro 1,000,000 (approx. USD 1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the
first quarter of 2024. The remaining interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, future interest payments due from Solis’
ongoing business operations. Solis will incur late payment penalties for any overdue interest payments in accordance with the Bond Terms.
Nasdaq Notice of Failure to Comply with Continued
Listing Standards. On March 20, 2024, we received a letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market
LLC therein stating that for the 32 consecutive business day period between February 2, 2024 through March 19, 2024, the Common Stock
had not maintained a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant
to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid Price Rule”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was
provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until September 16, 2024 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance
with the Bid Price Rule. If the Company does not regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule by September 16, 2024, the Company may be
eligible for an additional 180-day period to regain compliance. If the Company cannot regain compliance during the Compliance Period
or any subsequently granted compliance period, the Common Stock will be subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the
delisting determination to a Nasdaq hearings panel. The notice from Nasdaq has no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock
and the Common Stock will continue to be listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” The Company is currently
evaluating its options for regaining compliance. There can be no assurance that the Company will regain compliance with the Bid Price
Rule or maintain compliance with any of the other Nasdaq continued listing requirements.
Settlement Agreement with Sponsor.
On March 19, 2024, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor, LLC, a related party, and SPAC
Sponsor Capital Access (“SCA”) pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to repay Sponsor’s debt to SCA, related
to the CLIN SPAC entity extensions, in the amount of $1.4 million and issue 225,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.47
per share to SCA. The principal reason for entering into this settlement agreement was to extend repayment of the amounts that were otherwise
due at Closing of the Business Combination. The Sponsor had previously entered into debt arrangement to enable the funding of the extensions
related to Company’s SPAC existence, or CLIN, prior to completion of the Business Combination. The amount due was included in the
payables balance as of December 31, 2023 for the combined entity, as was inherited from CLIN balance sheet at Closing. This particular
agreement was negotiated and subsequently entered into directly with SCA, who also received the shares in return for the extension of
the amount to later in 2024. No value was given to the Sponsor derived at face value in the transaction.
The Business Combination. On October 12,
2022, Clean Earth entered into the Business Combination Agreement with AEG and the Sponsor, in its capacity as representative of Clean
Earth and solely for purposes of certain sections of the Business Combination Agreement. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement,
among other things and subject to the terms and conditions contained therein, we purchased from AEG the Acquired Subsidiaries (as defined
in the Business Combination Agreement). Following the consummation of the Business Combination on December 22, 2023, we own all of the
equity interests formerly owned by AEG in the Acquired Subsidiaries.
The Business Combination Agreement required that
AEG complete a restructuring prior to the Closing. Pursuant to the restructuring, prior to execution of the Business Combination Agreement,
all of AEG’s interests in one of its holding company subsidiaries, AEG MH 01 Limited, was contributed to a newly organized Luxembourg
entity, Alternus Lux 01 S.à.r.l (“Alternus Lux”) and prior to Closing, AEG contributed to Alternus Lux all of the
shares of two other of its holding companies, Solis Bond Company Designated Activity Company and AEG JD 02 Limited. As a result, at the
Closing, we directly owned all of the interests in Alternus Lux and Alternus Energy Americas Inc. . For a more detailed description of
the Business Combination see our Proxy Statement filed on Schedule 14A with the SEC on November 13, 2023.
Sale of Subsidiaries in Poland. On December
22, 2023, Solis and SINO-CEE Fund II (“Sino”) executed a Share Transfer Agreement (the “Poland SPA”) which provides
for the sale of 100% of the share capital in 6 separate entities, each of which are wholly owned by Solis and which, in the aggregate,
hold a portfolio of 5 plants in Poland with an aggregate capacity of 88.5 MWp. In exchange, Sino-Cee Fund II will pay Solis a Purchase
Price (as defined in the Poland SPA) of approximately €54.4 million (approximately $59 million), after adjustment in accordance
with the Poland SPA. On January 19, 2024 Solis closed the sale to Donau. In exchange, Donau paid to Solis approximately €54.4 million
(approximately $59.1 million).
Sale of Subsidiaries in Italy. On December
28, 2023, Solis entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Italy SPA”) by and among Solis and Undo S.r.l., a company
incorporated under the laws of Italy (“Undo”). Pursuant to the Italy SPA, among other things, Solis sold to the Undo,
and Undo purchased from Solis, 100% of the share capital in 11 separate entities, each of which were wholly owned by Solis and which,
in the aggregate, held a portfolio of 13 photovoltaic plants in Italy with an aggregate capacity of 10.5 MWp. In exchange, Undo paid
to Solis a Purchase Price (as defined in the Italy SPA) of approximately €17.70 million (approximately $19.65 million),
subject to the terms and conditions of the Italy SPA.
AVG Settlement.
On January 11, 2024 the Company entered into that certain Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) by and among
the Company, AEG, Nordic ESG and Impact Fund SCSp, a special limited partnership formed under the laws of Luxembourg (“AVG”),
and AVG Group S.a.r.l., a private limited liability company formed under the laws of Luxembourg and the general partner of AVG (“GP,”
and together with the Company, AEG and AVG, the “Parties”). Reference is made to that certain convertible note (the “AVG
Note”) dated March 22, 2021, previously issued by AEG to GP, in its capacity as general partner and nominee of AVG, in the original
principal amount of €8 million (approximately $8.7 million). The AVG Note carried a fixed interest rate of 10%, had a maturity date
of March 9, 2024, and was payable in cash pursuant to the terms and conditions of the AVG Note. As of January 11, 2024, the full original
principal amount remained outstanding, plus interest and expenses, totaling approximately $10 million.
Pursuant to the Settlement
Agreement, among other things and subject to certain limitations set forth in the Settlement Agreement, the Company issued to AVG, and
AVG accepted from the Company as full and final settlement of the AVG Note, including accrued interest and settlement costs, and any
disputes between the Parties, 7,765,000 shares of common stock. Further, as consideration for and upon the delivery of the 7,765,000
shares of common stock, the Parties agreed (i) that the AVG Note shall be deemed, and AVG and AEG shall take all further action necessary
to cause the AVG Note to be, cancelled and extinguished, and all outstanding indebtedness and other obligations of AEG thereunder shall
be deemed satisfied, released and discharged in full, (ii) to certain mutual releases from, among other things, debts, liabilities, causes
of action and all obligations whatsoever between AVG and AEG in connection with the AVG Note.
Sale of Zonnepark Rilland. On January
16, 2024, Solis entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Rilland SPA”) by and among Solis and Theia Investment (Netherlands)
1 B.V., a private limited liability company formed under the laws of the Netherlands (“Theia”). Pursuant to the Rilland SPA,
among other things, Solis will sell to the Theia, and Theia will purchase from Solis, 100% of the share capital in Zonnepark Rilland
B.V., a private limited liability company formed under the laws of the Netherlands (“SPV”), which developed and operates
a solar park located in Rilland, Netherlands, with a maximum total production capacity of approximately 11.8 MWp. In exchange, Theia
will pay to Solis a Purchase Price (as defined in the Rilland SPA) of approximately €9.7 million (approximately $10.5 million),
inclusive of, and which may be further subject to, adjustments pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Rilland SPA, and subject to
meeting all of the conditions precedent and other applicable terms of the Rilland SPA. On February 21, 2024, the Company closed the sale
of Rilland to Theia. In exchange, Theia paid to Solis a Purchase Price (as defined in the Rilland SPA) of approximately €6.5 million
(approximately $7 million).
Controlled Company Status
AEG owns approximately 70% of the voting power
of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Capital Market’s governance
standards, defined as a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company. As a “controlled
company,” we are permitted to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:
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an exemption
from the rule that a majority of our board of directors must be independent directors; |
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an exemption from the rule
that the compensation of our chief executive officer must be determined or recommended solely by independent directors; and |
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an exemption from the rule
that our director nominees must be selected or recommended solely by independent directors. |
Although we do not currently rely on the “controlled
company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely
on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors
and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. As a result,
you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.
Proceeds from Warrants
The selling securityholders may offer, sell
or distribute all or a portion of the securities hereby registered publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices
or at negotiated prices. We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales of these securities, except with respect to amounts
received by us upon exercise of the Warrants for cash. We believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their Warrants for
cash and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our common stock. If the
market price for our common stock is less than the exercise price of the Warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that it will be
unlikely that holders will exercise their Warrants. There is no assurance that the warrants will be “in-the-money” prior
to their expiration. The exercise price of the Warrants, other than the SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants, is $11.50 per share and the
exercise price of our SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants is $0.01. If the trading price for our common stock is less than the exercise
price of any of our Warrants, meaning such Warrants are “out of the money,” we believe the holders of such Warrants will
be unlikely to exercise such Warrants on a cash basis. In addition, the Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. To the extent
such Warrants are exercised on a cashless basis, we would not receive any cash from such exercise and the total amount of cash that we
would receive from the exercise of the Warrants will decrease.
Risk Factors Summary
Investing in our securities involves substantial
risk. The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” immediately following this summary may cause us to not
realize the full benefits of our strengths or may cause us to be unable to successfully execute all or part of our strategy. Some of
the more significant challenges include the following:
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our stock price may be
volatile and may decline regardless of its operating performance; |
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we may be unable to maintain
the listing of our securities on Nasdaq in the future; |
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future sales of shares
by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline; |
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the shares of common stock
being offered in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock, and the sales of such shares,
or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly; |
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the Warrants may not
be exercised at all or may be exercised on a cashless basis and we may not receive any cash proceeds from the exercise of the Warrants; |
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we may issue additional
shares of common stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress
the market price of our common stock. |
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supply chain challenges
due to forces beyond our control; |
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our ability to compete; |
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our need to raise additional
capital; |
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our ability to retain key
management personnel; |
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the dilution of our shares
as a result of the issuance of additional shares in connection with financing arrangements; |
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the volatility of our stock
price; |
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limited trading volume
and price fluctuations of our stock; |
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the immediate and substantial
dilution of the net tangible book value of our Shares; |
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our ability
to meet the initial or continuing listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market; |
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unanticipated
changes in project plans or defective or late execution; |
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difficulties
in obtaining and maintaining governmental permits, licenses, and approvals required by existing laws and regulations or additional
regulatory requirements not previously anticipated; |
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potential
challenges from local residents, environmental organizations, and others who may not support the project; |
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uncertainty
in the timing of grid connection; |
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the inability
to procure adequate financing with acceptable terms; |
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unforeseeable
engineering problems, construction or unexpected delays, and contractor performance shortfalls; |
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labor,
equipment, and materials supply delays, shortages or disruptions, or work stoppages; |
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adverse
weather, environmental and geological conditions, force majeure, and other events outside of the Company’s control; |
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the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic; |
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cost overruns,
due to any one or more of the foregoing factors: |
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We are
a “controlled company” within the meaning of Nasdaq rules and the rules of the SEC. As a result, we qualify for, and
currently and may in the future rely on, certain exemptions from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements that provide protection
to shareholders of other companies; |
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Our stock
price may be volatile and may decline regardless of its operating performance; |
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We may
be unable to maintain the listing of our securities on Nasdaq in the future; |
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An active
trading market for our common stock may not be sustained; |
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The shares
of common stock being offered in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock, and the sales
of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly; |
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We may
issue additional shares of common stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests
and may depress the market price of our common stock; |
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If securities
or industry analysts either do not publish research about us or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business,
or its market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the trading price or trading volume
of our common stock could decline; |
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Delaware
law and provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult,
thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock; |
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Our certificate
of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes
between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes
with us or our directors, officers or employees; |
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We do
not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future; |
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We will
incur increased costs and obligations as a result of being a public company; |
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The requirements
of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain
qualified board members; and |
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If we
fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, as a public company, our ability to
produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and
the trading price of our common stock may decline. |
Inflation Risk
We do not believe that inflation has had a material
effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant
inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business,
results of operations, or financial condition.
Implications of Being an “Emerging Growth Company”
We are an “emerging
growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). We will remain an
emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first
sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year
in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more; (iii) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in
nonconvertible debt during the previous three years; or (iv) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under applicable
SEC rules. We expect that we will remain an emerging growth company for the foreseeable future, but cannot retain our emerging growth
company status indefinitely and will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company on or before the last day of the fiscal year following
the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities
Act. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from specified disclosure
requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.
These exemptions include:
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being
permitted to provide only two years of audited financial statements, in addition to any required unaudited interim financial statements,
with correspondingly reduced “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”
disclosure; |
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not being
required to comply with the requirement of auditor attestation of our internal controls over financial reporting; |
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not being
required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory
audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial
statements; |
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reduced
disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation; and |
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not being
required to hold a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not
previously approved. |
We have taken advantage
of certain reduced reporting requirements in this prospectus. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the
information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.
An emerging growth company
can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised
accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards
would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected to avail ourselves of this extended transition period and, as
a result, we will not be required to adopt new or revised accounting standards on the dates on which adoption of such standards is required
for other public reporting companies.
We are also a “smaller
reporting company” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”),
and have elected to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosure available for smaller reporting companies.
The Offering
Common
Stock Offered by the Selling securityholders |
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80,217,968
shares of common stock, consisting of: |
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up to 57,400,000 shares
of our common stock issued to AEG, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement; |
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up to 7,666,667 shares
of our common stock issued to the Sponsor on the Closing Date of the Business Combination; |
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up to 1,320,000 shares
of common stock to be issued to Wissam Anastas pursuant to a convertible note at a price of $0.73; |
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up to 890,000 shares of
common stock issued to the Sponsor in the private placement of the Sponsor Units; |
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up
to 100,000 shares of our common stock issued to Moneta Advisory Partners, LLC; |
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up
to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC Sponsor Capital Access; |
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up
to 81,301 shares of our common stock issued to Outside the Box Capital Inc. |
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up
to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred to Jones Trading Institutional Services LLC from AEG for services rendered at a
per share value of $0.44 per share; |
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up
to 11,500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of our 11,500,000 Public Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per
share; |
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up
to 445,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Sponsor Warrants; |
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up
to 300,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 1 Warrants; |
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up
to 100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 2 Warrants; and |
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up to 90,000 shares of
common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants; |
Price |
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The selling
securityholders may sell their shares of common stock at prevailing market or privately negotiated prices, including in one or more
transactions that may take place by ordinary broker’s transactions, privately negotiated transactions or through sales to one
or more dealers for resale. |
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Terms
of the offering |
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The selling securityholders
will determine when and how they will dispose of the securities registered for resale under this prospectus. |
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Lock-Up
Agreement |
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AEG is subject to certain
restrictions on transfer until the termination of applicable lock-up periods. See the sections titled “Certain Relationships
and Related Party Transactions — Lock-Up Agreement.” |
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Use of
Proceeds |
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We will
not receive any proceeds from the sale of common stock by the selling securityholders participating in this offering. The selling
securityholders will receive all of the net proceeds from the sale of their respective shares of common stock in this offering. |
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Trading
Symbols |
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Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq under the symbol “ALCE”. We currently
do not intend to list any of the Warrants on any stock exchange or stock market, but currently have our Public Warrants trading on
the OTC Markets Pink Tier under the trading symbol: OTCMKTS: ACLEW. |
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Risk
Factors |
|
See “Risk
Factors” beginning on page 11 of this prospectus for a discussion of factors that you should carefully consider before
deciding to invest in our common stock. |
|
|
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Plan
of Distribution |
|
For additional information
concerning the offering, see “Plan of Distribution.” |
RISK
FACTORS
Investing in our securities involves a high
degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information
contained in this prospectus, including the risks and uncertainties discussed above under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking
Statements,” our financial statements and related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus and in the section titled “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before deciding to invest in our securities. If any
of the events or developments described below were to occur, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could
suffer materially, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks
and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that
we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our limited operating history may not serve as an adequate basis
to judge our future prospects and results of operations.
We were founded in 2021, and therefore, have
limited operating history. Since inception, we have experienced net losses and have not achieved profitability. For the years ended
December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had net losses of $69.5 million and $18.4 million, and for the three-months ended March 31, 2024,
and March 31, 2023, we had net losses of $7.6 million and $5.3 million respectively. We expect to incur additional losses as we implement
our strategy of expanding business operations in North America and Europe and other select geographies. Our rapidly evolving business
and, in particular, our relatively limited operating history may not be an adequate basis for evaluating our business prospects and financial
performance. Thus, it is difficult to predict the future results of operations. There can be no guarantee that we will ever achieve profitability.
We cannot assure you that we will achieve or maintain profitability
and our auditor has expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
We will need to raise additional working capital
to continue our normal and planned operations. We will need to generate and sustain significant revenue levels in future periods in order
to become profitable, and, even if we do, we may not be able to maintain or increase our level of profitability. In addition, as a public
company, we will incur accounting, legal and other expenses. These expenditures will make it necessary for us to continue to raise additional
working capital. Our efforts to grow our business may be costlier than we expect, and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue
to offset our increased operating expenses. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including unforeseen
expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. Accordingly, substantial doubt exists about our ability to
continue as a going concern and we cannot assure you that we will achieve sustainable operating profits as we continue to expand our
business, and otherwise implement our growth initiatives.
The financial statements included with this registration
statement have been prepared on a going concern basis. We may not be able to generate profitable operations in the future and/or obtain
the necessary financing to meet our obligations and pay liabilities arising from normal business operations when they come due. The outcome
of these matters cannot be predicted with any certainty at this time. These factors raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue
as a going concern. We plan to continue to provide for our capital needs through sales of our securities and/or other financing activities.
Our financial statements do not include any adjustments to the amounts and classification of assets and liabilities that may be necessary
should we be unable to continue as a going concern.
Our substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our business,
financial condition and results of operations.
We believe that our substantial indebtedness
will increase as an independent power producer (“IPP”). As of December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2024 we had $198.4 million,
and $119.1 million in outstanding short-term borrowing respectively. It is likely that we will continue to be highly leveraged.
The degree to which we remain leveraged could have important consequences to stockholders of the Company, including, but not limited
to:
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making
it more difficult for the Company to satisfy its obligations with respect to its other debt and liabilities; |
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increasing
the Company’s vulnerability to, and reducing its flexibility to respond to, general adverse economic and industry conditions; |
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requiring
the dedication of a substantial portion of the cash flow of the Company from operations to the repayment of principal of, and interest
on, indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of such cash flow and limiting the ability to obtain additional financing to
fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, joint ventures or other general corporate purposes, such as payments to
suppliers for PV modules and balance-of-system components and contractors for design, engineering, procurement, and construction
services; |
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limiting
the Company’s flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in its business and the competitive environment and the
industry in which it operates; and |
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placing
the Company at a competitive disadvantage as compared to its competitors, to the extent that they are not as highly leveraged. |
If the Company incurs new debt or other obligations,
the related risks the Company now faces, as described in this risk factor and elsewhere in these “Risk Factors,” could
intensify.
Our business as an independent power producer
requires significant financial resources, and our growth prospects and future profitability depends to a significant extent on the availability
of additional funding options with acceptable terms. If we do not successfully undertake subsequent financing plan(s), it may have to
sell certain of its solar parks.
Our principal resources of liquidity to date
have been cash from its operations and borrowings from banks and its shareholders. We have leveraged bank facilities in certain countries
in order to meet working capital requirements for its activities. Our principal use of cash has been for pipeline development, working
capital, and general corporate purposes.
We will require significant amounts of cash to
fund the acquisition, development, installation, and construction of our projects and other aspects of our operations. We may also require
additional cash due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions it may decide
to pursue in order to remain competitive. Historically, we have used bank loans, bridging loans, and third-party equity contributions
to fund its project acquisition and development. We expect to seek to expand our business with third-party financing options, including
bank loans, equity partners, financial leases, and securitization. However, it cannot be guaranteed that we will be successful in locating
additional suitable sources of financing in the time periods required or at all, or on terms or at costs that it finds attractive or
acceptable, which may render it impossible for us to fully execute our growth plan.
Any debt financing may require restrictive covenants
and additional funds may not be available on terms commercially acceptable to us, vis-à-vis acquired assets
and subsidiaries. Failure to manage discretionary spending and raise additional capital or debt financing as required may adversely impact
our ability to achieve our intended business objectives.
We are a holding company that relies on
distributions and other payments, advances and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations.
We have no direct operations and derive all our
revenue and cash flow from our subsidiaries. Because we conduct our operations through subsidiaries, we depend on those entities for
payments or distributions in order to meet our obligations. The deterioration of the earnings from, or other available assets of, our
subsidiaries for any reason could limit or impair their ability to pay us and adversely affect our operations.
The reduction, modification or elimination of
government subsidies and economic incentives may reduce the economic benefits of existing solar parks and the opportunities to develop
or acquire suitable new solar parks.
Government subsidies and incentives have primarily
been in the form of FiT price support schemes, tax credits, net metering, and other incentives to end-users, distributors, system integrators
and manufacturers of solar energy products. The availability and size of such subsidies and incentives depend, to a large extent, on
political and policy developments relating to environmental concerns in a given country. Changes in policies could lead to a significant
reduction in, or discontinuation of, the support for renewable energies in such country, which could, in turn, have a material adverse
effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Decreases in the spot market price of electricity
could harm our revenue and reduce the competitiveness of solar parks in grid-parity markets.
The price of electricity from our solar parks
is fixed through PPAs or FiTs for a majority of its owned capacity. A FiT is a policy designed to support the development of renewable
energy sources by providing a guaranteed, above-market price for producers. FiTs usually involve long-term contracts, anywhere from 15
to 20 years, whereas the PPAs that currently provide the additional revenue are typically renewed and may be terminated annually.
In countries where the price of electricity is sufficiently high such that solar parks can be profitably developed without the need for
government price supports, solar parks may choose not to enter into PPAs and would instead sell based on the spot market price of electricity.
Revenue for our solar parks in Italy and Romania could fluctuate with the electricity spot market after the expiration of any PPA, unless
it is renewed. The market price of electricity can be subject to significant fluctuations.
Decreases in the spot price of electricity in
such countries could render PV energy less competitive compared to other forms of electricity. Thus, the spot market price of electricity
may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Our power purchase agreements may not be
successfully completed.
Payments by power purchasers under a PPA may
provide the majority of a Subsidiary’s or a project’s cash flows. There can be no assurance that any or all of the power
purchasers will fulfill their obligations under their PPAs or that a power purchaser will not become bankrupt, or that upon any such
bankruptcy, its obligations under its respective PPA will not be rejected by a bankruptcy trustee. There are also additional risks relating
to PPAs, including the occurrence of events beyond the control of a power purchaser that may excuse it from its obligation to accept
and pay for the delivery of energy generated by the project company’s plant. The failure of a power purchaser to fulfill its obligations
under any PPA or the termination of any PPA may have a material adverse effect on the respective project or project company and therefore
on us.
The seasonality of our Subsidiaries’
operations may materially affect our business, results of operations, cash flow, and financial condition.
The energy production industry is subject to
seasonal variations as well as other significant events. For instance, the amount of electricity and revenues generated by our solar
generation facilities is dependent in part, on the amount of sunlight, or irradiation, where the assets are located. Due to shorter daylight
hours in winter months, there is less irradiation and the generation produced by these facilities will vary depending on the season.
The seasonality of our energy production may
create increased demands on liquidity during periods when cash generated from operating activities are lower and we may also require
additional equity or debt financing to maintain its solvency, which may not be available when required or available on commercially favorable
terms. Thus, the Company may struggle to maintain sufficient financial liquidity to absorb the impact of seasonal variations in energy
productions. Other significant events and seasonal variations may adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations,
cash flow, and financial condition.
The acquisition of renewable energy facilities
or of companies that own and operate renewable energy facilities is subject to substantial risk.
A significant part of our business model has
been to acquire new renewable energy facilities and companies that own and operate renewable energy facilities. Acquisition of renewable
energy facilities or of companies that own and operate renewable energy facilities is subject to substantial risk. While we believe that
we have performed adequate due diligence on prospective acquisitions, we may not have been able to discover all potential operational
deficiencies in such renewable energy facilities. In addition, our expectations for the operating performance of newly constructed renewable
energy facilities as well as those under construction are based on assumptions and estimates made without the benefit of an operating
history.
If we consummate any future acquisition, in line
with our business model, our capitalization and results of operations may change significantly, and shareholders will generally not have
the opportunity to evaluate the economic, financial and other relevant information that we consider in determining the application of
these funds and other resources. As a result, the consummation of acquisitions may have a material adverse effect on the our business,
financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Further, we may not be able to successfully integrate
acquired businesses and, where desired, their product portfolios, and therefore the Company may not be able to realize the intended benefits
of such acquisitions. The failure to integrate acquired businesses effectively may adversely impact the our business, results of operations
or financial condition.
The delay between making significant upfront
investments in solar parks and receiving revenue could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, business and results of operations.
There are generally multiple months between
the initial significant upfront investments in solar parks, solar park development and obtaining permits to build solar parks which we
expect to own and operate and when we begin to receive revenues from the sale of electricity generated by such solar parks after grid
connection. Historically, we have relied on third-party equity contribution, bridging and bank loans to pay for costs and expenses incurred
during project development, especially to third parties for PV modules and balance-of-system components and EPC and O&M services.
Such investments may be non-refundable. Solar parks typically generate revenue only after becoming commercially operational and once
they are able to sell electricity to the power grid. Between our initial investments in the development of solar parks (through its model
of working with local developers) and their connection to the transmission grid, there may be adverse developments impacting such
solar parks. The timing gap between its upfront investments and actual generation of revenue, or any added delay due to unforeseen events,
could put strains on our liquidity and resources and materially and adversely affect its profitability and results of operations.
We may experience delays related to developing
and maintaining renewable energy projects.
Development of solar power projects can take
many months or years to complete and may be delayed for reasons beyond its control. Development usually requires a company
to make some up-front payments for, among other things, land/rooftop use rights and permitting in advance of commencing construction,
and revenue from these projects may not be recognized for several additional months following contract signing. Furthermore, we
may become constrained in our ability to simultaneously fund other investments in such projects.
Development, operation and maintenance of renewable
energy projects and related infrastructure expose us to numerous risks, including construction, environmental, regulatory, permitting,
commissioning, start-up, operating, economic, commercial, political and financial risks. This involves risks of failure to obtain or
substantial delays in obtaining: (i) regulatory, environmental or other approvals or permits; (ii) financing; (iii) leasing;
and (iv) suitable equipment supply, operating and off-take contracts. Moreover, renewable energy assets are subject to energy regulation
and require governmental licenses and approval for their operation. The failure to obtain, maintain or comply with the licenses and approvals
relating to our assets and the resulting costs, fines and penalties, could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate the
assets. Renewable energy projects also require significant expenditure before the assets begin to generate income and often require long-term
investment to enable projects to generate expected levels of income. The development of solar power projects also requires significant
management attention to negotiate the terms of engagement and monitor the progress of the projects which may divert management’s
attention from other matters.
Solar project development is challenging
and may ultimately not be successful and miscalculations in planning a project may negatively affect engineering procurement and construction
(“EPC”) prices, all of which could increase the costs, delay or cancel a project, and have a material adverse effect on its
business, financial condition, results of operations and profit margins.
The development of solar projects involves numerous
risks and uncertainties and requires extensive research, planning and due diligence. We may be required to incur significant amounts
of capital expenditure for land/rooftop use rights, interconnection rights, preliminary engineering, permits, legal and other expenses
before we can determine whether a solar power project is economically, technologically or otherwise feasible. Success in developing a
solar power project is contingent upon, among other things:
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securing
investment or development rights; |
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securing
suitable project sites, necessary rights of way, satisfactory land/rooftop use or access rights in the appropriate locations with
capacity on the transmission grid and related permits, including completing environmental assessments and implementing any required
mitigation measures; |
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rezoning
land, as necessary, to support a solar power project; |
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negotiating
satisfactory EPC agreements; |
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negotiating
and receiving required permits and approvals for project development from government authorities on schedule; |
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completing
all required regulatory and administrative procedures needed to obtain permits and agreements; |
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procuring
rights to interconnect the solar power project to the electric grid or to transmit energy; |
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paying
interconnection and other deposits, some of which are non-refundable; |
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signing
grid connection and dispatch agreements, power purchase agreements, or PPAs, or other arrangements that are commercially acceptable,
including adequate for providing financing; |
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obtaining
project financing, including debt financing and own equity contribution; |
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negotiating
favorable payment terms with suppliers; and |
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completing
construction on schedule in a satisfactory manner. |
Successful completion of a particular solar
project may be adversely affected by numerous factors, including without limitation:
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unanticipated
changes in project plans or defective or late execution; |
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difficulties
in obtaining and maintaining governmental permits, licenses and approvals required by existing laws and regulations or additional
regulatory requirements not previously anticipated; |
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potential
challenges from local residents, environmental organizations, and others who may not support the project; |
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uncertainty
in the timing of grid connection; |
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the inability
to procure adequate financing with acceptable terms; |
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unforeseeable
engineering problems, construction or other unexpected delays and contractor performance shortfalls; |
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labor,
equipment and materials supply delays, shortages or disruptions, or work stoppages; |
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adverse
weather, environmental and geological conditions, force majeure and other events outside of owner’s control; and |
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cost overruns,
due to any one or more of the foregoing factors. |
Accordingly, some of the solar power projects
in our pipeline may not be completed or even proceed to construction. If several solar power projects are not completed, our business,
financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Development activities may be subject to
cost overruns or delays, which may materially and adversely affect our financial results and results of operations.
Development of our solar power projects may be
adversely affected by circumstances outside of its control, including inclement weather, a failure to receive regulatory approvals on
schedule or third-party delays in providing solar modules, inverters or other materials. Obtaining full permits for solar power projects
is time consuming and we may not be able to meet the expected timetable for obtaining full permits for solar power projects in the pipeline.
In addition, we usually rely on external contractors for the development and construction of solar power projects and may not be able
to negotiate satisfactory agreements with them. If contractors do not satisfy their obligations or do not perform work that meets our
quality standards or if there is a shortage of third-party contractors or if there are labor strikes that interfere with the ability
of employees or contractors to complete their work on time or within budget, we could experience significant delays or cost overruns.
Changes in project plans or designs, or defective or late execution may increase our costs and cause delays. Increases in the prices
of solar products and balance-of-system components may increase procurement costs. Labor shortages, work stoppages or labor disputes
could significantly delay a project or otherwise increase costs. In addition, delays in obtaining, our inability to obtain, or a lack
of proper construction permits or post-construction approvals could delay or prevent the construction of solar power projects, commencing
operation and connecting to the relevant grid.
We may not be able to recover any of these losses
in connection with construction cost overruns or delays. In addition, in certain cases of delay, we might not be able to obtain any FiT
or PPA at all, as certain FiTs or PPAs require that it connects to the transmission grid by a certain date. A reduction or forfeiture
of FiT or PPA payments would materially and adversely affect the financial results and results of operations for that solar power project.
Impact of RePowerEU programme on our business
and future prospects.
In May 2022, the European Commission published
“REPowerEU”, billed as “a plan to rapidly reduce dependence on Russian fossil fuels and fast forward the green transition”.
The plan involves a number of initiatives to achieve this goal, including energy savings, identifying alternative sources of natural
gas procurement like LNG imports, and expanded use of heat pumps in buildings. But the largest and most ambitious portion of the plan
involves a “massive scaling up and speeding up of renewable energy in power generation, industry, buildings, and transport.”
Such a large and ambitious plan comes with numerous associated risks and uncertainties as further described below.
Specifics related to accelerated renewable deployment
include:
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A dedicated
EU Solar Strategy to double solar photovoltaic capacity by 2025 and install 600 GW by 2030 (in other words, building the same amount
of solar in Europe in the next 3 years as built in the last 20) |
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This growth
strategy will increase the solar industries’ dependency on raw materials and components being sourced from outside Europe.
Diversification of the supply chain may delay implementation and increase costs. Additionally, implementation may result in political
and regulatory bottlenecks at the country level with key stakeholder support critical within individual markets, which may be difficult
to achieve. |
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A commission
recommendation to tackle slow and complex permitting for major renewable energy projects, and recognition of renewable energy as
an overriding public interest. This includes proposals to cut the permitting time for major renewable projects by half and a targeted
amendment to the Renewable Energy Directive to recognize renewable energy as an overriding public interest; |
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The Renewable
Energy Directive is applied differently across member states which could prove to be a barrier in tackling development timelines.
Additionally, permitting is just one component of the project development cycle. Significant infrastructural upgrades such as those
envisaged under major renewable energy projects, for example increasing grid availability may take longer than expected within the
individual markets which reduces grid capacity in the medium term. This may affect the Company’s planned developments depending
on the market, particularly those projects which are in the early stages of development. |
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Dedicated
“go-to” areas for renewables to be put in place by member states, with shortened and simplified permitting processes
in areas with lower environmental risks. The commission is making available datasets for its digital mapping tool to help member
states quickly identify such “go-to” areas. |
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We may
not have any development projects located in these “go-to” areas, and we would therefore not benefit from the shortened
and simplified permitting processes. |
PV plants quality or PV plants performance.
Insufficient quality of installed solar modules
and other equipment resulting in faster than estimated degradation may lead to lower revenues and higher maintenance costs, particularly
if the product guarantees have expired or the supplier is unable or unwilling to respect its obligations. Even well-maintained high-quality
PV solar power plants may, from time to time, experience technical breakdown. Furthermore, widespread PV plant failures may damage our
market reputation, reduce its market share and cause a decline of construction projects. Although a defect in our PV plants may be caused
by defects in products delivered by its sub-suppliers which are incorporated into its PV plants, there can be no assurance that we will
be entitled to or successful in claiming reimbursement, repair, replacement or damages from its sub-suppliers relating to such defects.
Our holding companies have a significant number
of foreign subsidiaries with whom they have entered into many related party transactions. The relationship of such holding companies
with these entities could adversely affect us in the event of their bankruptcy or similar insolvency proceeding.
Any reductions or modifications to, or
the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support solar energy, including, but not limited to, tax laws, policies
and incentives, renewable portfolio standards or feed-in-tariffs, or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on solar
energy, could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new solar energy
projects, our abandoning the development of solar energy projects, a loss of our investments in solar energy projects and reduced project
returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
We depend heavily on government policies that
support utility scale renewable energy and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects in regions
in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The federal government and a majority of state governments
in the United States provide incentives, such as tax incentives, renewable portfolio standards or feed-in-tariffs, that support or are
designed to support the sale of energy from utility scale renewable energy facilities, such as wind and solar energy facilities. As a
result of budgetary constraints, political factors or otherwise, governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that
support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of
renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support
renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable energy, could result in, among other items,
the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning the development
of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects and reduced project returns, any of which could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
For example, in Q4 2022, the Polish parliament
unilaterally decided to implement a lower price cap rather than the proposed European Commission recommended price cap. This specific
price cap, in addition to the uncertainty created by differing government guidance and subsequent amendments to the timing and implementation
of the price cap, had a material adverse impact on the ability of Alternus to optimize the government linked Contracts for Difference
(CfD) scheme on certain Polish projects it intended to acquire, which in turn significantly reduced the forecasted revenues for the Polish
solar park portfolio in the near term. As a result of the above, and combined with other factors, we were unable to close this acquisition
within the expected time frame. It is possible that policy changes such as these may continue or be adopted by other countries in the
future such that they could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed into
law the Inflation Reduction Act (the “IRA”), which extends the availability of investment tax credits (“ITCs”)
and production tax credits (“PTCs”). For our US operations, we expect to claim ITCs with respect to qualifying solar
energy projects. In this we may also structure tax equity partnerships, and may rely upon applicable tax law and published Internal Revenue
Service (“IRS”) guidance. However, the application of law and guidance regarding ITC eligibility to the facts of particular
solar energy projects is subject to a number of uncertainties, in particular with respect to the new IRA provisions for which Department
of Treasury regulations (“Treasury Regulations”) are forthcoming, and there can be no assurance that the IRS will
agree with our approach in the event of an audit. The Department of Treasury is expected to issue Treasury Regulations and additional
guidance with respect to the application of the newly enacted IRA provisions, and the IRS and Department of Treasury may modify existing
guidance, possibly with retroactive effect. Any of the foregoing items could reduce the amount of ITCs or, if applicable, PTCs available
to us and/or our tax equity partners. In this event, we could be required to adjust the terms of future tax equity partnerships, or seek
alternative sources of funding for solar energy projects, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition, results of operations and prospects.
Operation and
maintenance of renewable energy projects involve significant risks that could result in unplanned outages, reduced output, interconnection
or termination issues, or other adverse consequences.
There are risks associated
with the operation of our projects. These risks include:
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greater
or earlier than expected degradation, or in some cases failure, of solar panels, inverters, turbines, gear boxes, blades, and other
equipment; |
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catastrophic
events, such as fires, earthquakes, severe weather, tornadoes, ice or hail storms or other meteorological conditions, landslides,
and other similar events beyond our control, which could severely damage or destroy a project, reduce its energy output, result in
property damage, personal injury, or loss of life, or increase the cost of insurance even if these impacts are suffered by other
projects as is often seen following events like high-volume wildfire and hurricane seasons; |
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technical
performance below projected levels, including the failure of solar panels, inverters, gear boxes, blades, and other equipment to
produce energy as expected, whether due to incorrect measures of performance provided by equipment suppliers, improper operation
and maintenance, or other reasons; |
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increases
in the cost of operating the projects, including costs relating to labor, equipment, unforeseen or changing site conditions, insurance,
regulatory compliance, and taxes; |
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the exercise
by PPA counterparties of options present in certain PPAs to purchase the underlying project for a fixed price that may be lower than
the fair market value or our NAV attributable to such project at such time; |
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storm
water or other site challenges; |
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the discovery
of unknown impacts to protected or endangered species or habitats, migratory birds, wetlands or other jurisdictional water resources,
and/or cultural resources at project sites; |
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the inability
to sell power following the termination of offtake contracts; |
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errors,
breaches, failures, or other forms of unauthorized conduct or malfeasance on the part of operators, contractors, or other service
providers; |
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cyber-attacks
targeted at our projects as a way of attacking the broader grid or the ISO, or a failure by us or our operators to comply with NERC
cyber-security regulations aimed at protecting the grid from such attacks; |
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design
or manufacturing defects or failures, including defects or failures that are not covered by warranties or insurance; |
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loss of
interconnection capacity, and in turn the ability to deliver power under our PPAs, due to grid or system outages or curtailments
beyond our or our counterparties’ control; |
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insolvency
or financial distress on the part of any of our service providers, contractors, or suppliers, or a default by any such counterparty
for any other reason under its warranties or other obligations to us; |
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breaches
by us and certain events, including force majeure events, under certain PPAs and other contracts that may give rise to a right of
the applicable counterparty to terminate such contract; |
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unforeseen
levels of price volatility that may result in financial loss when a project sells energy at a different location on the grid than
where it is delivered under its PPA; |
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failure
to obtain or comply with permits and other regulatory consents and the inability to renew or replace permits or consents that expire
or are terminated; |
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the inability
to operate within limitations that may be imposed by current or future governmental permits and consents; |
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changes
in law, particularly in land use, environmental, or other regulatory requirements; |
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the inability
to extend our initial land leases on the same terms for the full useful life of the project; |
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disputes
with federal agencies, state agencies, or other public or private owners of land on which our projects are located, or adjacent landowners; |
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changes
in tax, environmental, health and safety, land use, labor, trade, or other laws, including changes in related governmental permit
requirements; |
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government
or utility exercise of eminent domain power or similar events; |
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existence
of liens, encumbrances, or other imperfections in title affecting real estate interests; and |
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failure
to obtain or maintain insurance or failure of our insurance to fully compensate us for repairs, theft or vandalism, and other actual
losses. |
These and other factors
could have adverse consequences on our solar projects. For example, these factors could require us to shut down or reduce the output
of such projects, degrade equipment, reduce the useful life of the project, and materially increase O&M and other costs. Unanticipated
capital expenditures associated with maintaining or repairing our projects would reduce profitability. Congestion, emergencies, maintenance,
outages, overloads, requests by other parties for transmission service, including on our facilities, actions or omissions by other projects
with which we share facilities, and certain other events, including events beyond our control, could partially or completely curtail
generation and delivery of energy by our projects and could lead to our customers terminating their PPAs with us. Any termination of
a project’s interconnection or transmission arrangements or non-compliance by an interconnection provider, the owner or operator
of shared facilities, or another third party with its obligations under an interconnection, shared facilities, or transmission arrangement
may delay or prevent our projects from delivering energy to our offtakers. If the interconnection, shared facilities, or transmission
arrangement for a project is terminated, we may not be able to replace it on similar terms to the existing arrangement, or at all, or
we may experience significant delays or costs in connection with such replacement. In addition, replacement and spare parts for solar
panels, and other key pieces of equipment may be difficult or costly to acquire or may be unavailable.
Any of the risks described
above could significantly decrease or eliminate the revenues of a project, significantly increase its operating costs, cause us to default
under our financing agreements, or give rise to damages or penalties owed by us to an offtaker, another contractual counterparty, a governmental
authority, or another third party, or cause defaults under related contracts or permits. Any of these events could have a material adverse
effect on our business, NAV, financial condition, and results of operations.
We and any third
parties with which we do business may be subject to cyber-attacks, network disruptions, and other information systems breaches, as well
as acts of terrorism or war that could have a material adverse effect on our business, NAV, financial condition, and results of operations,
as well as result in significant physical damage to our renewable energy projects.
Our operations rely
on our computer systems, hardware, software, and networks, as well as those of third parties with which we do business, such as O&M
and other service providers, to securely process, store, and transmit proprietary, confidential, financial, and other information. We
also rely heavily on these information systems to operate our solar projects. Information technology system failures and network disruptions
may be caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses,
physical or electronic break-ins, human errors in using or accessing relevant systems, or similar events or disruptions. Cyber-attacks,
including those targeting information systems or electronic control systems used to operate our energy projects and the facilities of
third parties on which our projects rely, could severely disrupt business operations, and result in loss of service to offtakers and
significant expense to repair security breaches or system damage. In addition, our costs to adequately counter the risk of cyber-attacks
may increase significantly in the future. In recent years, such cyber incidents have become increasingly frequent and sophisticated,
targeting or otherwise affecting a wide range of companies. While we have instituted security measures to reduce the likelihood and impact
of a cyber-attack or data breach and have back-up systems and disaster recovery plans for other disruptions, these measures, or those
of the third parties with which we do business, may be ineffective or inadequate. If these measures fail, valuable information may be
lost; our development, construction, O&M, and other operations may be disrupted; we may be unable to fulfill our customer obligations;
and our reputation may suffer. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the vast majority of our employees who are capable of performing
their functions remotely are telecommuting and may continue to do so for the foreseeable future, which may exacerbate these risks. Such
risks may also subject us to litigation, regulatory action and fines, remedial expenses, and financial losses beyond the scope or limits
of our insurance coverage. These consequences of a failure of security measures could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material
adverse effect on our business, NAV, financial condition, and results of operations.
Terrorists have attacked
energy assets such as substations and related infrastructure in the past and may attack them in the future. We cannot guarantee adequate
protection from such attacks on our projects and have little or no control over the facilities of third parties on which our projects
rely. Attacks on our or our counterparties’ assets could severely damage our projects, disrupt business operations, result in loss
of service to offtakers, and require significant time and expense to repair. Additionally, energy-related facilities, such as substations
and related infrastructure, are protected by limited security measures, in most cases only perimeter fencing. Our current portfolio,
as well as projects we may develop or acquire and the facilities of third parties on which our projects rely, may be targets of burglary,
terrorist acts and affected by responses to terrorist acts, each of which could fully or partially disrupt our projects’ ability
to produce, transmit, transport, and distribute energy. To the extent such acts constitute force majeure events under our PPAs or interconnection
agreements, the applicable offtaker generally may reduce or cease making payments to us and may terminate such PPA or interconnection
agreement if such force majeure event continues for a period typically ranging from six to twelve months as specified in the applicable
agreement. We are also generally unable to, or do not, obtain insurance coverage to compensate us for losses caused by terrorist or other
similar attacks. As a result, any such attack could significantly decrease revenues, result in significant reconstruction or remediation
costs, or otherwise disrupt our business operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, NAV, financial
condition, and results of operations.
Our holding companies have historically
entered into multiple transactions with their affiliates. These transactions include financial guarantees and other credit support arrangements,
including letters of comfort to such affiliates pursuant to which the holding companies undertake to provide financial support to these
affiliates and adequate resources as required to ensure that they are able to meet certain liabilities and local solvency requirements.
These holding companies are currently party to many such affiliate transactions, and it is likely they will enter into new and similar
affiliate transactions in the future.
In the event that any of these affiliates become
bankrupt or insolvent, there can be no assurance that a court or other foreign tribunal, liquidator, monitor, trustee or similar party
would not seek to enforce these intercompany arrangements and guarantees or otherwise seek relief against the holding companies and their
other affiliates. If any of our material foreign subsidiaries (e.g., subsidiaries that hold a significant number of customer contracts,
or that are the parent company of other material subsidiaries) become subject to a bankruptcy, liquidation or similar insolvency proceeding,
such proceeding could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
We are in a highly competitive marketplace.
The renewable energy industry is highly competitive
and we face significant competition in the markets in which we operate. Some of our competitors may have advantages over us in terms
of greater operational, financial and technical management as well as additional resources in particular markets or in general. Our competitors
may also enter into strategic alliances or form affiliates with other competitors to its detriment. Suppliers or contractors may merge
with our competitors which may limit our choices of contractors and hence the flexibility of its overall project execution capabilities.
Increased competition may result in price reductions, reduced profit margins and loss of market share.
Moreover, our current business strategy is to
become a global IPP and to own and operate all of the solar parks which it develops and acquires. As part of our growth plan, we may,
in the future, acquire solar parks in various development stages through a competitive bidding process as part of the auction schemes
in the various jurisdictions we plan to grow and establish ourself in as well as the current countries we operate in. The bidding and
selection process is affected by a number of factors, including factors that may be beyond our control, such as market conditions or
government incentive programs. Our competitors may have greater financial resources, a more effective or established localized business
presence or a greater willingness or ability to operate with little or no operating margins for sustained periods of time. Any increase
in competition during such bidding processes or reduction in its competitive capabilities could have a significant adverse impact on
its market share and on the margins it generates from its solar parks.
Further, large, utility-scale solar parks must
be interconnected to the power grid in order to deliver electricity, which requires us, through its local partnerships, to find suitable
sites with capacity on the power grid available. Our competitors may impede its development efforts by acquiring control of all or a
portion of a PV site it seeks to develop. Even when we have identified a desirable site for a solar park, its ability to obtain site
control with respect to the site is subject to its ability to finance the transaction and growing competition from other solar power
producers that may have better access to local government support, financing or other resources. If we are unable to find or obtain site
control for suitable PV sites on commercially acceptable terms, its ability to develop new solar parks on a timely basis or at all might
be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on certain key personnel and
loss of these key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success depends to a significant degree on
the services rendered by our key employees. Due to the level of technical expertise necessary to support its business strategy, our success
will depend upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled and seasoned professionals in the solar industry for which competition
is intense. In particular, we are heavily dependent on the continued services of Mr. Vincent Browne, our Chief Executive Officer.
The loss of any key employee, including executive officers or members of senior management teams, and the failure to attract, train and
retain highly skilled personnel with sufficient experience in the industry to replace them, could harm our prospects, business, financial
condition, and the results of operations will be materially affected.
If sufficient demand for solar parks does
not develop or takes longer to develop than anticipated, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could
be materially and adversely affected.
The PV market is at a relatively early stage
of development in some of the markets that the Company may intend to enter. The PV industry continues to experience lower costs, improved
efficiency and higher electricity output. However, trends in the PV industry are based only on limited data and may not be reliable.
Many factors may affect the demand for solar parks including, among others, cost and availability of financing for solar parks, fluctuations
in economic and market conditions, competition from non-solar energy sources, environmental concerns, public perception and regulations
and policies governing the electric power industry and the broader energy industry.
If market demand for solar parks fails to develop
sufficiently, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We are subject to risks associated with
fluctuations in the prices of PV modules and balance-of-system components or in the costs of design, construction and labor.
We procure supplies for solar park construction,
such as PV modules and balance-of-system components, from third-party suppliers. We typically enter into contracts with its suppliers
and contractors on a project-by-project basis or a project portfolio basis. We generally do not maintain long-term contracts with its
suppliers. Therefore, are exposed to fluctuations in prices for its PV modules and balance-of-system components. Increases in the prices
of PV products or balance-of-system components or fluctuations in design, construction, labor and installation costs may increase the
cost of procuring equipment and engaging contractors and hence materially and adversely affect its results of operations.
Refurbishment of renewable energy facilities
involve significant risks that could result in unplanned power outages or reduced output.
Our facilities may require periodic upgrading
and improvement. Any unexpected operational or mechanical failures, such as the failure of a single inverter, or other failures associated
with breakdowns and forced outages generally, and any decreased operational or management performance, could reduce its facilities’
generating capacity below expected levels, reducing its revenues. Unanticipated capital expenditures associated with upgrading or repairing
its facilities may also reduce our profitability.
We may also choose to refurbish or upgrade its
facilities based on its assessment that such activity will provide adequate financial returns and key assumptions underpinning a decision
to make such an investment may prove incorrect, including assumptions regarding construction costs, timing, available financing and future
power prices. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Moreover, spare parts for solar facilities and
key pieces of equipment may be hard to acquire or unavailable to us. Sources of some significant spare parts and other equipment are
located outside of the jurisdictions in which it operates. Suppliers of some spare parts have filed, or may in the future file for, bankruptcy
protection, potentially reducing the availability of parts that it requires to operate certain of its power generation facilities. Other
suppliers may for other reasons cease to manufacture parts that it requires to operate certain of its power generation facilities. If
we were to experience a shortage of or inability to acquire critical spare parts, it could incur significant delays in returning facilities
to full operation, which could negatively impact its business financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our project operations may be adversely
affected by weather and climate conditions, natural disasters and adverse work environments.
We may operate in areas that are under the threat
of floods, earthquakes, landslides, mudslides, sandstorms, drought, or other inclement weather and climate conditions or natural disasters.
If inclement weather or climatic conditions or natural disasters occur in areas where its solar parks and project teams are located,
project development, connectivity to the power grid and the provision of O&M services may be adversely affected. In particular, materials
may not be delivered as scheduled and labor may not be available. As some of its solar parks are located in the same region, such solar
parks may be simultaneously affected by weather and climate conditions, natural disasters and adverse work environments.
Moreover, natural disasters which are beyond
our control may adversely affect the economy, infrastructure and communities in the countries and regions where it conducts its business
operations. Such conditions may have an adverse effect on its work performance, progress and efficiency or even result in personal injuries
or fatalities.
Business interruptions, whether due to
catastrophic disasters or other events, could adversely affect Alternus’ operations, financial condition and cash flows.
Our operations and those of its contract manufacturers
and outsourced service providers are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood or other natural disaster, power
loss, computer viruses, computer systems failure, telecommunications failure, quarantines, national catastrophe, terrorist activities,
war and other events beyond its control. For instance, some of Alternus’ solar parks are located in Italy near medium risk areas
regarding seismic activity and may be vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. If any disaster were to occur, our ability and the ability
of its contract manufacturers and outsourced service providers to operate could be seriously impaired and it could experience material
harm to its business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, the coverage or limits of its business interruption insurance
may not be sufficient to compensate for any losses or damages that may occur.
Any such terrorist acts, environmental repercussions
or disruptions, natural disasters, theft incidents or other catastrophic events could result in a significant decrease in revenues or
significant reconstruction, remediation or replacement costs, beyond what could be recovered through insurance policies, which could
have a material adverse effect on its operating results and financial condition.
Global economic conditions and any related
ongoing impact of supply chain constraints and the market of our product and service could adversely affect our results of operations.
Due to the specific nature of solar photovoltaic
industry, we depend on a limited number of suppliers of solar panels, batteries, and other system components needed to expand, operate
and function our solar parks, thus making us susceptible to quality issues, shortages, bottlenecks, and price changes. The uncertain
condition of the global economy as well as the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, including the retaliatory economic measures
taken by United States, European, and others continue impacting businesses around the world, and has and may continue to impact several
components producers and suppliers that form part of our supply chain; impacting products, materials, components, and parts required
to operate our solar parks and expand our solar offering, both in the Europe, in the US and globally. In times of rapid industry growth
or regulatory change such as current times, any further deterioration of the geopolitical, socio-economic conditions or financial uncertainty
to provide our services could reduce customers’ confidence and affect negatively our sales and results of operations.
Although we have implemented policies and procedures
to maintain compliance with applicable laws and regulations, these and other similar trade restrictions that may be imposed in the future
could cause installation and capacity expansion delay, amidst restrictions on the global supply of polysilicon and solar products. This
could result in near-term supply crunch in solar energy systems despite higher costs, as well as increased costs of polysilicon and the
overall cost of solar energy systems, potentially translating into a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results
of operations and prospects.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange
rates may negatively affect our revenue, cost of sales and gross margins and could result in exchange losses.
Our business and operational activities are dispersed
and subsidiaries within it trade in their functional currencies in the course of their business operations. Our investment holding companies
transact in functional currencies of their subsidiaries. Our investment holding companies may have foreign financing and investing activities,
which exposes us to foreign currency risk. Any increased costs or reduced revenue as a result of foreign exchange rate fluctuations could
adversely affect our profit margins.
Although we have access to a variety of financing
solutions that are tailored to the geographic location of its projects and local regulations, we have not entered into any hedging transactions
to reduce the foreign exchange rate fluctuation risks, but may do so in the future when it is deemed appropriate to do so in light of
the significance of such risks. However, if we decide to hedge our foreign exchange exposure in the future, we cannot be assured that
we will be able to reduce our foreign currency risk exposure in an effective manner, at reasonable costs, or at all.
If we fail to comply with financial and
other covenants under debt arrangements, our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects may be materially and
adversely affected.
We have a number of covenants related to certain
debt arrangements that require us to maintain certain financial ratios. These restrictions could affect our ability to operate our business
and may limit the ability to react to market conditions or take advantage of potential business opportunities as they arise. For example,
such restrictions could adversely affect our ability to finance our operations, make strategic acquisitions, investments or alliances,
restructure our organization or finance our capital needs. Additionally, our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by
events beyond our control. These include prevailing economic, financial and industry conditions. Failure to comply with financial and
other covenants may potentially result in increased financial costs, the requirement for additional security or cancellation of loans,
which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
Any default under debt arrangements could
lead to an event of default and acceleration under other debt instruments that contain cross default or cross acceleration provisions,
as applicable at any given time. If our creditors accelerate the payment of those amounts, investors cannot be assured that our assets
would be sufficient to repay in full those amounts, to satisfy all other liabilities which would be due and payable and to ensure that
net assets will be available to the shareholders. For example, our subsidiary, Solis Bond Company DAC, breached all three financial covenants
under its bond terms: (i) the minimum liquidity covenant, (ii) the minimum equity ratio covenant, and (iii) the leverage ratio.
In April of 2023 Solis Bond Company DAC received a temporary waiver from its bondholders, in which the bondholders approved to extend
to September 30, 2023. On October 16, 2023, the bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16,
2023. Subsequently, the Solis bondholders approved various resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers and the maturity date
of the Solis Bonds. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers and the maturity
date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion, which it granted,
and thereafter on a month-to- month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from a majority of
Bondholders. On May 27, 2024 Solis received notice that a majority of bondholders have approved a further extension to June 30, 2024,
which was further extended to July 31, 2024, on June 25, 2024. On May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest payment of Euro 1,000,000 (approx.
USD 1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter of 2024. The remaining
interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, future interest payments due from Solis’ ongoing business operations.
Solis will incur late payment penalties for any overdue interest payments in accordance with the Bond Terms.
Pursuant to the Solis Extension, Solis Bond
Company DAC must fully repay the Solis Bond by the Solis Extension Date. If Solis is unable to fully repay the Solis Bond by the Solis
Extension Date, Solis’ bondholders will have the right to immediately transfer ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to
the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed to the bondholders, which as of March 31, 2024,
was €80.0million (approximately $87.2 million). If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries were to be transferred to
the Solis bondholders, the majority of our operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated.
In addition, we typically pledge our solar park
assets or account or trade receivables to raise debt financing, and we are restricted from creating additional security over its assets.
If we are in breach of one or more financial or other covenants or negative pledge clauses under any of our loan agreements and are not
able to obtain waivers from the lenders or prepay such loan, repayment of the indebtedness under the relevant loan agreement may be accelerated,
which may in turn require us to repay the entire principal amount including interest accrued, if any, of certain of its other existing
indebtedness prior to their maturity under cross-default provisions of other loan agreements. If we lack sufficient financial resources
to make required payments, the pledgees may auction or sell our assets or our interest in solar parks to enforce their rights under the
pledge contracts and loan agreements. Any of those events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of
operations and business prospects.
If the ownership of Solis and all of its
subsidiaries were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders in connection with an event of default under the Solis Bond, the majority
of our operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated and our stockholders may be negatively impacted.
Our subsidiary, Solis, breached three financial
covenants under its bond terms and has received a waiver from its bondholders, which extended the date on which Solis must repay its
bonds to September 30, 2023. On October 16, 2023, the Solis bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waiver
to December 16, 2023. Subsequently, the Solis bondholders approved various resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers and the
maturity date of the Solis Bonds. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers
and the maturity date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion, which
it granted, and thereafter on a month-to- month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from a
majority of Bondholders. On May 27, 2024 Solis received notice that a majority of bondholders have approved a further extension to June
30, 2024, which was further extended to July 31, 2024, on June 25, 2024. On May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest payment of Euro 1,000,000
(approx. USD 1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter of 2024. The
remaining interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, future interest payments due from Solis’ ongoing business
operations. Solis will incur late payment penalties for any overdue interest payments in accordance with the Bond Terms.
There is no assurance that Solis will meet
the terms of the Solis Extension. If Solis is unable to fully repay the bonds, which is as of March 31, 2024, was €80 million (approximately
$87 million), by the Solis Extension Date, Solis will be in an event of default under its bond terms and Solis’ bondholders have
the right to immediately transfer ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to the bondholders for €1.00 and proceed to sell
Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed to the bondholders. If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries were to
be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of our current operating assets and related revenues would be eliminated immediately
upon the date of any ownership change and we would no longer be able to book the associated EBIDTA. This would have a material adverse
effect on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition.
The occurrence of this material adverse effect
could have far-reaching and unpredictable outcomes on the stockholders of the Company. As an example, if we are unable to expand and
replace assets which were sold off in connection with our default under the Solis Bond, we may not be able to reach its current level
of revenues or EBITDA for a substantial period of time, extending to a period of years, if ever. As such, our stockholders may never
receive dividends or the value of our common stock may be significantly lower than its current price.
If the ownership of Solis and all of its
subsidiaries were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders in connection with an event of default under the Solis Bond, the majority
of our operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated and our stockholders may be negatively impacted.
If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries
were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of our current operating assets and related revenues would be eliminated
immediately upon the date of any ownership change and we would no longer be able to book the associated EBIDTA. This would have a material
adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flow and financial condition. The of occurrence of this material adverse effect could
have far-reaching and unpredictable outcomes on the stockholders of the Company. As an example, if we are unable to expand and replace
assets which were sold off in connection with our default under the Solis Bond, we may not be able to reach its current level of revenues
or EBITDA for a substantial period of time, extending to a period of years, if ever. As such, our stockholders may never receive dividends
or the value of our common stock may be significantly lower than its current price.
We are subject to counterparty risks under our FiT price support
schemes and Green Certificates (“GC”) Schemes.
As an IPP, we generate electricity income primarily
pursuant to FiT price support schemes or GCs, which subjects it to counterparty risks with respect to regulatory regimes. Its FiT price
support schemes in one region or country are generally signed with a limited number of electric utilities. We rely on these electric
utilities to fulfill their responsibilities for the full and timely payment of its tariffs. In addition, the relevant regulatory authorities
may retroactively alter their FiT price support regimes or GC schemes in light of changing economic circumstances, changing industry
conditions or for any number of other reasons. If the relevant government authorities or the local power grid companies do not perform
their obligations under the FiT or GC price support schemes and it is unable to enforce its contractual rights, our results of operations
and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.
Our international operations require significant
management resources and present legal, compliance and execution risks in multiple jurisdictions.
We have adopted a business model under which
it maintains significant operations and facilities through its subsidiaries located in Europe while its corporate management team and
directors are primarily based in Ireland and the U.S. The nature of our business may stretch its management resources thin as well as
make it difficult for its’s corporate management to effectively monitor local execution teams. The nature of our operations and
limited resources of its management may create risks and uncertainties when executing its strategy and conducting operations in multiple
jurisdictions, which could adversely affect the costs and results of our operations.
The development and installation of solar
energy systems is highly regulated; we may fail to comply with laws and regulations in the countries where it develops, constructs and
operates solar power projects and the government approval process may change from time to time, which could severely disrupt our business
operations.
The development and installation of solar energy
systems is subject to oversight and regulation under local ordinances; building, zoning and fire codes; utility interconnection requirements
for metering; and other rules and regulations. We attempt to keep apprised on these requirements on a national, state and local level
and must design and install our solar energy systems to comply with varying standards. Certain jurisdictions may have ordinances that
prevent or increase the cost of installation of our solar energy systems. New government regulations or utility policies pertaining to
the installation of solar energy systems are unpredictable and might result in significant additional expenses or delays, which could
cause a significant reduction in demand for solar energy systems.
We conduct our business in many countries and
jurisdictions that are governed by different laws and regulations, including national and local regulations relating to building codes,
taxes, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering and other matters. We have established subsidiaries in
these countries and jurisdictions which were required to comply with various local laws and regulations. While we strive to work with
our local counsel and other advisers to comply with the laws and regulations of each jurisdiction in which we have operations, there
may be instances of non-compliance, which may result in fines, sanctions and other penalties against the non-complying subsidiaries and
its directors and officers. For example, in 2020, the Company’s Romanian subsidiary, LJG Green Source Energy Beta S.r.l. had an
ANRE investigation resulting from actions of the previous owner related to the breach of Article 5 of the EU Regulation No.
1227/2011 on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency by engaging in market manipulation or attempted market manipulation on
the wholesale energy markets following transactions concluded between January 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020. This investigation
resulted in a penalty of RON 400,000 (approximately $80,000). We cannot make any assurances that other instances of non-compliance will
not occur in the future which may materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition or results of operations.
In order to develop solar power projects, we
must obtain a variety of approvals, permits and licenses from various authorities. The procedures for obtaining such approvals, permits
and licenses vary from country to country, making it onerous and costly to track the requirements of individual localities and comply
with the varying standards. Moreover, sovereign states retain the power to adjust their energy policies and alter approval procedures
applicable to the Company. If the regulatory requirements become more stringent or the approval process becomes less efficient, the key
steps in our business operations including project development, facility upgrading and product sales, could be severely disrupted or
delayed. Failure to obtain the required approvals, permits or licenses or to comply with the conditions associated therewith could result
in fines, sanctions, suspension, revocation or non-renewal of approvals, permits or licenses, or even criminal penalties, which could
have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any new government regulations pertaining to
the Company business or solar power projects may result in significant additional expenses. The Company cannot assure that it will be
able to promptly and adequately respond to changes of laws and regulations in various jurisdictions, or that its employees and contractors
will act in accordance with such laws. Failure to comply with laws and regulations where the Company develops, constructs and operates
solar power projects may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Existing rules, regulations and policies
pertaining to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation may not continue, and changes
to these regulations and policies might deter the purchase and use of solar energy systems and negatively impact development of the solar
energy industry.
The market for solar energy systems in the United
States and Europe is heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies concerning the electric
utility industry, as well as policies adopted by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing
and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation and there is no assurance that they will continue. For example,
the vast majority of the United States has a regulatory policy known as net energy metering, or “net metering”, which allows
our customers to interconnect their on-site solar energy systems to the utility grid and offset their utility electricity purchases by
receiving a bill credit at the utility’s retail rate for energy generated by their solar energy system that is exported to the
grid and not consumed on-site. The customer consequently pays for the net energy used or receives a credit at the retail rate if more
electricity is produced than consumed. Net metering, in some states, is being replaced with lower credits for the excess electricity
sent onto the grid from solar energy systems, and utilities are imposing minimum or fixed monthly charges on owners of solar energy systems.
These regulations and policies have been modified in the past and may be modified in the future in ways that can restrict the interconnection
of solar energy systems and deter purchases of solar energy systems by customers. Electricity generated by solar energy systems also
competes most favorably in markets with tiered rate structures or peak hour pricing that increase the price of electricity when more
is consumed. Modifications to these rate structures by utilities, such as reducing peak hour or tiered pricing or adopting flat rate
pricing, could require the price of solar energy systems to be reduced in order to compete with the price of utility generated electricity.
By virtue of the newly enacted Bill of October 27,
2022 on extraordinary measures to reduce electricity price levels and support certain end-users in 2023 (which was signed by the President
of the Republic of Poland on November 1, 2022) an obligation to “contribute the Price Difference Payment Fund”, which is
calculated pursuant to a formula established by the Council of Ministers for the period from December 1, 2022 to June 20, 2023, has been
imposed on certain energy companies. These regulations will impact revenues from power generation and sales in this period.
The obligation to “contribute the Price
Difference Payment Fund applies to:
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Energy
companies engaged in power trading, and |
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Generators
of power in plants using both renewable energy sources (i.e. wind energy and solar energy) and fossil fuels, with certain exceptions. |
Risk related to legal rights to real property
in foreign countries.
Our energy facilities may be located on land
which may be subject to government seizure or expropriation. For example, properties relating to the Company’s operations in Scornicesti,
Romania, are subject to an ongoing expropriation procedure due to the construction of a new express motorway. The authorities have offered
the Company cash as compensation. The process commenced in Q1 2022, and we still have not received any compensation to date. In this
case, we believe that the offered compensation represents fair value. However, in general, similar proceedings may not represent fair
compensation and could materially affect our other operations, in which case certain operations may have to cease without sufficient
compensation being paid to us. Although this particular expropriation does not have a material adverse effect on our business, other
types of seizure or expropriation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue.
In addition to the expropriation risk discussed
above, the land on which the renewable energy facilities are situated is often subject to long-term easements and land leases. However,
the ownership interests in the land subject to these easements and leases may also be subject to mortgages securing loans or other liens
(such as tax liens) and other easement and lease rights of third parties (such as leases of oil or mineral rights) that were created
prior to the land easements and leases. As a result, the facility’s rights under these easements or leases may be subject, and
subordinate, to the rights of those third parties, or even to the relevant government. The Company performs title searches and obtains
title insurance to protect itself against these risks. Such measures may, however, be inadequate to protect the Company against all risk
of loss of the Company’s rights to use the land on which the renewable energy facilities are located, which could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Furthermore, we are subject to the risk of potential
disputes with property owners or third parties who otherwise have rights to or interests in the properties used for the our solar parks.
Such disputes, whether resolved in our favor or not, may divert management’s attention, harm our reputation or otherwise disrupt
its business. An adverse decision from a court or the absence of an agreement with such third parties may result in additional costs
and delays in, or the permanent termination of, the construction and operating phases of any solar park so situated.
Enforcing a United States judgment against
our executive officers and directors in Ireland may be difficult.
Many of our current officers and directors reside
in Ireland. Service of process upon our directors and officers, many of whom reside outside the United States, may be difficult to obtain
within the United States. Furthermore, because the majority of our assets and investments, and a number of our directors and officers
are located outside of the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of them may be difficult to collect
within the United States and may not be enforced by an Irish court. It also may be difficult for you to effect service of process on
these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Ireland. Irish courts may
refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Ireland is not the most appropriate forum
in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Irish court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Irish law and not U.S.
law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by
expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Irish law.
There is little binding case law in Ireland that addresses the matters described above. As a result of the difficulty associated with
enforcing a judgment against our executive officers and directors in Ireland, you may not be able to collect any damages awarded by either
a U.S. or foreign court.
Subject to specified time limitations and legal
procedures, under the rules of private international law currently prevailing in Ireland, Irish courts may enforce a U.S. judgment in
a civil matter, including a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws, as well as a monetary or compensatory
judgment in a non-civil matter, provided that the following key conditions are met:
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subject
to limited exceptions, the judgment is final and non-appealable; |
|
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the judgment
was given by a court competent under the laws of the state of the court and is otherwise enforceable in such state; |
|
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the judgment
was rendered by a court competent under the rules of private international law applicable in Ireland; |
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the laws
of the state in which the judgment was given provide for the enforcement of judgments of Irish courts’ judgments; |
|
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adequate
service of process has been effected and the defendant has had a reasonable opportunity to present his arguments and evidence; |
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the judgment
is enforceable under the laws of Ireland and its enforcement are not contrary to the law, public policy, security or sovereignty
of Ireland; |
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the judgment
was not obtained by fraud and does not conflict with any other valid judgment in the same matter between the same parties; and |
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an action
between the same parties in the same matter was not pending in any Irish court at the time the lawsuit was instituted in the U.S.
court |
The Company conducts its business operations
globally and is subject to global and local risks related to economic, regulatory, tax, social and political uncertainties.
The Company conducts its business operations
in many regions. The Company’s business is therefore subject to diverse and constantly changing economic, regulatory, tax, social,
and political conditions. Changes in the legislative, political, governmental, and economic framework in the regions in which the Company
carries on business could have a material impact on its business. In particular, changing laws and policies affecting trade, investment
and changes in tax regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s revenues, profitability, cash flows and financial
condition. Any new government regulations pertaining to the Company’s business or solar parks may result in significant additional
expenses. Moreover, as the Company enters new markets in different jurisdictions, it will face different regulatory regimes, business
practices, governmental requirements and industry conditions. To the extent that the Company’s business operations are affected
by unexpected and adverse economic, regulatory, social or political conditions in the jurisdictions in which the Company has operations,
it may experience project disruptions, loss of assets and personnel, and other indirect losses that could adversely affect its business,
financial condition and results of operations. Geopolitical trends toward protectionism and nationalism and the dissolution or weakening
of international trade pacts may increase the cost of, or otherwise interfere with, the Company’s conduct of business. Uncertainty
about current and future economic and political conditions that affect the Company, its customers and partners make it difficult for
the Company to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments.
The current invasion of Ukraine by Russia has
escalated tensions among the U.S., the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“NATO”) and Russia. The U.S. and other
NATO member states, as well as non-member states, have announced new sanctions against Russia and certain Russian banks, enterprises
and individuals. These and any future additional sanctions and any resulting conflict between Russia, the U.S. and NATO countries could
have an adverse impact on our current operations.
Further, such invasion, ongoing military conflict,
resulting sanctions and related countermeasures by NATO states, the U.S. and other countries are likely to lead to market disruptions,
including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions for equipment,
which could have an adverse impact on our operations and financial performance.
Recent increases in inflation and in the
United States and internationally could adversely affect our business.
Recent increases in inflation in the United States
and elsewhere may be leading to increased price volatility for publicly traded securities, including ours, and may lead to other national,
regional and international economic disruptions, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business and operations.
The solar energy industry is a new and
evolving market, which may not grow to the size or at the rate we expect.
The solar energy industry is a new and rapidly
growing market opportunity. We believe the solar energy industry will continue still take several years to fully develop and mature,
but we cannot be certain that the market will grow to the size or at the rate that we expect. Any future growth of the solar energy market
and the success of our solar service offerings depend on many factors beyond our control, including recognition and acceptance of the
solar service market by consumers, the pricing of alternative sources of energy, a favorable regulatory environment, the continuation
of expected tax benefits and other incentives, and our ability to provide our solar service offerings cost-effectively, and our business
might be adversely affected should the markets for solar energy do not develop to the size or at the rate we expect.
Solar energy has yet to achieve broad market
acceptance and depends in part on continued support in the form of rebates, tax credits, and other incentives from federal, state and
local governments. If this support diminishes materially, our ability to attract customers for our products and services could be adversely
affected. Declining macroeconomic conditions, including labor markets, could contribute to instability and uncertainty among customers
and impact their financial ability, credit scores or interest in entering into long-term contracts, even if such contracts would generate
immediate and long-term savings.
Market prices of retail electricity generated
by utilities or other energy sources also could decline for a variety of reasons, as discussed further below. Any such declines in macroeconomic
conditions, changes in retail prices of electricity or changes in customer preferences would adversely impact our business.
Declining costs related to raw materials, manufacturing
and the sale and installation of our solar service offerings have been a key driver in the pricing of our solar service offerings and
customer adoption of solar energy. The prices of solar modules and raw materials have declined, however the cost of solar modules and
raw materials could increase in the future, and such products’ availability could decrease, due to a variety of factors, including
restrictions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, tariffs and trade barriers, export regulations, regulatory or contractual limitations,
industry market requirements, and changes in technology and industry standards.
Other factors may also impact costs, such as
our choice to make significant investments to drive growth in the future.
Our business prospects could be harmed
if solar energy is not widely adopted or sufficient demand for solar energy systems does not develop or takes longer to develop than
we anticipate.
The solar energy market is at a relatively early
stage of development. The extent to which solar energy will be widely adopted and the extent to which demand for solar energy systems
will increase are uncertain. If solar energy does not achieve widespread adoption or demand for solar energy systems fails to develop
sufficiently, we might be unable to achieve our revenue and profit targets. Demand for solar energy systems in our targeted markets might
not develop as we anticipate. Many factors may affect the demand for solar energy systems, including the following:
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availability
of government and utility company subsidies and incentives to support the development of the solar energy industry; |
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government
and utility policies regarding the interconnection of solar energy systems to the utility grid; |
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fluctuations
in economic and market conditions that affect the viability of conventional and non-solar renewable energy sources, such as changes
in the price of natural gas and other fossil fuels; |
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cost-effectiveness
(including the cost of solar modules), performance and reliability of solar energy systems compared with conventional and other non-solar
renewable energy sources and products; |
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success
of other renewable energy generation technologies, such as hydroelectric, wind, geothermal, solar thermal, concentrated solar and
biomass; |
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availability
of customer financing with economically attractive terms; |
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fluctuations
in expenditures by purchasers of solar energy systems, which tend to decrease in slower economic environments and periods of rising
interest rates and tighter credit; and |
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deregulation
of the electric power industry and the broader energy industry. |
Our business has benefited from the declining
cost of solar energy system components, and might be harmed to the extent that declines in the cost of such components stabilize or that
such costs increase in the future.
Our business has benefited from the declining
cost of solar energy system components and to the extent such costs stabilize or decline at a slower rate, or, in fact, increase, our
future growth rate may be negatively impacted. The declining cost of solar energy system components and the raw materials necessary to
manufacture them has been a key driver in the price of solar energy systems we own, the prices charged for electricity and customer adoption
of solar energy. Solar energy system component and raw material prices might not continue to decline at the same rate as they have over
the past several years or at all, and growth in the solar industry and the resulting increase in demand for solar energy system
components and the raw materials necessary to manufacture them might also put upward pressure on prices. An increase of solar energy
system components and raw materials prices could slow our growth and cause our business and results of operations to suffer, and the
cost of solar energy system components and raw materials has and could continue to increase due to scarcity of materials, tariff penalties,
duties, the loss of or changes in economic governmental incentives or other factors.
Although average selling prices of solar
modules in many global markets have declined for several years, recent spot pricing for solar modules has increased, in part, due
to elevated commodity and freight costs
While average selling prices of solar modules
in many global markets have declined for several years, recent spot pricing for solar modules has increased, in part, due to elevated
commodity and freight costs. The price of polysilicon has significantly increased in recent months due to a coal shortage in China,
which resulted in higher energy prices and the Chinese government’s mandating power restrictions that led to curtailments of silicon
metal production. Given that the majority of global polysilicon capacity is located in China, such higher energy prices and reduced operating
capacities have adversely affected the supply of polysilicon, contributing to an increase in polysilicon pricing. In response to such
supply shortage, certain other Chinese-based producers of polysilicon are in the process of expanding their production capacity, which
is expected to reduce the price of polysilicon in future periods. While the duration of this elevated period of spot pricing is uncertain,
module average selling prices in global markets are expected to decline in the long-term, and we believe manufacturers of solar cells
and modules, particularly those in China, have significant installed production capacity, relative to global demand, and the ability
for additional capacity expansion. We believe the solar industry might experience periods of structural imbalance between supply and
demand (i.e., where production capacity exceeds global demand), and that excess capacity will put pressure on pricing, and intense competition
at the system level may result in an environment in which pricing falls rapidly, thereby potentially increasing demand for solar energy
solutions but constraining the ability for project developers and module manufacturers to sustain meaningful and consistent profitability.
We consequently continue to focus on our strategies and points of differentiation, which include our advanced module technology, our
manufacturing process, our research and development capabilities, and the sustainability advantage of our modules.
Shortages in the supply of silicon could
adversely affect the availability and cost of the solar photovoltaic modules used in our solar energy systems.
Shortages of silicon or supply chain issues could
adversely affect the availability and cost of our solar energy systems. Manufacturers of photovoltaic modules depend upon the availability
and pricing of silicon, one of the primary materials used in photovoltaic modules. The worldwide market for silicon from time to time
experiences a shortage of supply, which can cause the prices for photovoltaic modules to increase and supplies of photovoltaic modules
become difficult to obtain. While we have been able to obtain sufficient supplies of solar photovoltaic modules to satisfy our needs
to date, this may not be the case in the future. Future increases in the price of silicon or other materials and components could result
in an increase in costs to us, price increases to our customers or reduced margins. Other international trade conditions such as work
slowdowns and labor strikes at port facilities or major weather events can also adversely impact the availability and price of solar
photovoltaic modules.
Due to the lingering effects of the COVID-19
pandemic the solar industry is experiencing supply constraints, which are resulting in an increase in the cost of solar modules and inverters.
If the supply constraints and price increases continue our solar business might be affected.
The primary driver of current supply constraints
in the solar industry is material shortages. In 2020, the solar industry experienced record growth in the United States, despite the
COVID-19 pandemic, compared to 2019, and installations increased by 43 percent, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association
(SEIA). This record demand, coupled with decreased supply, has impacted many key materials throughout the solar supply chain, including
polysilicon, solar glass, and semiconductor chips. Polycrystalline silicon, commonly referred to as polysilicon, is a key raw material
used in many solar cells, which are responsible for capturing the energy from the sun and turning it into electricity in solar energy
systems. Polysilicon is largely produced in China, but factory shutdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused the price of the raw
material to spike. Solar modules also include glass casing at the front of the module, which protects the solar cells, there has been
recent growing demand for bifacial solar modules, which produce energy from both sides of the module, requiring glass on both sides of
the solar module, as opposed to just on the front. In 2018, China, the largest producer of solar glass, imposed restrictions on glass
production due to concerns about the required energy consumption. With increasing demand for solar modules, and for solar glass specifically,
the restricted production of glass has been unable to meet the demand, causing the cost of solar glass to soar. In December 2020,
China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) indicated that it would ease restrictions on the production of solar
glass. While solar glass supply is expected to remain constrained short-term, increased capacity due to these eased restrictions should
expand supply later this year and reduce prices. Semiconductor chips are a key component of inverters, which convert the direct current
(DC) energy produced by solar modules into usable alternating current (AC) energy. Inverters are also used for battery storage systems
to convert storable DC energy to usable AC energy and vice versa. The use of semiconductor chips is not isolated to the solar industry;
they are also crucial components of many other technologies, including cars, computers, and smartphones. Due to COVID-19 related factory
shutdowns, manufacturing of semiconductor chips decreased in early 2020, and as factories began to reopen, demand for products containing
semiconductor chips surged. The shortages of these materials and attendant price increases may affect our distribution of solar products
and our installation of solar energy systems, and future increases in the price of silicon or other materials and components could result
in an increase in costs to us, price increases to our customers or reduced margins.
A material reduction in the retail price
of electricity charged by electric utilities or other retail electricity providers would harm our business, financial condition and results
of operations.
Decreases in the retail price of electricity
from electric utilities or from other retail electric providers, including other renewable energy sources such as larger-scale solar
energy systems, could make our offerings less economically attractive. The price of electricity from utilities could decrease as a result
of:
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the construction
of a significant number of new power generation plants, whether generated by natural gas, nuclear power, coal, or renewable energy
technologies; |
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the construction
of additional electric transmission and distribution lines; |
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a reduction
in the price of natural gas or other natural resources as a result of increased supply due to new drilling techniques or other technological
developments, relaxation of associated regulatory standards, or broader economic or policy developments; |
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less demand
for electricity due to energy conservation technologies and public initiatives to reduce electricity consumption or to recessionary
economic conditions; and |
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development
of competing energy technologies that provide less expensive energy. |
A reduction in electric utilities’ rates
or changes to peak hour pricing policies or rate design (such as the adoption of a fixed or flat rate) could also make our offerings
less competitive with the price of electricity from the electrical grid. If the cost of energy available from electric utilities or other
providers were to decrease relative to solar energy generated from residential systems or if similar events impacting the economics of
our offerings were to occur, we might have difficulty attracting new customers or existing customers might default or seek to terminate,
cancel or otherwise avoid the obligations under their solar service agreements.
Electric utility statutes and regulations
and changes to such statutes or regulations might present technical, regulatory and economic barriers to the purchase and use of our
solar service offerings that may significantly reduce demand for such offerings.
Federal, state and local government statutes
and regulations concerning electricity heavily influence the market for our solar service offerings and are constantly evolving. These
statutes, regulations, and administrative rulings relate to electricity pricing, net metering, consumer protection, incentives, taxation,
competition with utilities, and the interconnection of homeowner-owned and third party-owned solar energy systems to the electrical grid.
Governments, often acting through state utility or public service commissions, change and adopt different rates for residential customers
on a regular basis and these changes can have a negative impact on our ability to deliver savings, or energy bill management, to customers.
Many utilities, their trade associations, and fossil fuel interests, which have significantly greater economic, technical, operational,
and political resources than the residential solar industry, are currently challenging solar-related policies to reduce the competitiveness
of residential solar energy. Any adverse changes in solar-related policies could have a negative impact on our business and prospects.
Technological changes in the solar power
industry could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our revenue and net income
to decline.
The solar power industry is characterized by
evolving technologies and standards, which developments place increasing demands on the improvement of our products, such as solar cells
with higher conversion efficiency and larger and thinner silicon wafers and solar cells. Other companies may develop production technologies
that enable them to produce silicon wafers, solar cells and solar modules with higher conversion efficiencies at a lower cost than our
products. Some of our competitors are developing alternative and competing solar technologies that might require significantly less silicon
than crystalline silicon wafers and solar cells, or no silicon at all. Technologies developed or adopted by others may prove more advantageous
than ours for commercialization of solar power products and may render our products obsolete. We might need to invest significant resources
in research and development to maintain our market position, to keep pace with technological advances in the solar power industry, and
effectively compete in the future. Our failure to further refine and enhance our products and processes or to keep pace with evolving
technologies and industry standards could cause our products to become uncompetitive or obsolete, which could materially adversely reduce
our market share and affect our results of operations.
Already covered supply and demand in the
energy market is volatile, and such volatility could have an adverse impact on electricity prices and a material adverse effect on our
assets, liabilities, business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
A portion of our operating revenues are tied,
either directly or indirectly, to the wholesale market price for electricity in the markets in which we operate. Wholesale market electricity
prices are impacted by a number of factors including: the price of fuel (for example, natural gas) that is used to generate electricity;
the management of generation and the amount of excess generating capacity relative to load in a particular market; the cost of controlling
emissions of pollution, including the cost of emitting carbon dioxide; the structure of the electricity market; and weather conditions
(such as extremely hot or cold weather) that impact electrical load. More generally, there is uncertainty surrounding the trend in electricity
demand growth, which is influenced by: macroeconomic conditions; absolute and relative energy prices; and energy conservation and demand-side
management. Correspondingly, from a supply perspective, there are uncertainties associated with the timing of generating plant retirements — in
part driven by environmental regulations — and with the scale, pace and structure of replacement capacity, again
reflecting a complex interaction of economic and political pressures and environmental preferences. This volatility and uncertainty in
the power market generally, including the non-renewable power market, could have a material adverse effect on our assets, liabilities,
business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
The ability to deliver electricity to our
various counterparties requires the availability of and access to interconnection facilities and transmission systems.
Our ability to sell electricity is impacted by
the availability of, and access to, the various transmission systems to deliver power to our contractual delivery point and the arrangements
and facilities for interconnecting the generation projects to the transmission systems. The absence of this availability and access,
our inability to obtain reasonable terms and conditions for interconnection and transmission agreements, the operational failure or decommissioning
of existing interconnection facilities or transmission facilities, the lack of adequate capacity on such interconnection or transmission
facilities, curtailment as a result of transmission facility downtime, or the failure of any relevant jurisdiction to expand transmission
facilities, may have a material adverse effect on our ability to deliver electricity to its various counterparties or the requirement
of counterparties to accept and pay for energy delivery, which could materially and adversely affect our assets, liabilities, business,
financial condition, results of operations and cash flow.
We may pursue acquisitions that involve
inherent risks related to potential internal control weaknesses and significant deficiencies which may be costly for us to remedy and
could impact management assessment of internal control effectiveness.
Although our independent registered public accounting
firm will not be required to formally attest to our internal control effectiveness while we are a smaller reporting company, management
is still responsible for assessing internal control effectiveness at a consolidated level. If we acquire companies and integrate them
into our business, the process of integrating our existing operations with entities that could potentially have material weaknesses and/or
significant deficiencies may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and may require significant financial resources to remedy any
material weaknesses or significant deficiencies that would otherwise be available for the ongoing development or expansion of our existing
business. These potential material weaknesses and deficiencies may be costly for us to remedy and properly assess internal control effectiveness.
Uncertain global macro-economic and political
conditions could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our results of operations are materially affected
by economic and political conditions in the U.S. and internationally, including inflation, deflation, interest rates, availability of
capital, energy and commodity prices, trade laws and the effects of governmental initiatives to manage economic conditions.
The current invasion of Ukraine by Russia has
escalated tensions among the U.S., NATO and Russia. The U.S. and other NATO member states, as well as non-member states, have announced
new sanctions against Russia and certain Russian banks, enterprises and individuals. These and any future additional sanctions and any
resulting conflict between Russia, the U.S. and NATO countries could have an adverse impact on our current operations.
Further, such invasion, ongoing military conflict,
resulting sanctions and related countermeasures by NATO states, the U.S. and other countries are likely to lead to market disruptions,
including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions for equipment,
which could have an adverse impact on our operations and financial performance.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities
We are a “controlled company”
within the meaning of Nasdaq rules and the rules of the SEC. As a result, we qualify for, and currently and may in the future rely on,
certain exemptions from Nasdaq’s corporate governance requirements that provide protection to shareholders of other companies.
AEG owns approximately 70% of the voting power
of our outstanding common stock. As a result, we are a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq Capital Market’s governance
standards, defined as a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company. As a “controlled
company,” we are permitted to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:
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an exemption from the rule that a majority of our
board of directors must be independent directors; |
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an exemption from the rule that the compensation of our chief executive
officer must be determined or recommended solely by independent directors; and |
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an exemption from the rule that our director nominees must be selected
or recommended solely by independent directors. |
Although we do not currently rely on the “controlled
company” exemption under the Nasdaq listing rules, we could elect to rely on this exemption in the future. If we elect to rely
on the “controlled company” exemption, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors
and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. As a result,
you will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to these corporate governance requirements.
We are an “emerging growth company”
and “smaller reporting company” within the meaning of the Securities Act and if we take advantage of certain exemptions
from disclosure requirements available to emerging growth companies, it could make our securities less attractive to investors and may
make it more difficult to compare our performance to the performance of other public companies.
We are an “emerging growth company”
as defined in Section 2(a)(19) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible for and intends to take
advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth
companies for as long as it continues to be an emerging growth company, including, but not limited to, (a) not being required to comply
with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (b) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive
compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (c) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote
on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, our stockholders
may not have access to certain information they may deem important. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i)
the last day of the fiscal year in which the market value of shares of common stock that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million
as of March 30 of that fiscal year, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which it has total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion
or more during such fiscal year (as indexed for inflation), (iii) the date on which it has issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible
debt in the prior three-year period or (iv) December 31, 2026, which is the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary
of the date of the first sale of common stock in CLIN’s IPO. We cannot predict whether investors will find our securities less
attractive because it will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result of its reliance
on these exemptions, the trading prices of our securities may be lower than they otherwise would be, there may be a less active trading
market for our securities and the trading prices of our securities may be more volatile.
Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts
emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that
is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities
registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS
Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to
non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition
period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies,
we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard.
This may make comparison of our financial statements with another public company which is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging
growth company which has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences
in accounting standards used.
As an emerging growth company, we may also take
advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging
growth companies including, but not limited to, not being required to obtain an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls
over financial reporting from our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced
disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements
of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously
approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our shares of common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions.
If some investors find our shares of common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active market for our shares of common
stock and our share price may be more volatile.
Additionally, we qualify as a “smaller
reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage
of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We
expect that we will remain a smaller reporting company until the last day of any fiscal year for so long as either (a) the market
value of our common stock held by non-affiliates does not equal or exceed $250 million as of the end of that year’s second
quarter, or (b) our annual revenues did not equal or exceed $100 million during such completed fiscal year and the market value of our
common stock held by non-affiliates did not equal or exceed $700 million as of the end of that year’s second quarter. To the extent
we take advantage of such reduced disclosure obligations, it may also make comparison of our financial statements with other public companies
difficult or impossible.
Our stock price may be volatile and may
decline regardless of its operating performance.
The market price of our common stock may fluctuate
significantly in response to numerous factors and may continue to fluctuate for these and other reasons, many of which are beyond our
control, including, but not limited to:
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actual
or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations; |
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any financial
projections we may provide to the public in the future, any changes in these projections or its failure to meet these projections; |
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failure
of securities analysts to initiate and maintain our coverage, changes in financial estimates or ratings by any securities analysts
who follow us or its failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors; |
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announcements
by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, results of operations or capital commitments; |
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changes
in operating performance and stock market valuations of other clean energy and alternative energy companies generally, or those in
the energy industry in particular; |
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price
and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole; |
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trading
volume of our common stock; |
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the inclusion,
exclusion or removal of our common stock from any indices; |
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changes
in the our Board or management; |
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transactions
in our securities by our directors, officers, affiliates and other major investors; |
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lawsuits
threatened or filed against us; |
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changes
in laws or regulations applicable to our business; |
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changes
in our capital structure, such as future issuances of debt or equity securities; |
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short
sales, hedging and other derivative transactions involving our capital stock; |
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general
economic conditions in the United States and other markets in which we operate; |
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pandemics
or other public health crises, including, but not limited to, the COVID-19 pandemic (including additional variants); |
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other
events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events; and |
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the other
factors described in this “Risk Factors” section. |
The stock market has recently experienced extreme
price and volume fluctuations. The market prices of securities of companies have experienced fluctuations that often have been unrelated
or disproportionate to their operating results. In the past, stockholders have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation
against companies, and particularly against companies who have recently “gone public” through a DeSPAC reverse-merger transaction,
following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities. Any similar litigation against us could result in substantial
costs, divert management’s attention and resources and harm its business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our stock price
is subject to volatility, which could have a material adverse impact on investors and employee retention.
The price of our stock has experienced substantial price volatility
and may continue to do so in the future. From January 1, 2023 to July 31, 2024, our stock price fluctuated between a low of $0.28
per share and a high of $10.89 per share. Additionally, the energy and technology industries, and the stock market as a whole have, from
time to time, experienced extreme stock price and volume fluctuations that have affected stock prices in ways that may have been unrelated
to the performance of the companies’ in these sectors. We believe the price of our stock should reflect expectations of future growth
and profitability. If we fail to meet expectations related to future growth, profitability, or other market expectations, the price of
our stock may decline significantly, which could have a material adverse impact on investor confidence and employee retention.
Our management team has limited experience
managing a public company.
Most members of our management team have limited
experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex
laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public
company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny
of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management
and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, results
of operations and financial condition.
We may be unable to maintain the listing
of our securities on Nasdaq in the future.
Our common stock are currently listed on the
Nasdaq. However, we cannot guarantee that our securities will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. On March 20, 2024, we received a letter
from The Nasdaq Stock Market notifying us that, because the closing bid price for our common stock has been below $1.00 per share for
30 consecutive business days, our common stock no longer complies with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on The
Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor the bid price for our common stock between now and September 16, 2024 and will consider
available options to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement.
If we fail to meet the requirements of the applicable
listing rules, such failure may result in a suspension of the trading of our shares or delisting in the future. In the event of a delisting,
we can provide no assurance that any action taken by us to restore compliance with listing requirements would allow our securities to
become listed again, stabilize the market price or improve the liquidity of our securities, prevent our securities from dropping below
the minimum share price requirement or prevent future non-compliance with the listing requirements. This may further result in legal
or regulatory proceedings, fines and other penalties, legal liability for us, the inability for our stockholders to trade their shares
and negatively impact our share price, reputation, operations and financial position, as well as our ability to conduct future fundraising
activities. If Nasdaq delists our securities and we are not able to list our securities on another national securities exchange, we expect
that our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse
consequences, including but not limited to:
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a limited
availability of market quotations for our securities; |
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reduced
liquidity for our securities; |
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a limited
amount of news and analyst coverage for the company; and |
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a decreased
ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future. |
We are not in compliance with the Nasdaq
continued listing requirements. If we are unable to comply with the continued listing requirements of The Nasdaq Capital Market, our
Common Stock could be delisted, which could affect our Common Stock’s market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise
capital.
On May 6, 2024, we received a notice from
Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(b)(2), which requires that we maintain a market value of
listed securities (“MVLS”) of $35 million. MVLS is calculated by multiplying our shares outstanding by the
closing price of our common stock. Prior to this, as discussed above, on March 20, 2024, we had received a notice from Nasdaq that we
were not in compliance with Nasdaq’s Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), (the “Bid Price Rule”) as the minimum bid price of
our common stock had been below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days.
In accordance with
Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), we were provided 180 calendar days, or until November 4, 2024, to regain compliance with the MVLS Rule. To
regain compliance with the MVLS requirement, our MVLS must close at $35 million or more for a minimum of ten
consecutive business days during this grace period. If we do not regain compliance within the allotted compliance period, including any
extensions that may be granted by Nasdaq, Nasdaq will provide notice that our shares of common stock will be subject to delisting.
In the event that our common stock is delisted
from Nasdaq and is not eligible for quotation or listing on another market or exchange, trading of our common stock could be conducted
only in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or
the OTC Bulletin Board. In such an event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for, our
common stock, and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause
the price of our common stock to decline further. Also, it may be difficult for us to raise additional capital if we are not listed on
a major exchange.
An active trading market for our common
stock may not be sustained.
Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the
symbol “ALCE” and trades on that market. We cannot assure you that an active trading market for its common stock will be
sustained. Accordingly, we cannot assure you of the liquidity of any trading market, your ability to sell your shares of common stock
when desired or the prices that you may obtain for your shares.
We currently do not intend to list any of
the Warrants on any stock exchange or stock market, but currently have our Public Warrants trading on the OTC Markets Pink Tier under
the trading symbol: OTCMKTS: ACLEW.
Future sales of shares by existing stockholders
could cause our stock price to decline.
If our existing stockholders sell or indicate
an intention to sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.
All the shares of our common stock subject to stock options outstanding and reserved for issuance under its equity incentive plans are
expected to be registered on Form S-8 under the Securities Act and such shares may be eligible for sale in the public markets,
subject to Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”) limitations applicable to affiliates.
If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our common
stock could decline.
Although our prior Sponsor and certain selling
securityholders will be subject to restrictions regarding the transfer of shares of our common stock held by them, as described elsewhere
in this prospectus, these shares may be sold after the expiration of their respective lock-ups (where any). As restrictions on resale
end and the registration statements for the resale of our securities are available for use, the market price of our common stock could
decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.
The shares of common stock being offered
in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding common stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception
that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly.
This prospectus relates
to the offer and sale from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus or their permitted transferees of up
to 80,217,968 shares of our common stock consisting of: (a) up to 57,400,000 shares of our common stock issued to AEG based on a value
of $10.00 per share; (b) up to 7,666,667 shares of our common stock (2,555,556 of which are subject to vesting upon the occurrence of
certain events) issued to the Sponsor, purchased at a price of $0.01 per share; (c) up to 1,320,000 shares of common stock to be issued
to Wissam Anastas, at an effective price of $0.73 per share; (d) up to 890,000 shares of common stock issued to the Sponsor in a private
placement as part of the Sponsor Units, at a price of $10.00 per share; (e) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock issued to Moneta
Advisory Partners, LLC at an equity consideration value of $0.50 per share; (f) up to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC
Sponsor Capital Access at an equity consideration value of $0.52 per share; and (g) up to 81,301 shares of our common stock issued to
Outside the Box Capital Inc. at an equity consideration value of $1.32 per share; (h) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred
to Jones Trading Institutional Services LLC from AEG for services rendered at a per share value of $0.44 per share; (i) up to 11,500,000
shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of our 11,500,000 Public Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (j)
up to 445,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Sponsor Warrants with an exercise price of $11.50 issued to the
Sponsor as part of the Sponsor Units valued at $10.00 per share; (k) up to 300,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of the SCM Tech 1 Warrants, exercisable at a purchase price of $0.01; (l) up to 100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of the SCM Tech 2 Warrants, exercisable at a purchase price of $11.50; and (m) up to 90,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the
exercise of the SCM Tech 3 Warrants, exercisable at a purchase price of $0.01. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares
of common stock or the Warrants by the selling securityholders pursuant to this prospectus.
The selling securityholders named in this
prospectus hold a substantial portion of the outstanding shares of our common stock. The number of shares that may be sold by the selling
securityholders under this registration exceeds represents approximately 1,943% of the 4,127,462 shares in our public float and approximately
98% of our 81,826,664 outstanding shares of common stock. Including the total of 35,334,165 shares of our common stock that may be issuable
pursuant to the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant in a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-278994), which has not yet been
declared effective, the cumulative number of shares that may be sold will represent approximately 2,805% of our public float and approximately
141.5% of our total outstanding shares of common stock. Given the substantial number of shares of our common stock being registered for
potential resale by the selling securityholders pursuant to this prospectus and under the 3i Convertible Note and Warrant, the sale of
all securities by the selling securityholders, or the perception that these sales could occur, could increase the volatility of the market
price of our common stock or result in a significant decline in the market price of our common stock, even if our business is doing well.
These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities and/or
raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities in the future and at a price that we deem appropriate. Even though our
trading price is trading significantly below $10.00 per share, the offering price for the units sold in our IPO, certain of the selling
securityholders may still have an incentive to sell our common stock because they may still experience a positive rate of return on the
securities they purchased due to the differences in the purchase prices described in the preceding paragraph and the public trading price
of our common stock. While these selling securityholders may, on average, experience a positive rate of return based on the current market
price of the common stock they purchased, public securityholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the common stock they
purchased due to differences in the purchase prices and the current market price. Despite the closing price being $0.3526 per share as
of July 17, 2024, our Sponsor and one of the other the selling securityholders, SCM Tech, LLC may still experience a positive rate of
return on the shares purchased by them due to the lower price per share at which their shares were purchased. While these selling securityholders
may, on average, experience a positive rate of return based on the current market price, public stockholders may not experience a similar
rate of return on the common stock they purchased if there is such a decline in price and due to differences in the purchase prices and
the current market price. For example, if the Sponsor sold all 7,666,667 of its Founder Shares at $.3526 per share, the closing price
of our common stock as of July 17, 2024, the Sponsor, would earn a profit of $2,626,000 and if SCM Tech, LLC exercised the SCM Tech 1
Warrants and SCM Tech 3 Warrants in full and sold all 390,000 shares it was issued, SCM Tech, LLC would earn a profit of $133,614. The
selling stockholders will be able to sell their shares for so long as the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part
is available for use.
The issuance of the 3i Convertible Note
and Warrant may result in significant dilution to our shareholders and could impact the market price of our common stock.
On April 19, 2024, we entered into a purchase
agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with 3i, LP pursuant to which we issued a senior unsecured convertible note in the aggregate
principal amount of $2,160,000, with an eight percent (8.0%) original issue discount and an interest rate of seven percent (7.0%) per
annum (the “Convertible Note”), and a warrant (the “3i Warrant”) to purchase up to 2,411,088 shares of common
stock (the “3i Note Transaction”). The Convertible Note is convertible into a maximum of 32,923,077 shares of common stock.
The conversion and exercise of the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant are subject to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, including
the beneficial ownership limitations and share issuance caps specified therein. In connection with the 3i Note Transaction. Pursuant
to the registration rights agreement we entered with 3i LP in connection with the 3i Note Transaction, we are obligated to register up
to 35,334,165 shares of our common stock that may be issuable pursuant to the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant in a Registration Statement
on Form S-1 (No. 333- 278994), which has not yet been declared effective.
No assurance of proceeds from exercise
of warrants
There is no assurance that the holders of the
Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Warrants. We believe the likelihood that Warrant holders will exercise their Warrants,
and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our common stock, among other
factors. If the market price for our common stock is less than the exercise price of the Warrants (on a per share basis), we believe
that it will be unlikely that holders will exercise their Warrants. There is no assurance that the warrants will be “in-the-money”
prior to their expiration. The exercise price of the Warrants, other than the SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants, is $11.50 per share
and the exercise price of our SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants is $0.01. If the trading price for our common stock is less than the
exercise price of any of our Warrants, meaning such Warrants are “out of the money,” we believe the holders of such Warrants
will be unlikely to exercise such Warrants on a cash basis. In addition, the Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. To the extent
that the Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive from the exercise of the Warrants
will decrease. As such, it is possible that we may never generate any cash proceeds from the exercise of our Warrants. We do not currently,
and in the future do not expect to, rely on the proceeds from any exercise of the Warrants to fund our operations or capital expenditures.
In addition, while the selling securityholders may, on average, experience a positive rate of return on their investment in our common
stock, the public securityholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the common stock they purchased if there is such a decline
in price and due to differences in the purchase price and the current market price. The sales of the securities by the selling securityholders,
or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future and at
a price that we deem appropriate.
We may issue additional shares of common
stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price
of our common stock.
We have warrants outstanding to purchase up to
12,745,000 shares of our common stock. We will also have the ability to initially issue up to 8,000,000 shares of our common stock under
the 2023 Plan (as defined below).
We may issue additional shares of common stock
or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, future acquisitions or repayment
of outstanding indebtedness, without stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances.
Our issuance of additional shares of common stock
or other equity securities of equal or senior rank could, without limitation, have the following effects:
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our existing
stockholders’ proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease; |
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the amount
of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends (if any) in the future, may decrease; |
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the relative
voting strength of each previously outstanding share of common stock may be diminished; and |
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the market
price of our shares of common stock may decline. |
We may not receive any further payments
under a forward purchase agreement entered into with Meteora Entities.
On December 3, 2023, the Company entered
into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP, (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP, and (iii) Meteora
Strategic Capital, LLC (collectively “Meteora”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions (the “FPA”). Under
the FPA, we are entitled to receive payments from Meteora under certain circumstances if the price of our common stock trades above $1.50. However,
we do not expect to receive any payments from Meteora in the future.
In connection with
the entry into the FPA, on December 3, 2023, we also entered into a subscription agreement (the “FPA Funding Amount Subscription
Agreement”) with Meteora. Pursuant to the FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement, Meteora had agreed to subscribe for and purchase,
and the Company had agreed to issue and sell to Meteora, on the closing date of the Business Combination, shares of the Company at a
price of $10.00 per share (the “Additional Shares”) in an amount of up to 9.9% of the total shares of the Company outstanding
following the closing of the Business Combination (less any Recycled Shares purchased by Seller under the FPA). This purchase price was
then be netted against the prepayment amount for the Additional Shares pursuant to the terms of the FPA; after giving effect to the netting,
since the prepayment amount was based on the redemption price which was not to be in excess of $10.00, there was still be an amount that
remained to be paid by the Company to Meteora. The purpose of the FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement was to enable Meteora to
increase the number of shares that serve as the measurement for the hedging arrangement under the FPA by way of purchasing Additional
Shares to a number of shares that is greater than the number of Recycled Shares for which the prepayment amount and prepayment shortfall
will be calculated. As a result of the larger number of shares, the cash settlement owed to the Company with respect to the value of
those shares can be a larger number. The FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement allows the Meteora to acquire the difference between
the maximum number of shares that are subject to the FPA and the Recycled Shares. The number of Additional Shares was only determinable
at the time of closing of the Business Combination, when a Pricing Date Notice is delivered by Meteora.
The primary risk
to the Company with respect to the FPA was that if the price of the shares which serve as the measurement for the hedging arrangement
fell below the minimum price of $3.00 per share, as it has which was needed in order for Meteora to be obligated to pay a cash settlement
to the Company in respect of such shares (or if any other events occur which result in there being minimal or no payment obligations
at settlement, as described below), the Company may not receive cash settlement proceeds from the forward purchase arrangement and instead,
the only amounts that the Company will receive are those amounts paid by Meteora in respect of the Prepayment Shortfall, but Meteora
will retain ownership of all of the shares subject to the FPA.
In addition to the
risk of a substantial decline in the market price of the shares, the occurrence of certain events also accelerated the valuation date
and may result in Meteora having no payment obligation to the Company at settlement. Such events included (a) if the VWAP Price, for
any 20 trading days during a 30 consecutive trading day-period, is/was below $1.50 per share, (b) if Company’s shares cease to
be listed on a national securities exchange or upon the filing of a Form 25 (and, in each case, if the Counterparty fails to relist on
such national securities exchange or list on a different national securities exchange within 10 calendar days), or (c) if the Registration
Statement is/was not declared effective by the Commission within the time periods set forth in the FPA, or if the Registration Statement
after it is declared effective ceases to be continuously effective as required by the Forward Purchase Agreement, which will result in
the unregistered shares being excluded from the calculation of the amounts due at settlement.
Further as to any material relationship with
the PIPE/FPA investors, please note that as disclosed in the FPA, one of Company’s investment funds entered into an investment
agreement subscribing for a minority economic interest in Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC, the sponsor of Clean Earth Acquisitions
Corp (our predecessor entity). Such an agreement was entered into prior to Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp.’s initial public offering
in February 2022. For the avoidance of doubt, as part of this investment agreement, the Seller assumed no board or management role within
Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC or Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp.
If securities or industry analysts either
do not publish research about us or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business, or its market, or if they change
their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the trading price or trading volume of our common stock could decline.
The trading market for our common stock is
influenced in part by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, market, or competitors.
If one or more of the analysts initiate research with an unfavorable rating or downgrade the common stock, provide a more favorable recommendation
about our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about its business, the trading price of the common stock would
likely decline. In addition, we currently expect that securities research analysts will establish and publish their own periodic projections
for its business. These projections may vary widely and may not accurately predict the results we actually achieve. Its stock price may
decline if its actual results do not match the projections of these securities research analysts. While we expect research analyst coverage,
if no analysts commence coverage of it, the trading price and volume for the common stock could be adversely affected. If any analyst
who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets,
which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of its common stock to decline.
The terms of our indebtedness, including the
covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we will be unable
to continue as a going concern.
As of December 31, 2023, and March 31, 2024
we had $198.4 million, and $119.1 million in outstanding short-term borrowing. In addition, On April 19, 2024, pursuant
to the 3i Note Transaction, we issued the Convertible Note which has a principal balance of $2,160,000 and currently requires monthly
principal and interest payments in excess of $216,000. The terms of our indebtedness, including the covenants and the dates on which
principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we will be unable to continue as a going concern.
To continue as a going concern over the next twelve months, we must make payments on our debt as they come due and comply with the covenants
in the agreements governing our indebtedness or, if we fail to do so, to (i) negotiate and obtain waivers of or forbearances with respect
to any defaults that occur with respect to our indebtedness, (ii) amend, replace, refinance or restructure any or all of the agreements
governing our indebtedness, and/or (iii) otherwise secure additional capital. However, we cannot provide any assurances that we will
be successful in accomplishing any of these plans.
Delaware law and provisions in our certificate
of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer, or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our
common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain
provisions that could depress the trading price of the common stock by acting to discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of
us or changes in our management that our stockholders may deem advantageous. These provisions include, without limitation, the following:
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a classified
board of directors so that not all members of our Board are elected at one time; |
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the right
of the board of directors to establish the number of directors and fill any vacancies and newly created directorships; |
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director
removal by stockholders solely for cause and with the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the voting power of our then-outstanding
shares of capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors; |
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“blank
check” preferred stock that our Board could use to implement a stockholder rights plan; |
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the right
of our Board to issue our authorized but unissued common stock and preferred stock without stockholder approval; |
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no ability
of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; |
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no right
of our stockholders to act by written consent, which requires all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders; |
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limitations
on the liability of and the provision of indemnification to, our director and officers; |
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the right
of the board of directors to make, alter, or repeal the our Bylaws; and |
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advance
notice requirements for nominations for election to the our Board or for proposing matters that can be acted upon by stockholders
at annual stockholder meetings. |
Any provision of our certificate of incorporation
or our bylaws that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive
a premium for their shares of common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for common stock.
Our certificate of incorporation provides
that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders,
which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers
or employees.
Our Certificate of incorporation provides that
the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf,
any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the DGCL, our certificate
of incorporation or our bylaws or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. These choice
of forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes
with us or our directors, officers or other employees and may discourage these types of lawsuits. This provision would not apply to claims
brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive
jurisdiction. Our certificate of incorporation provides further that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the federal district courts
of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities
Act. However, Section 22 of the Securities Act provides that federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction over lawsuits brought
under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. To the extent the exclusive forum provision restricts the
courts in which claims arising under the Securities Act may be brought, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce
such a provision. We note that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.
Furthermore, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ certificates of incorporation has been
challenged in legal proceedings and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable.
While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek
to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions and there can be no assurance that such provisions
will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions. If a court were to find the exclusive-forum provision contained in our certificate
of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action
in other jurisdictions, which could harm its business.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We currently intend to retain any future earnings
to finance the operation and expansion of its business and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future.
Moreover, the terms of any revolving credit facility into which we or any of our subsidiaries enter may restrict our ability to pay dividends
and any additional debt we or any of our subsidiaries may incur in the future may include similar restrictions. As a result, stockholders
must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.
We will incur increased costs and obligations
as a result of being a public company.
As a publicly traded company, we will incur significant
legal, accounting and other expenses that we were not required to incur in the recent past, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging
growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act. In addition, new and changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate
governance and public disclosure, including the Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the rules and regulations
promulgated and to be promulgated thereunder, as well as under the Sarbanes- Oxley Act, the JOBS Act and the rules and regulations
of the SEC and national securities exchanges have created uncertainty for public companies and increased the costs and the time that
our Board and management must devote to complying with these rules and regulations. We expect these rules and regulations to increase
our legal and financial compliance costs and lead to a diversion of management time and attention from revenue generating activities.
Furthermore, the need to establish the corporate
infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert management’s attention from implementing our growth strategy, which could
prevent us from improving our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have made and will continue to make, changes
to our internal controls and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a publicly
traded company. However, the measures we take may not be sufficient to satisfy our obligations as a publicly traded company.
The requirements of being a public company
may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
We are subject to the reporting requirements
of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and any rules promulgated thereunder, as well as the rules of the Stock Exchange.
The requirements of these rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult,
time-consuming or costly and increase demand on our systems and resources. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things,
that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. In order to maintain and,
if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant
resources and management oversight are required and, as a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns.
These rules and regulations can also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified independent members of the board of
directors. Additionally, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer
liability insurance. We may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. The increased
costs of compliance with public company reporting requirements and our potential failure to satisfy these requirements could have a material
adverse effect on our operations, business, financial condition or results of operations.
We identified material weaknesses in our
internal control over financial reporting which, if not remediated appropriately or timely, could result in the loss of investor confidence
and adversely impact our business operations and our stock price.
We are required to establish and maintain appropriate
internal controls over financial reporting. Failure to establish those controls, or any failure of those controls once established, could
adversely impact our public disclosures regarding our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, management’s
assessment of internal controls over financial reporting may identify weaknesses and conditions that need to be addressed in our internal
controls over financial reporting or other matters that may raise concerns for investors. Any actual or perceived weaknesses and conditions
that need to be addressed in our internal control over financial reporting, disclosure of management’s assessment of our internal
controls over financial reporting or disclosure of our public accounting firm’s attestation to or report on management’s
assessment of our internal controls over financial reporting may have an adverse impact on the price of our common stock.
A control system, no matter how well conceived
and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. In addition, the
design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefit of controls must be relative to
their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no system of controls can provide absolute assurance that all
control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities
that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Further, controls can
be circumvented by individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more persons, or by management override of the controls. The
design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can
be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, a control
may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because
of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.
We identified material weaknesses in our internal
control over financial reporting that existed as of December 31, 2023 due to (i) lack of an effective control environment commensurate
with its financial reporting requirements; (ii) lack of design and maintenance of effective controls for communicating and sharing information
within the Company; (iii) lack of design and maintenance of effective controls for transactions between related parties and affiliates
recorded between itself, the parent company and its subsidiaries; (iv) lack of effective controls to address the identification of and
accounting for certain non-routine, unusual or complex transactions and (v) lack of design and maintenance of formal accounting policies,
procedures and controls to achieve complete, accurate and timely financial accounting, reporting and disclosures. Management has taken
initial steps to remedy these weaknesses by increasing the capacity of our qualified financial personnel; implementing a monthly review
with the appropriate responsible parties to review and confirm that the accounting department has received the proper documentation for
various transactions; starting the process of formalizing documentation related to intercompany due to/from within the new organization
structure; having third party experts review non routine, unusual and complex transactions; and working with an external consultant to
review and assess the Company’s current internal control structure.
While we believe these efforts will improve our
internal controls and address the underlying causes of the material weaknesses, such material weaknesses will not be remediated until
our remediation plan has been fully implemented and we have concluded that our controls are operating effectively for a sufficient period
of time. We cannot be certain that the steps we are taking will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material
weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or prevent future material weaknesses or control deficiencies from occurring. While
we are working to remediate the material weaknesses as timely and efficiently as possible, at this time we cannot provide an estimate
of costs expected to be incurred in connection with the implementation of this remediation plan, nor can we provide an estimate of the
time it will take to complete this remediation plan. Even if management does establish effective remedial measures, we cannot guarantee
that those internal controls and disclosure controls that we put in place will prevent all possible errors, mistakes or all fraud.
If our financial statements are not accurate,
investors may not have a complete understanding of our operations. Likewise, if our financial statements are not filed on a timely basis,
we could be in violation of covenants contained in the agreements governing our debt. We could also be subject to sanctions or investigations
by the stock exchange on which our shares are listed, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could result in a material adverse
effect on our business. These outcomes could subject us to litigation, civil or criminal investigations or enforcement actions requiring
the expenditure of financial resources and diversion of management time, could negatively affect investor confidence in the accuracy
and completeness of our financial statements and could also adversely impact our stock price and our access to the capital markets.
Our internal controls over financial reporting
may not be effective and our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which
could have a significant and adverse effect on our business and reputation.
We are required to comply with the SEC’s
rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information
in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of controls over financial reporting.
When we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required to audit the effectiveness
of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 in future Form 10-K filings. Our independent registered public
accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event that it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented,
designed or operating.
Further, we may need to undertake various actions,
such as implementing additional internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff. Testing and
maintaining internal controls can divert our management’s attention from other matters that are important to the operation of our
business. If we identify material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting or are unable to comply with the requirements
of Section 404 or assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting
firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence
in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected, and
we could become subject to investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management
resources.
If we fail to establish and maintain proper
and effective internal control over financial reporting, as a public company, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements
could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and the trading price of our common stock may decline.
Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act, the report by management on internal control over financial reporting will be on our financial reporting and internal controls (as
accounting acquirer) and, when we are no longer an emerging growth company, an attestation of the independent registered public accounting
firm will also be required. The rules governing the standards that must be met for management to assess internal control over financial
reporting are complex and require significant documentation, testing and possible remediation. We have not historically had to comply
with all of these rules and to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the requirements of being a reporting company under the Exchange
Act and any complex accounting rules in the future, we may need to upgrade our legacy information technology systems, implement
additional financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and hire additional accounting and finance staff.
If we are unable to hire the additional accounting
and finance staff necessary to comply with these requirements, we may need to retain additional outside consultants. If we or, if required,
our independent registered public accounting firm, are unable to conclude that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective,
investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting, which could negatively impact the price of our securities.
As a public reporting company, we are
subject to filing deadlines for reports that we file pursuant to the Exchange Act, and our failure to timely file such reports may have
material adverse consequences on our business.
In the past, we have not been able to, and
may continue to be unable to produce timely financial statements, and file these financial statements as part of a periodic report in
a timely manner with the SEC. For example, we failed to timely file with the SEC the requisite Form 10-Q periodic reports for the
quarter ended March 31, 2024. Consequently, we were not compliant with the periodic reporting requirements under the Exchange Act
at such time. We cannot guarantee that in the future our reporting will always be timely. Our failure to timely file future periodic
reports with the SEC could subject us to enforcement action by the SEC and shareholder lawsuits and could eventually result in the delisting
of our Common Stock from Nasdaq, regulatory sanctions from the SEC, and/or the breach of covenants in our credit facilities or of any
preferred equity or debt securities we may issue in the future, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our operations and
your investment in our Common Stock, and our ability to register with the SEC public offerings of our securities for our benefit or the
benefit of our security holders. Additionally, our failure to file our past periodic reports and future periodic reports has resulted
in and could result in investors not receiving adequate information regarding us with which to make investment decisions. As a result,
investors may not have access to current or timely financial information about our business.
USE OF PROCEEDS
All of the shares of our common stock and Warrants
offered by the selling securityholders pursuant to this prospectus will be sold by the selling securityholders for their respective accounts.
We will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales.
Assuming the exercise in full of all of the
Warrants for cash, we will receive an aggregate of approximately $132 million from such exercises of the Warrants. However, we
will only receive such proceeds if and when the holders of the Warrants choose to exercise them. We expect to use the net proceeds, if
any, from the exercise of the Warrants for general corporate purposes We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from the
exercise of the Warrants.
There is no assurance
that the holders of the Warrants will elect to exercise any or all of such Warrants. We believe the likelihood that Warrant holders will
exercise their Warrants, and therefore the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of our
common stock, among other factors. If the market price for our common stock is less than the exercise price of the Warrants (on a per
share basis), we believe that it will be unlikely that holders will exercise their Warrants. There is no assurance that the warrants
will be “in-the-money” prior to their expiration. The exercise price of the Warrants, other than the SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech
3 Warrants, is $11.50 per share and the exercise price of our SCM Tech 1 and SCM Tech 3 Warrants is $0.01. If the trading price for our
common stock is less than the exercise price of any of our Warrants, meaning such Warrants are “out of the money,” we believe
the holders of such Warrants will be unlikely to exercise such Warrants on a cash basis. In addition, the Warrants may be exercised on
a cashless basis. To the extent that the Warrants are exercised on a “cashless basis,” the amount of cash we would receive
from the exercise of the Warrants will decrease. As such, it is possible that we may never generate any cash proceeds from the exercise
of our Warrants. We do not currently, and in the future do not expect to, rely on the proceeds from any exercise of the Warrants to fund
our operations or capital expenditures. In addition, while the selling securityholders may, on average, experience a positive rate of
return on their investment in our common stock, the public securityholders may not experience a similar rate of return on the common
stock they purchased if there is such a decline in price and due to differences in the purchase price and the current market price. The
sales of the securities by the selling securityholders, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult
for us to sell equity securities in the future and at a price that we deem appropriate. See “Risk Factors - Risks Related to
Ownership of Our Securities - The shares of common stock being offered in this prospectus represent a substantial percentage of our outstanding
common stock, and the sales of such shares, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common
stock to decline significantly,” and “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities - No assurance of
proceeds from exercise of warrants ” for more details.
MARKET INFORMATION FOR SECURITIES AND DIVIDEND
POLICY
Market Information
Our common stock is currently listed on Nasdaq
under the symbol “ALCE”. Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, our common stock was listed on Nasdaq under
the symbol “CLIN”. As of July 31, 2024, there were 33 holders of record of our common stock. We currently do not intend to
list any of the Warrants on any stock exchange or stock market, but currently have our Public Warrants trading on the OTC Markets Pink
Tier under the trading symbol: OTCMKTS: ACLEW.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid any dividends
on shares of our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings, if any, for use in the operation and expansion
of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the
future will depend on, among other things, the consent of our lender(s), our results of operations, cash requirements, financial condition,
contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION
AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION
Throughout this section, unless otherwise
noted “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and “Alternus” refer to Alternus
Clean Energy, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
You should read the following discussion and
analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and related notes included elsewhere
in this prospectus. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this prospectus, including
information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.
As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the section titled “Risk Factors,” our actual results could
differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and
analysis. Please also see the section titled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”
Overview
The Company is a transatlantic integrated
clean energy independent power producer. The Company develops, builds, owns, and operates a diverse portfolio of utility scale solar
photo-voltaic (PV) parks that connect directly to national power grids. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s revenue streams are
generated from long-term, government-mandated, fixed price supply contracts with terms of between 15-20 years in the form of either government
feed in tariffs (FIT), power purchase agreements (PPA) with investment grade off-takers and other energy incentives. Of the Company’s
current annual revenues, approximately 83% are generated from long-term contracts, 10% are derived from revenues generated under contracted
power purchase agreements (PPAs) with energy operators that are renewed on an annual basis and 7% by sales to the general energy market
in the countries the Company operates. The Company’s goal is to own and operate over 3.0 giga-watts (GWs) of solar parks over the
next five years.
The Company was incorporated in Delaware on May
14, 2021 and was originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“Clean Earth”).
On October 12, 2022, Clean Earth entered into
a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of April
12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business Combination Agreement”),
and as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R
BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R BCA, the “Business Combination
Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”) and the Sponsor. Following the approval of
the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special meeting of the stockholders of Clean
Earth held on December 4, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination on December 22, 2023. In accordance with the Business
Combination Agreement, Clean Earth issued 57,500,000 shares of common stock of Clean Earth, par value $0.0001 per share, to AEG, and
AEG transferred to Clean Earth, and Clean Earth received from AEG, all of the issued and outstanding equity interests in the Acquired
Subsidiaries (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (the “Equity Exchange,” and together with the other transactions
contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with the Closing, the Company
changed its name from Clean Earth Acquisition Corp. to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
The Company uses annual recurring revenue as
a key metric in its financial management information and believes this method better reflects the long-term stability of operations into
the future. Annual recurring revenues are defined as the estimated future revenue generated by operating solar parks based on the remaining
term, the price received per mega-watt hour (MWh) of energy produced multiplied by the estimated production from each solar park over
a full year of operation. It should be noted that the actual revenues reported by the Company in a particular year may be lower than
the annual recurring revenues because not all parks may be revenue generating for the full year in their first year of operation. The
Company must also account for the timing of acquisitions that take place throughout the financial year.
Impact of two separate resale offerings of our securities
This prospectus relates to the offer and sale
from time to time by the selling securityholders named in this prospectus or their permitted transferees of up to 80,217,968 shares of
our common stock consisting of: (a) up to 57,400,000 shares of our common stock issued to AEG based on a value of $10.00 per share; (b)
up to 7,666,667 shares of our common stock (2,555,556 of which are subject to vesting upon the occurrence of certain events) issued to
the Sponsor, purchased at a price of $0.01 per share; (c) up to 1,320,000 shares of common stock to be issued to Wissam Anastas, at an
effective price of $0.73 per share; (d) up to 890,000 shares of common stock issued to the Sponsor in a private placement as part of
the Sponsor Units, at a price of $10.00 per share; (e) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock issued to Moneta Advisory Partners, LLC
at an equity consideration value of $0.50 per share; (f) up to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC Sponsor Capital Access
at an equity consideration value of $0.52 per share; and (g) up to 81,301 shares of our common stock issued to Outside the Box Capital
Inc. at an equity consideration value of $1.32 per share; (h) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred to Jones Trading Institutional
Services LLC from AEG at a per share value of $0.44 per share; (i) up to 11,500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise
of our 11,500,000 Public Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (j) up to 445,000 shares of common stock issuable upon
the exercise of the Sponsor Warrants with an exercise price of $11.50 issued to the Sponsor as part of the Sponsor Units valued at $10.00
per share; (k) up to 300,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 1 Warrants, exercisable at a purchase
price of $0.01; (l) up to 100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 2 Warrants, exercisable at a purchase
price of $11.50; and (m) up to 90,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 3 Warrants, exercisable at a
purchase price of $0.01.
It may be further noted though that at the
closing price of $0.3526 per share for our common stock on July 17, 2024, no profit will be earned from the sale of our common stock
by any of the selling shareholders except for the Sponsor, who would earn $2,626,000 in profit if it sold its 7,666,667 Founders Shares
and SCM Tech, LLC, who would earn $133,614 if it exercised in full the SCM Tech 1 Warrant and SCM Tech 3 Warrant and sold all 390,000
shares issued to it from such exercises.
Further to the current registration of the
selling securityholders named in this prospectus and the issuance of all 35,575,274 shares issuable under the 3i Note Transaction (Registration
No. 333-278994), we anticipate that the current registration would amount to a total of 98.0% outstanding securities of our common stock
for the selling security holders, 43.5% for the 3i Note Transaction and 141.5% combined, based on our calculation of beneficial ownership
on 81,826,664 shares of common stock outstanding as of July 17, 2024. Selling securityholders will be able to sell all of their
shares for as long as the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part of, is available. This we believe may have substantial
dilutionary effect on our current stock price, and might additionally impact our ability to raise additional capital on favorable terms.
On April 19, 2024, we entered into the Securities
Purchase Agreement with 3i, LP, pursuant to which we sold, and 3i, LP purchased: (a) a senior unsecured convertible note issued by the
Company (the “Convertible Note”) with an aggregate principal amount of $2,160,000 (including 8% original issue discount),
which is convertible into shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and (b) a warrant (the “3i Warrant”) to
purchase an aggregate of 2,411,088 shares of common stock (the “3i Note Transaction”). The 3i Note Transaction closed on
April 19, 2024. The net proceeds to us from the 3i Note Transaction was approximately $1.7 million. Pursuant to the registration rights
agreement we entered into with 3i, LP in connection with the 3i Note Transaction, we are obligated to register up to 35,334,165 shares
of our common stock that may be issuable pursuant to the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant in a Registration Statement on Form S-1
(No. 333- 278994), which has not yet been declared effective.
As shown in the accompanying consolidated
financial statements during the period ended December 31, 2023, the Company had $4.6 million of unrestricted cash on hand as of
December 31, 2023, which decreased to $1.4 million, as of March 31, 2024. The net proceeds from the 3i Note Transaction were approximately
$1.7 million (See “The 3i Note Financing”). Our operating revenues are insufficient to fund our operations and the
Company expects to have to raise additional capital in order to fund operations and/or grow. Unavailability of additional financing
could require us to delay, scale back or terminate our acquisition efforts as well as our own business activities, which would have a
material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects. The up to 80,217,968 shares of our common stock being offered
by the selling securityholders in this offering combined with up to 35,334,165 shares of our common stock being offered by 3i, LP in
connection with the 3i Note Transaction may significantly limit availability of additional financing to the Company, as the sales of
these shares could depress our stock price causing significant dilution to shareholders if new equity is issued, and/or reduce debt facilities
available to the Company to refinance existing debt or to finance planned acquisitions. The terms of our indebtedness, including the
covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we will be unable
to continue as a going concern. To continue as a going concern over the next twelve months, we must make payments on our debt as they
come due and comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness or, if we fail to do so, to (i) negotiate and obtain
waivers of or forbearances with respect to any defaults that occur with respect to our indebtedness, (ii) amend, replace, refinance or
restructure any or all of the agreements governing our indebtedness, and/or (iii) otherwise secure additional capital. However, we cannot
provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing any of these plans. See “Risk Factors--The terms of our indebtedness,
including the covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we
will be unable to continue as a going concern.”
Uncertainty regarding proceeds from exercise
of Warrants
The
selling securityholders may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the securities
hereby registered publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or
at negotiated prices. We will not receive any of the proceeds from such sales of these securities,
except with respect to amounts received by us upon exercise of the Warrants for cash. We
believe the likelihood that warrant holders will exercise their Warrants for cash and therefore
the amount of cash proceeds that we would receive, is dependent upon the trading price of
our common stock. If the market price for our common stock is less than the exercise price
of the Warrants (on a per share basis), we believe that it will be unlikely that holders
will exercise their Warrants. There is no assurance that the warrants will be “in-the-money”
prior to their expiration. The exercise price of the Warrants, other than the SCM Tech 1
and SCM Tech 3 Warrants, is $11.50 per share and the exercise price of our SCM Tech 1 and
SCM Tech 3 Warrants is $0.01. If the trading price for our common stock is less than the
exercise price of any of our Warrants, meaning such Warrants are “out of the money,”
we believe the holders of such Warrants will be unlikely to exercise such Warrants on a cash
basis. In addition, the Warrants may be exercised on a cashless basis. To the extent such
Warrants are exercised on a cashless basis, we would not receive any cash from such exercise
and the total amount of cash that we would receive from the exercise of the Warrants will
decrease. It may be noted though that at the closing price of $0.3526 per share for our common
stock on July 17, 2024, no profit from the sale of our common stock would be earned by any
of the selling shareholders except for the Sponsor, who would earn $2,226,000 in profit if
it sold all of its 7,666,667 Founders Shares and SCM Tech, LLC who would earn $133,614 if
it exercised in full the SCM Tech 1 Warrant and SCM Tech 3 Warrant and sold all 390,000 shares
issued to it from such exercises.
Impacts of the Ukraine/Russia conflict
The geopolitical situation in Eastern Europe
intensified on February 24, 2022, with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The war between the two countries continues to evolve as military
activity proceeds and additional sanctions are imposed. In addition to the human toll and impact of the events on entities that have
operations in Russia, Ukraine, or neighboring countries (e.g., Belarus, Poland, Romania) or that conduct business with their counterparties,
the war is increasingly affecting economic and global financial markets and exacerbating ongoing economic challenges, including issues
such as rising inflation and global supply-chain disruption. These events have not impacted the physical operations of our facilities
in Poland or Romania. However, the Company has seen fluctuations in energy rates due to inflation, increased interest rates, and other
macro-economic factors.
Known trends or Uncertainties
The Company has a working capital deficiency
and negative equity, and management has determined there is doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, if
planned financings and/or equity raises do not complete. Refer to Footnote 2 of the accompanying financial statements.
The Company is currently working on several processes
to address the going concern issue. In January of 2024, ALCE filed an S1 with the SEC in order to raise additional funds in the first
half of 2024. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary project financing to execute on our transatlantic
business plan.
Competitive Strengths
The Company believes that the following competitive
strengths contribute to its success and differentiate the Company from its competitors:
|
● |
The Company
is an Independent Power Producer and is comfortable operating across all aspects of the solar PV value chain from development through
long-term operational ownership, compared to only buying operating parks where the high levels of competition from investment companies
tend to be. Management believes that the Company’s flexibility in this regard makes it a more attractive partner to local developers
who benefit from having a single trusted and flexible customer that allows them to plan effectively and grow faster; |
|
● |
The Company’s
history of identifying and entering new solar PV markets coupled with its on-the-ground capabilities and transatlantic platform gives
the Company potential competitive advantages in developing and operating solar parks; |
|
● |
The Company’s
existing pipeline of owned and contracted solar PV projects provides it with clear and actionable opportunities as well as the ability
to cultivate power generation and earnings as these are required; |
|
● |
The Company
is technology and supplier agnostic and as such has the flexibility to choose from a broad range of leading manufacturers, operations
and maintenance (O&M) experts, top tier suppliers, and engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) vendors across the globe
and can benefit from falling component and service costs; and |
|
● |
The Company
is led by a highly experienced management team and has strong, localized execution capabilities across all key functions and locations. |
Vision and Strategy
The Company aims to become one of the leading
producers of clean energy in Europe and the U.S. by 2030 and to have commenced delivery of 24/7 clean energy to national power grids.
The Company’s business strategy of developing to own and operate a diverse portfolio of solar PV assets that generate stable long-term
incomes, in countries which currently have unprecedented positive market forces, positions us for sustained growth in the years to come.
To achieve its goals, the Company intends to
pursue the following strategies:
|
● |
Continue
our growth strategy which targets acquiring independent solar PV projects that are either in development, in construction, newly
installed or already operational, in order to build a diversified portfolio across multiple geographies; |
|
● |
Developer
and Agent Relationships: long term relationships with high-quality developer partners, both local and international, can reduce competition
in acquisition pricing and provide the Company with exclusive rights to projects at varying stages. Additionally, the Company works
with established agents across Europe and the United States. Working with these groups provides the Company with an understanding
of the market and in some cases enables it to contract projects at the pre-market level. This allows the Company to build a structured
pipeline of projects in each country where it currently operates or intends to operate; |
|
● |
Expand
our transatlantic IPP portfolio in locations that deliver higher yields for lowest equity deployed and attractive returns on investments,
and increase and optimize the Company’s long-term recurring revenue and cash flows; |
|
● |
Long-term
off-take contracts combined with the Company’s efficient operations are expected to provide robust and predictable cash flows
from projects and allow for high leverage capacity and flexibility of debt structuring. Our strategy is to reinvest the project cash
flows into additional solar PV projects to provide non-dilutive capital for Alternus to “self-fund” future growth; |
|
● |
Optimization
of financing sources to support long-term growth and profitability in a cost-efficient manner; |
|
● |
As a renewable
energy company, we are committed to growing our portfolio of clean energy parks in the most sustainable way possible. The Company
is highly aware and conscious of the ever growing need to mitigate the effects of climate change, which is evident by its core strategy.
As the Company grows, it intends to establish a formal sustainability policy framework in order to ensure that all project development
is carried out in a sustainable manner mitigating any potential localized environmental impacts identified during the development,
construction and operational process. |
Given the long-term nature of our business, the
Company does not operate its business on a quarter-by-quarter basis, but rather, with long-term shareholder value creation as a priority.
The Company aims to maximize return for its shareholders by originating from the ground up and/or acquiring projects during the development
cycle, installation stage, or already operational.
We intend that the parks we own and operate will
have a positive cash flows with long-term income streams at the lowest possible risk. To this end we use Levelized Cost of Energy (“LCOE”)
as a key criterion to ranking the projects we consider for development and/or acquisition. The LCOE calculates the total cost of ownership
of the parks over their expected life reflected as a rate per megawatt hour (MWh). Once the income rates for the selected projects are
higher than this rate, the project will be profitable for its full life, including initial capex costs. The Company will continue to
operate with this priority as we continue to invest in internal infrastructure and additional solar PV power plants to increase installed
power and resultant stable long-term revenue streams.
Key Factors that Significantly Affect Company Results of Operations
and Business
The Company expects the following factors will
affect its results of operations – inflation and energy rate fluctuations.
Offtake Contracts
Company revenue is primarily a function of
the volume of electricity generated and sold by its renewable energy facilities as well as, where applicable, the sale of green energy
certificates and other environmental attributes related to energy generation. The Company’s current portfolio of renewable energy
facilities is generally contracted under long-term FIT programs or PPAs with investment grade counterparties. As of December 31, 2023,
and March 31, 2024, the average remaining life of its FITs and PPAs was 10.5 years and 8.6 years respectively. Pricing of the electricity
sold under these FITs and PPAs is generally fixed for the duration of the contract, although some of its PPAs have price escalators based
on an index (such as the consumer price index) or other rates specified in the applicable PPA.
The Company also generates Renewable Energy Credit
(RECs) as the Company produces electricity. RECs are accounted for as government incentives and are considered operational revenue as
part of the solar facilities.
Project Operations and Generation Availability
The Company revenue is a function of the volume
of electricity generated and sold by Company renewable energy facilities. The volume of electricity generated and sold by the Company’s
renewable energy facilities during a particular period is impacted by the number of facilities that have achieved commercial operations,
as well as both scheduled and unexpected repair and maintenance required to keep its facilities operational.
The costs the Company incurs to operate, maintain
and manage renewable energy facilities also affect the results of operations. Equipment performance represents the primary factor affecting
the Company’s operating results because equipment downtime impacts the volume of the electricity that the Company can generate
from its renewable energy facilities. The volume of electricity generated and sold by the Company’s facilities will also be negatively
impacted if any facilities experience higher than normal downtime as a result of equipment failures, electrical grid disruption or curtailment,
weather disruptions, or other events beyond the Company’s control.
Seasonality and Resource Variability
The amount of electricity produced, and revenues
generated by the Company’s solar generation facilities is dependent in part on the amount of sunlight, or irradiation, where the
assets are located. As shorter daylight hours in winter months result in less irradiation, the electricity generated by these facilities
will vary depending on the season. Irradiation can also be variable at a particular location from period to period due to weather or
other meteorological patterns, which can affect operating results. As most of the Company’s solar power plants are in the Northern
Hemisphere, the Company expects its current solar portfolio’s power generation to be at its lowest during the first and fourth
quarters of each year. Therefore, the Company expects first and fourth quarter solar revenue to be lower than in other quarters. As a
result, on average, each solar park generates approximately 15% of its annual revenues in Q1 every year, 37% in each of Q2 and Q3, and
the remaining 11% in Q4. The Company’s costs are relatively flat over the year, and so the Company will always report lower profits
in Q1 and Q4 as compared to the middle of the year.
Interest Rates on Company Debt
Interest rates on the Company’s senior
debt are mostly variable for the full term of the finance at interest rates ranging from 6% to 18%. The relative certainty of cash flows
provides sufficient coverage ratios.
In addition to the project specific senior
debt, the Company uses a small number of promissory notes in order to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the requirement for the Company
to provide equity in the acquisition of the projects. As of March 31, 2024, 97.30% of the Company’s total liabilities were project-related
debt.
Cash Distribution Restrictions
In certain cases, the Company, through its subsidiaries,
obtain project-level or other limited or non-recourse financing for Company renewable energy facilities which may limit these subsidiaries’
ability to distribute funds to the Company for corporate operational costs. These limitations typically require that the project-level
cash is used to meet debt obligations and fund operating reserves of the operating subsidiary. These financing arrangements also generally
limit the Company’s ability to distribute funds generated from the projects if defaults have occurred or would occur with the giving
of notice or the lapse of time, or both.
Renewable Energy Facility Acquisitions and Investments
The Company’s long-term growth strategy
is dependent on its ability to acquire additional renewable power generation assets. This growth is expected to be comprised of additional
acquisitions across the Company’s scope of operations both in its current focus countries and new countries. Our operating revenues
are insufficient to fund our operations and our assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured
creditors, respectively. The unavailability of additional financing could require us to delay, scale back or terminate our acquisition
efforts as well as our own business activities, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects.
Management believes renewable power has been
one of the fastest growing sources of electricity generation globally over the past decade. The Company expects the renewable energy
generation segment to continue to offer growth opportunities driven by:
|
● |
The continued
reduction in the cost of solar and other renewable energy technologies, which the Company believes will lead to grid parity in an
increasing number of markets; |
|
● |
Distribution
charges and the effects of an aging transmission infrastructure, which enable renewable energy generation sources located at a customer’s
site, or distributed generation, to be more competitive with, or cheaper than, grid-supplied electricity; |
|
● |
The replacement
of aging and conventional power generation facilities in the face of increasing industry challenges, such as regulatory barriers,
increasing costs of and difficulties in obtaining and maintaining applicable permits, and the decommissioning of certain types of
conventional power generation facilities, such as coal and nuclear facilities; |
|
● |
The ability
to couple renewable energy generation with other forms of power generation and/or storage, creating a hybrid energy solution capable
of providing energy on a 24/7 basis while reducing the average cost of electricity obtained through the system; |
|
● |
The desire
of energy consumers to lock in long-term pricing for a reliable energy source; |
|
● |
Renewable
energy generation’s ability to utilize freely available sources of fuel, thus avoiding the risks of price volatility and market
disruptions associated with many conventional fuel sources; |
|
● |
Environmental
concerns over conventional power generation; and |
|
● |
Government
policies that encourage the development of renewable power, such as country, state or provincial renewable portfolio standard programs,
which motivate utilities to procure electricity from renewable resources. |
Access to Capital Markets
The Company’s ability to acquire additional
clean power generation assets and manage its other commitments will likely be dependent on its ability to raise or borrow additional
funds and access debt and equity capital markets, including the equity capital markets, the corporate debt markets, and the project finance
market for project-level debt. The Company accessed the capital markets several times in 2022 and 2023, in connection with long-term
project debt, and corporate loans and equity. Limitations on the Company’s ability to access the corporate and project finance
debt and equity capital markets in the future on terms that are accretive to its existing cash flows would be expected to negatively
affect its results of operations, business, and future growth.
Foreign Exchange
The Company’s operating results are reported
in United States (USD) Dollars. The Company’s current project revenue and expenses are generated in other currencies, including
the Euro (EUR), the Polish Zloty (PLN), and the Romanian Lei (RON). This mix may continue to change in the future if the Company elects
to alter the mix of its portfolio within its existing markets or elect to expand into new markets. In addition, the Company’s investments
(including intercompany loans) in renewable energy facilities in foreign countries are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. As a
result, the Company expects revenue and expenses will be exposed to foreign exchange fluctuations in local currencies where the Company’s
renewable energy facilities are located. To the extent the Company does not hedge these exposures, fluctuations in foreign exchange rates
could negatively impact profitability and financial position.
Key Metrics
Operating Metrics
The Company regularly reviews several operating
metrics to evaluate its performance, identify trends affecting its business, formulate financial projections and make certain strategic
decisions. The Company considers a solar park operating when it has achieved connection and begins selling electricity to the energy
grid.
Operating Nameplate capacity
The Company measures the electricity-generating
production capacity of its renewable energy facilities in nameplate capacity. The Company expresses nameplate capacity in direct current
(DC), for all facilities. The size of the Company’s renewable energy facilities varies significantly among the assets comprising
its portfolio.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023.
The Company believes
the combined nameplate capacity of its portfolio is indicative of its overall production capacity and period to period comparisons of
its nameplate capacity are indicative of the growth rate of its business. The production capacity listed below for Italy, Poland, and
the Netherlands reflect the actual production from those parks during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The parks were sold on December
28, 2023, January 19, 2024, and February 21, 2024, respectively. The table below outlines the Company’s operating renewable energy
facilities as of March 31, 2024 and 2023:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
MW (DC) Nameplate capacity by country – continuing operations | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
Romania | |
| 40.1 | | |
| 40.1 | |
Italy | |
| - | | |
| 10.5 | |
United States | |
| 3.8 | | |
| 0.4 | |
Total | |
| 43.9 | | |
| 51.0 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
| - | | |
| 11.8 | |
Poland | |
| - | | |
| 88.4 | |
Total | |
| - | | |
| 100.2 | |
Total for the period | |
| 43.9 | | |
| 151.2 | |
Megawatt hours sold
Megawatt hours sold
refers to the actual volume of electricity sold by the Company’s renewable energy facilities during a particular period. The Company
tracks MWh sold as an indicator of its ability to realize cash flows from the generation of electricity at its renewable energy facilities.
The megawatt hours listed below for Italy, Poland, and the Netherlands reflect the actual volume of electricity sold during the three
months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 before the operating parks were sold on December 28, 2023, January 19, 2024, and February
21, 2024, respectively. The Company’s MWh sold for renewable energy facilities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023,
were as follows:
| |
Three
Months Ended March
31 | |
MWh (DC) Sold by country | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
Romania | |
| 9,064 | | |
| 9,131 | |
Italy | |
| - | | |
| 1,924 | |
United States | |
| 842 | | |
| 156 | |
Total | |
| 9,906 | | |
| 11,211 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
| 466 | | |
| 1,348 | |
Poland | |
| 500 | | |
| 11,774 | |
Total | |
| 966 | | |
| 13,122 | |
Total for the period | |
| 10,872 | | |
| 24,333 | |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31,
2022.
Operating Nameplate capacity
The Company believes the combined nameplate capacity
of its portfolio is indicative of its overall production capacity and period to period comparisons of its nameplate capacity are indicative
of the growth rate of its business. The table below outlines the Company’s operating renewable energy facilities as of December
31, 2023 and 2022.
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
MW (DC) Nameplate capacity by country | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
Romania | |
| 40.1 | | |
| 40.1 | |
Italy | |
| - | | |
| 10.5 | |
United States | |
| 3.8 | | |
| 0.4 | |
Total | |
| 43.9 | | |
| 51.0 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
| 11.8 | | |
| 11.8 | |
Poland | |
| 88.4 | | |
| 88.4 | |
Total | |
| 100.2 | | |
| 100.2 | |
Total for the period | |
| 144.1 | | |
| 151.2 | |
Megawatt hours sold
Megawatt hours sold refers to the actual volume
of electricity sold by the Company’s renewable energy facilities during a particular period. The Company tracks MWh sold as an
indicator of its ability to realize cash flows from the generation of electricity at its renewable energy facilities. The megawatt hours
listed below for Italy reflect the actual volume of electricity sold during the year before the operating parks were sold on December
28, 2023. The Company’s MWh sold for renewable energy facilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, were as follows:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
MWh (DC) Sold by country | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
Romania | |
| 50,491 | | |
| 52,193 | |
Italy | |
| 10,224 | | |
| 11,282 | |
United States | |
| 1,761 | | |
| - | |
Total | |
| 62,476 | | |
| 63,475 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
| 11,083 | | |
| 12,479 | |
Poland | |
| 91,904 | | |
| 98,340 | |
Total | |
| 102,987 | | |
| 110,819 | |
Total for the period | |
| 165,463 | | |
| 174,294 | |
Consolidated Results of Operations
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 compared to March 31, 2023.
The following table
illustrates the consolidated results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
Revenues | |
$ | 2,180 | | |
$ | 3,846 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (834 | ) | |
| (1,015 | ) |
Selling, general and administrative | |
| (3,747 | ) | |
| (1,725 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (568 | ) | |
| (842 | ) |
Development costs | |
| (7 | ) | |
| (111 | ) |
Total operating expenses | |
| (5,156 | ) | |
| (3,693 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from continuing operations | |
| (2,976 | ) | |
| 153 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (4,984 | ) | |
| (3,468 | ) |
Valuation on FPA asset | |
| (483 | ) | |
| - | |
Other expense | |
| (223 | ) | |
| (40 | ) |
Other income | |
| 7 | | |
| - | |
Total other expenses | |
| (5,683 | ) | |
| (3,508 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Loss from operations of discontinued business component | |
| (1,074 | ) | |
| (1,897 | ) |
Gain on sale of assets | |
| 2,150 | | |
| - | |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued
operations | |
| 1,076 | | |
| (1,897 | ) |
Net loss for the period | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (0.13 | ) | |
| (0.06 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.13 | ) | |
| (0.06 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Comprehensive loss: | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | |
| (1,232 | ) | |
| (104 | ) |
Comprehensive loss | |
$ | (8,815 | ) | |
$ | (5,356 | ) |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 compared
to March 31, 2023.
The Company generates
its revenue from the sale of electricity from its solar parks. The revenue is from FIT, PPA, REC, or in the day-ahead or spot market.
Revenue
Revenue for the three
months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
Revenue by Country | |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Italy | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 655 | | |
$ | (655 | ) | |
| (100 | )% |
Romania | |
| 2,087 | | |
| 3,173 | | |
| (1,086 | ) | |
| (34 | )% |
United States | |
| 93 | | |
| 18 | | |
| 75 | | |
| 417 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 2,180 | | |
$ | 3,846 | | |
$ | (1,666 | ) | |
| (43 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
$ | 16 | | |
$ | 202 | | |
$ | (186 | ) | |
| (92 | )% |
Poland | |
| 106 | | |
| 1,105 | | |
| (999 | ) | |
| (90 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 122 | | |
$ | 1,307 | | |
$ | (1,185 | ) | |
| (91 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 2,302 | | |
$ | 5,153 | | |
$ | (2,851 | ) | |
| (55 | )% |
Revenue for continuing
operations decreased by $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily due to a
lower volume of Green Certificates being sold and lower energy rates for production in 2024 in Romania compared to the same period in
2023. Additionally, the three months ended March 31, 2023 includes revenues earned by the Italian parks which were sold in December 2023.
Revenue for discontinued
operations decreased by $1.2 million due to all operating parks in Poland and the Netherlands being sold on January 19, 2024 and February
21, 2024, respectively.
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
Revenue by Offtake Type | |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
$ | 153 | | |
$ | 550 | | |
$ | (397 | ) | |
| (72 | )% |
Green Certificates (FIT) | |
| 1,569 | | |
| 1,872 | | |
| (303 | ) | |
| (16 | )% |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| 441 | | |
| 1,424 | | |
| (983 | ) | |
| (69 | )% |
Other Revenue | |
| 17 | | |
| - | | |
| 17 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 2,180 | | |
$ | 3,846 | | |
$ | (1,666 | ) | |
| (43 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
$ | 46 | | |
$ | 766 | | |
$ | (720 | ) | |
| (94 | )% |
Guarantees of Origin | |
| 7 | | |
| 8 | | |
| (1 | ) | |
| (13 | )% |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| 36 | | |
| 533 | | |
| (497 | ) | |
| (93 | )% |
Other Revenue | |
| 33 | | |
| - | | |
| 33 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 122 | | |
$ | 1,307 | | |
$ | (1,185 | ) | |
| (91 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 2,302 | | |
$ | 5,153 | | |
$ | (2,851 | ) | |
| (55 | )% |
Cost of Revenues
The Company capitalizes
its equipment costs, development costs, engineering, and construction related costs that are deemed recoverable. The Company’s
cost of revenues with regards to its solar parks is primarily a result of the asset management, operations, and maintenance, as well
as tax, insurance, and lease expenses. Certain economic incentive programs, such as FIT regimes, generally include mechanisms that ratchet
down incentives over time. As a result, the Company seeks to connect its solar parks to the local power grids and commence operations
in a timely manner to benefit from more favorable existing incentives. Therefore, the Company generally seeks to make capital investments
during times when incentives are most favorable.
Cost of revenues
for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
Cost of Revenues by Country | |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Italy | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 262 | | |
$ | (262 | ) | |
| (100 | )% |
Romania | |
| 819 | | |
| 734 | | |
| 85 | | |
| 12 | % |
United States | |
| 15 | | |
| 19 | | |
| (4 | ) | |
| (21 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 834 | | |
$ | 1,015 | | |
$ | (181 | ) | |
| (18 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
$ | 115 | | |
$ | 61 | | |
$ | 54 | | |
| 89 | % |
Poland | |
| 101 | | |
| 936 | | |
| (835 | ) | |
| (89 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 216 | | |
$ | 997 | | |
$ | (781 | ) | |
| (78 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 1,050 | | |
$ | 2,012 | | |
$ | (962 | ) | |
| (48 | )% |
Cost of revenues
for continuing operations decreased by $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The
three months ended March 31, 2023 include costs incurred for the Italian parks which were sold in December 2023 which is the main driver
of the decrease. This was partially offset by an increase in operational costs for the parks in Romania.
Cost of revenues
for discontinued operations decreased by $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 primarily
due to all operating parks in Poland and the Netherlands being sold on January 19, 2024 and February 21, 2024, respectively. The slight
increase for the Netherlands park is due to additional operations and maintenance fees incurred before prior to the disposal.
Selling, General and Administrative
Expenses
Selling, general
and administrative expenses for the year ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Selling, general and administrative | |
$ | 3,747 | | |
$ | 1,725 | | |
$ | 2,022 | | |
| 117 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 3,747 | | |
$ | 1,725 | | |
$ | 2,022 | | |
| 117 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | 3,747 | | |
$ | 1,725 | | |
$ | 2,022 | | |
| 117 | % |
Selling, general
and administrative expenses for continuing operations increased by $2.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to
the same period in 2023. The majority of this increase was from additional audit, accounting fees, insurance, and legal costs associated
with being listed on Nasdaq.
There were no selling,
general and administrative expenses for discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Development Cost
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Development Cost | |
$ | 7 | | |
$ | 111 | | |
$ | (104 | ) | |
| (94 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 7 | | |
$ | 111 | | |
$ | (104 | ) | |
| (94 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 7 | | |
$ | 111 | | |
$ | (104 | ) | |
| (94 | )% |
Development cost
decreased by $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 due to final work performed for
projects abandoned for the development of renewable energy projects.
The Company depends
heavily on government policies that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy
projects in regions in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon
a project if there is material change in budgetary constraints, political factors or otherwise, governments from time to time may review
their laws and policies that support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the
development and operation of renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination of, governmental incentives
or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable energy, could result
in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning
the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects, and reduced project returns, any of which could
have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Refer to Footnote 17 to the
accompanying financial statements for more detail of development cost.
There were no development
costs for discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion
Expense
Depreciation, amortization,
and accretion expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Depreciation, Amortization
and Accretion expense | |
$ | 568 | | |
$ | 842 | | |
$ | (274 | ) | |
| (33 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 568 | | |
$ | 842 | | |
$ | (274 | ) | |
| (33 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion
expense | |
$ | 180 | | |
$ | 735 | | |
$ | (555 | ) | |
| (76 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 180 | | |
$ | 735 | | |
$ | (555 | ) | |
| (76 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 748 | | |
$ | 1,577 | | |
$ | (829 | ) | |
| (53 | )% |
Depreciation and
Amortization expense for continuing operations decreased by $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same
period in 2023. This was primarily driven by the sale of the Italian assets which were sold in December 2023.
Depreciation, amortization
and accretion expenses for discontinued operations decreased by $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the
same period in 2023 due to all operating parks in Poland and the Netherlands being sold on January 19, 2024 and February 21, 2024, respectively.
Gain on Disposal of Assets
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Gain on disposal of asset | |
$ | 3,374 | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 3,374 | | |
| 100 | % |
Costs related to disposal of asset | |
| (1,224 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (1,224 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 2,150 | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 2,150 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | 2,150 | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 2,150 | | |
| 100 | % |
On January 19, 2024,
the Company sold its operating parks in Poland with a carrying value of $55.2 million for $59.4 resulting in a $4.2 million gain partially
offset by a $0.9 million loss on sale of assets in the Netherlands. $1.6M of the cash received was held back by the seller per the SPA
and recorded as a receivable on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. On February 22, 2024, the Company sold its operating park in the Netherlands
with a carrying value of $8.0 million for $7.1 million resulting in a $0.9 million loss. The costs incurred to complete the transaction
totaled $1.2 million and are reported together with the disposal of the assets according to ASC 360-10-35-38.
Interest Expense, Other Income, and
Other Expense
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Interest expense | |
$ | (4,984 | ) | |
$ | (3,468 | ) | |
$ | (1,516 | ) | |
| 44 | % |
Valuation on FPA asset | |
| (483 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (483 | ) | |
| (100 | )% |
Other expense | |
| (223 | ) | |
| (40 | ) | |
| (183 | ) | |
| 460 | % |
Other income | |
| 7 | | |
| - | | |
| 7 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | (5,683 | ) | |
$ | (3,508 | ) | |
$ | (2,175 | ) | |
| 62 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest income/(expense) | |
$ | (801 | ) | |
$ | (1,472 | ) | |
$ | 671 | | |
| (46 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | (801 | ) | |
$ | (1,472 | ) | |
$ | 671 | | |
| (46 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | (6,484 | ) | |
$ | (4,980 | ) | |
$ | (1,504 | ) | |
| 88 | % |
Total other expenses
for continuing operations increased by $2.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. The
primary drivers causing the increase is the recognition of a $0.5 million reduction in valuation on the Forward Purchase Agreement and
a $1.5 million increase in interest expense due to increase of the effective interest rate of the Solis bond from 8.7% to 10.4% and interest
associated in the U.S. for loans related to project construction and development.
Total other expenses
for discontinued operations decreased by $0.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 driven
by the sale of the Polish and Netherlands operating parks on January 19, 2024 and February 21, 2024, respectively.
Net Loss
Net loss for continuing
operations increased by $5.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. This is primarily
due to an increase in SG&A expense of $2.0 million, other expense of $0.7 million, interest expense of $1.5 million, and decreased
revenues of $1.7 million. This was partially offset by a decrease in cost of revenues of $0.2 million, depreciation of $0.3 million,
and development cost of $0.1 million.
Net income for discontinued
operations increased by $3.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. This is primarily
due to a decrease in cost of revenues of $0.8 million, depreciation of $0.5 million, interest expense of $0.7 million, and an increase
in the gain on disposal of asset of $2.2 million. This was partially offset by a decrease in revenues of $1.2 million.
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31,
2022.
The following table illustrates the consolidated results of operations
for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
Revenues | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (4,468 | ) | |
| (4,439 | ) |
Selling, general and administrative | |
| (11,228 | ) | |
| (5,720 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (3,657 | ) | |
| (3,677 | ) |
Development costs | |
| (798 | ) | |
| (11,372 | ) |
Loss on disposal of assets | |
| (5,501 | ) | |
| (79 | ) |
Total operating expenses | |
| (25,652 | ) | |
| (25,287 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Loss from continuing operations | |
| (5,568 | ) | |
| (8,198 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (18,562 | ) | |
| (10,256 | ) |
Valuation on FPA Asset | |
| (16,642 | ) | |
| - | |
Solis bond waiver fee | |
| (11,232 | ) | |
| - | |
Other expense | |
| (1,642 | ) | |
| (684 | ) |
Other income | |
| 9 | | |
| 569 | |
Total other expenses | |
| (48,069 | ) | |
| (10,371 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
| (53,637 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| (15 | ) | |
| - | |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
| (53,652 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from operations of discontinued business component | |
| (3,885 | ) | |
| 141 | |
Impairment loss recognized on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | |
| (11,766 | ) | |
| - | |
Income tax | |
| (161 | ) | |
| (21 | ) |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
| (15,812 | ) | |
| 120 | |
Net loss for the period | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,449 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (53,652 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (53,652 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (0.93 | ) | |
| (0.32 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.93 | ) | |
| (0.32 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Comprehensive loss: | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,449 | ) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | |
| 714 | | |
| (991 | ) |
Comprehensive loss | |
$ | (68,750 | ) | |
$ | (19,440 | ) |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022.
The Company generates its revenue from the sale
of electricity from its solar parks. The revenue is from FIT, PPA, REC or in the day-ahead or spot market.
Revenue
Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023
and 2022 were as follows:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Country | |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Italy | |
$ | 3,360 | | |
$ | 3,354 | | |
$ | 6 | | |
| 0 | % |
Romania | |
| 16,608 | | |
| 13,710 | | |
| 2,898 | | |
| 21 | % |
United States | |
| 116 | | |
| 25 | | |
| 91 | | |
| 364 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | | |
$ | 2,995 | | |
| 18 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
$ | 2,840 | | |
$ | 1,596 | | |
$ | 1,244 | | |
| 78 | % |
Poland | |
| 7,593 | | |
| 10,709 | | |
| (3,116 | ) | |
| (29 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 10,433 | | |
$ | 12,305 | | |
$ | (1,872 | ) | |
| (15 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 30,517 | | |
$ | 29,394 | | |
$ | 1,123 | | |
| 4 | % |
Revenue for continuing operations increased by
$3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to a higher volume of Green Certificates
being sold in 2023 and additional FIT contracts being signed.
Revenue for discontinued operations decreased
by $1.9 million due to lower electricity pricing and actual irradiation from seasonal weather conditions in Poland.
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Offtake Type | |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
$ | 2,972 | | |
$ | 2,885 | | |
$ | 87 | | |
| 3 | % |
Green Certificates (FIT) | |
| 10,548 | | |
| 9,409 | | |
| 1,139 | | |
| 12 | % |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| 6,560 | | |
| 4,795 | | |
| 1,765 | | |
| 37 | % |
Other Revenue | |
| 4 | | |
| - | | |
| 4 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | | |
$ | 2,995 | | |
| 18 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
$ | 5,499 | | |
$ | 6,994 | | |
$ | (1,495 | ) | |
| (21 | )% |
Guarantees of Origin | |
| 129 | | |
| 44 | | |
| 85 | | |
| 193 | % |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| 4,805 | | |
| 5,267 | | |
| (462 | ) | |
| (9 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 10,433 | | |
$ | 12,305 | | |
$ | (1,872 | ) | |
| (15 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 30,517 | | |
$ | 29,394 | | |
$ | 1,123 | | |
| 4 | % |
Cost of Revenues
The Company capitalizes its equipment costs,
development costs, engineering and construction related costs, that are deemed recoverable. The Company’s cost of revenues with
regards to its IPP solar parks is primarily a result of the asset management, operations and maintenance, as well as tax, insurance,
and lease expenses. Certain economic incentive programs, such as FIT regimes, generally include mechanisms that ratchet down incentives
over time. As a result, the Company seeks to connect its IPP solar parks to the local power grids and commence operations in a timely
manner to benefit from more favorable existing incentives. Therefore, the Company generally seeks to make capital investments during
times when incentives are most favorable.
Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were
as follows:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Cost of Revenues by Country | |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Italy | |
$ | 1,204 | | |
$ | 812 | | |
$ | 392 | | |
| 48 | % |
Romania | |
| 3,167 | | |
| 3,627 | | |
| (460 | ) | |
| (13 | )% |
United States | |
| 97 | | |
| - | | |
| 97 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 4,468 | | |
$ | 4,439 | | |
$ | 29 | | |
| (1 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
$ | 450 | | |
$ | 368 | | |
$ | 82 | | |
| 22 | % |
Poland | |
| 3,768 | | |
| 4,104 | | |
| (336 | ) | |
| (8 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 4,218 | | |
$ | 4,472 | | |
$ | (254 | ) | |
| (6 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 8,686 | | |
$ | 8,911 | | |
$ | (225 | ) | |
| (3 | )% |
Cost of revenues for continuing operations decreased
by $0.03 million for the year ended 2023 compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily due to a drop in operational costs for Romanian
parks which was slightly offset by an increase in the operational costs for the Italian parks before those Italian parks were sold.
Cost of revenues for discontinued operations
decreased by $0.2 million for the year ended 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to a drop in operational costs for the Polish parks.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses for the year ended December
31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Selling, general and administrative | |
$ | 11,228 | | |
$ | 5,720 | | |
$ | 5,508 | | |
| 96 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 11,228 | | |
$ | 5,720 | | |
$ | 5,508 | | |
| 96 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | 11,228 | | |
$ | 5,720 | | |
$ | 5,508 | | |
| 96 | % |
Selling, general and administrative expenses
for continuing operations increased by $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The majority of this increase
was compensation related expenses from additional headcount to support growth initiatives, costs that could not be capitalized into projects
and additional audit and accounting fees, legal costs relating to the business combination with Clean Earth.
There were no selling, general and administrative
expenses for discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Acquisition Costs
As discussed in Footnote 6 – Business Combinations
and Acquisitions of Assets to its consolidated financial statements, the Company acquired three SPVs in March 2022 in Poland, all accounted
for as asset acquisitions under ASC 805. Refer to Footnote 6 Business Combination and Acquisitions of Assets for more information.
Development Cost
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Development Cost | |
$ | 798 | | |
$ | 11,372 | | |
$ | (10,574 | ) | |
| (93 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 798 | | |
$ | 11,372 | | |
$ | (10,574 | ) | |
| (93 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 798 | | |
$ | 11,372 | | |
$ | (10,574 | ) | |
| (93 | )% |
Development cost decreased by $10.6 million for
the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022, due to final work performed for projects abandoned for the development of renewable
energy projects. This decrease was directly related to the costs incurred by the abandonment of the project Solartechnik in Poland in
2022.
The Company depends heavily on government policies
that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects in regions in which
we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project if there is material
change in budgetary constraints, political factors or otherwise, governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that
support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of
renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support
renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable energy, could result in, among other items,
the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning the development
of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects and reduced project returns, any of which could have a material
adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Refer to Footnote 19 to the accompanying financial
statements for more detail of development cost.
There were no development costs for discontinued
operations for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion Expense
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expenses for the year ended
December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Depreciation, Amortization
and Accretion expense | |
$ | 3,657 | | |
$ | 3,677 | | |
$ | (20 | ) | |
| (1 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 3,657 | | |
$ | 3,677 | | |
$ | (20 | ) | |
| (1 | )% |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion
expense | |
$ | 2,963 | | |
$ | 2,982 | | |
$ | (19 | ) | |
| (1 | )% |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 2,963 | | |
$ | 2,982 | | |
$ | (19 | ) | |
| (1 | )% |
Total for the period | |
$ | 6,620 | | |
$ | 6,659 | | |
$ | (39 | ) | |
| (1 | )% |
Depreciation and Amortization expense for continuing
operations for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.7 million.
Depreciation, amortization and accretion expenses
for discontinued operations decreased by $0.01 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 2022.
Loss on Disposal of Assets
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Loss on disposal of assets | |
$ | 4,854 | | |
$ | 79 | | |
$ | 4,775 | | |
| 6,044 | % |
Costs related to disposal of asset | |
| 647 | | |
| - | | |
| 647 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 5,501 | | |
$ | 79 | | |
$ | 5,422 | | |
| 6,863 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Costs related to disposal of asset | |
$ | 137 | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 137 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 137 | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 137 | | |
| 100 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | 5,638 | | |
$ | 79 | | |
$ | 5,559 | | |
| 7,037 | % |
Loss on disposal of assets for continuing operations
increased by $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. On December 27, 2023, the Company sold its operating
parks in Italy with a carrying value of $22.3 million for $17.4 million resulting in a $4.9 million loss. The costs incurred to complete
the transaction totaled $0.6 million and are reported together with the disposal of the assets according to ASC 360-10-35-38.
Loss on disposal of assets for discontinued operations
increased by $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022. The Company incurred fees in 2023 that are directly
related to the sale of the operating parks in Poland and the Netherlands. The Company expects to incur more fees for additional services
related to the disposition of these assets until the assets are sold.
Interest Expense, Other Income, and Other Expense
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Interest expense | |
$ | (18,562 | ) | |
$ | (10,256 | ) | |
$ | (8,306 | ) | |
| 81 | % |
Valuation on FPA asset | |
| (16,642 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (16,642 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Solis bond waiver fee | |
| (11,232 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (11,232 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Other expense | |
| (1,642 | ) | |
| (684 | ) | |
| (958 | ) | |
| 140 | % |
Other income | |
| 9 | | |
| 569 | | |
| (560 | ) | |
| (98 | )% |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | (48,069 | ) | |
$ | (10,371 | ) | |
$ | (37,698 | ) | |
| 363 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest income/(expense) | |
$ | (6,781 | ) | |
$ | (4,680 | ) | |
$ | (2,101 | ) | |
| 45 | % |
Other income | |
| - | | |
| 2 | | |
| (2 | ) | |
| (100 | )% |
Other expense | |
| (219 | ) | |
| (32 | ) | |
| (187 | ) | |
| 584 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | (7,000 | ) | |
$ | (4,710 | ) | |
$ | (2,290 | ) | |
| 49 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | (55,069 | ) | |
$ | (15,081 | ) | |
$ | (39,988 | ) | |
| 265 | % |
Total other expenses for continuing operations
increased by $37.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The primary drivers causing the
increase from 2022 is the recognition of a $11.2 million bond waiver fee for the Solis bond, the recognition of a $16.6 million valuation
on the Forward Purchase Agreement, and a $8.3 million increase in interest expense due to increase of the effective interest rate of
the Solis bond from 6.5% to 10.1%.
Total other expenses for discontinued operations
increased by $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 mainly driven by a $2.1 million increase
in interest expense due to increase of the effective interest rate of the Solis bond increasing from 6.5% to 10.1%. There was an additional
$0.2 million of miscellaneous expenses in Poland.
Income Tax
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Corporate tax expense | |
$ | (15 | ) | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (15 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | (15 | ) | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (15 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Corporate tax expense | |
$ | (161 | ) | |
$ | (21 | ) | |
$ | (140 | ) | |
| 667 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | (161 | ) | |
$ | (21 | ) | |
$ | (140 | ) | |
| 667 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | (176 | ) | |
$ | (21 | ) | |
$ | (155 | ) | |
| 738 | % |
Income tax expense for continuing operations
increased by $0.01 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase represents a fourth
quarter estimated tax payment made to the Internal Revenue Service by Clean Earth prior to the completion of the business combination.
Income tax expense for discontinued operations
increased by $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. Zonnepark Rilland receives a fixed
payment each month per agreed rates with the customer. In the second quarter of the following year, the customer settles any difference
in the average rates for the prior year and the agreed upon rate for the prior year. This settlement of the rates exceeded the receivables
the company had booked and resulted in extra income recognized in 2022. The additional income received resulted in a higher tax liability
and a balance due in 2022. The balance due was paid at the time of filing in 2023.
Impairment Loss Recognized
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | | |
Change (%) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
Impairment loss recognized
on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
Total for the period | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (11,766 | ) | |
| 100 | % |
increased by $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase represents the expected
loss at December 31, 2023 on the sale of the assets. There was no indication of impairment for the Netherlands as of December 31, 2023.
Net Loss
Net loss for continuing operations increased
by $35.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period 2022. This is primarily due to an increase in SG&A
expense of $5.5 million, other expense of $29.4 million, interest expense of $8.4 million and a loss on disposal of asset of $5.4 million.
This was partially offset by an increase in revenue of $3.0 million, and decreased development cost of $10.6 million.
Net income for discontinued operations decreased
by $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period 2022. This is primarily due to an increase in impairment
loss of $11.8 million, interest expense of $2.1 million, other expense of $0.2 million, tax expense of $0.1 million, loss on disposal
of asset of $0.1 million and decreased revenues of $1.9 million. This was partially offset by a decrease in cost of revenues of $0.3
million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Capital Resources
A key element to the Company’s financing
strategy is to raise much of its debt in the form of project specific non-recourse borrowings at its subsidiaries with investment grade
metrics. Going forward, the Company intends to primarily finance acquisitions or growth capital expenditures using long-term non-recourse
debt that fully amortizes within the asset’s contracted life, as well as retained cash flows from operations and issuance of equity
securities through public markets.
The following table summarizes certain financial
measures that are not calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, along with the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure,
for each period presented below. In addition to its results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, the Company believes the following non-U.S.
GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating its operating performance. The Company uses the following non-U.S. GAAP financial
information, collectively, to evaluate its ongoing operations and for internal planning and forecasting purposes.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 compared
to March 31, 2023.
The following non-U.S.
GAAP table summarizes the total capitalization and debt as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:
| |
As of
March 31 | | |
As of
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Senior Secured Green Bonds | |
$ | 87,264 | | |
$ | 166,122 | |
Senior Secured debt and promissory notes | |
| 31,523 | | |
| 32,312 | |
Total debt | |
| 118,787 | | |
| 198,434 | |
Less current maturities | |
| (118,787 | ) | |
| (198,434 | ) |
Long term debt, net of current maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Current Maturities | |
| 118,787 | | |
| 198,434 | |
Less current debt discount | |
| (908 | ) | |
| (892 | ) |
Current Maturities net of debt discount | |
| 117,879 | | |
| 197,542 | |
| |
As of March 31 | | |
As of December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | 1,381 | | |
$ | 4,618 | |
Restricted cash | |
| 841 | | |
| 19,161 | |
Available capital from continuing operations | |
$ | 2,222 | | |
$ | 23,779 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 444 | |
Available capital from discontinued operations | |
| - | | |
| 444 | |
Restricted Cash relates
to balances that are in the bank accounts for specific defined purposes and cannot be used for any other undefined purposes. The decrease
was related to payments paying down the principal of the Green Bonds. Refer to Footnote 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
for further discussion of restricted cash.
Liquidity Position
Our consolidated
financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2023 identifies the existence of certain
conditions that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the issuance of this
report. Refer to Footnote 2 of the accompanying financial statements for more information.
In January 2021,
one of the Company’s subsidiaries, Solis Bond Company DAC (“Solis”), issued a series of 3-year senior secured green
bonds in the maximum amount of $242.0 million (€200 million) with a stated coupon rate of 6.5% + EURIBOR and quarterly interest
payments. The bond agreement is for repaying existing facilities of approximately $40 million (€33 million), and funding acquisitions
of approximately $87.2 million (€72.0 million). The bonds are secured by Solis’ underlying assets. The Company raised approximately
$125.0 million (€110.0 million) in the initial funding. In November 2021, Solis completed an additional issue of $24 million (€20
million). The additional Issue was completed at an issue price of 102% of par value, corresponding to a yield of 5.5%. The Company raised
$11.1 million (€10 million) in March 2022 at 97% for an effective yield of 9.5%. In connection with the bond agreement the Company
incurred approximately $11.8 million in debt issuance costs. The Company recorded these as a discount on the debt and they are being
amortized as interest expense over the contractual period of the bond agreement. As of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, there was
$87.3 million and $166.1 million outstanding on the Bond, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024,
Solis was in breach of the three financial covenants under Solis’ Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires
the higher of €5.5 million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount, (ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the
Leverage Ratio of NIBD/EBITDA to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December
31, 2022 and 5.5 times for the period ending on the maturity date of the Bond. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per
annum interest rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with a bullet payment to be paid on the Maturity Date. The Solis Bond is senior
secured through a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc,
and a first priority assignment over any intercompany loans. Additionally, Solis bondholders hold a preference share in an Alternus holding
company which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The preference share gives the bondholders the right on any distributions
up to EUR 10 million, and such assets will be divested to ensure repayment of up to EUR. 10 million should ts not be fully repaid by
the Maturity Date.
Additionally, because
Solis was unable to fully repay the Solis Bonds by September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer
ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed
to the bondholders which as of March 31, 2024 is currently €80.8 million (approximately $87.3 million). If the ownership of Solis
and all of its subsidiaries were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of the Company’s operating assets and
related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated.
On October 16, 2023,
bondholders approved to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the
bondholders approved an extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the
right to further extend to February 29, 2024, at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority
of the bondholders on January 3, 2024. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary
waivers and the maturity date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion,
which it granted, and thereafter on a month-to-month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from
a majority of Bondholders. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term debt.
On December 28, 2023,
Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.5 million).
On January 18, 2024,
Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4 million (approximately $59.1 million), and
on February 21, 2024, Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for approximately €6.5 million (approximately
$7 million). Additionally, on February 14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options to repay €59,100,000 million (approximately $68.5
million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds. Subsequently, on May 1, 2024, Solis made an interest payment of €1,000,000 (approx.
$1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter of 2024. The remaining
interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, the interest payment due July 6, 2024 from Solis’ ongoing business
operations. Solis will incur a late payment penalty in accordance with the Bond Terms.
On March 20, 2024,
we received a letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC therein stating that for the 32 consecutive
business day period between February 2, 2024 through March 19, 2024, the Common Stock had not maintained a minimum closing bid price
of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid
Price Rule”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or
until September 16, 2024 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule. If the Company does not
regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule by September 16, 2024, the Company may be eligible for an additional 180-day period to regain
compliance. If the Company cannot regain compliance during the Compliance Period or any subsequently granted compliance period, the Common
Stock will be subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Nasdaq hearings panel. The
notice from Nasdaq has no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock and the Common Stock will continue to be listed on The
Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” The Company is currently evaluating its options for regaining compliance.
There can be no assurance that the Company will regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule or maintain compliance with any of the other
Nasdaq continued listing requirements.
The Company is currently
working on several processes to address the going concern issue. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary
project financing to execute our transatlantic business plan.
Financing Activities
On December 21, 2022,
the Company’s wholly owned Irish subsidiaries, AEG JD 01 LTD and AEG MH 03 LTD entered in a financing facility with Deutsche Bank
AG (“Lender”). This is an uncommitted revolving debt financing of up to €500,000,000 to finance eligible project costs
for the acquisition, construction, and operation of installation/ready to build solar PV plants across Europe. (the “Warehouse
Facility”). The Warehouse Facility, which matures on the third anniversary of the closing date of the Credit Agreement (the “Maturity
Date”), bears interest at Euribor plus an aggregate margin at a market rate for such facilities, which steps down by 0.5% once
the underlying non-Euro costs financed reduces below 33.33% of the overall costs financed. The Warehouse Facility is not currently drawn
upon, but a total of approximately €1,800,000 in arrangement and commitment fees is currently owed to the Lender. Once drawn, the
Warehouse Facility capitalizes interest payments until projects reach their commercial operations dates through to the Maturity Date;
it also provides for mandatory prepayments in certain situations.
In May 2022, AEG
MH02 entered into a loan agreement with a group of private lenders of approximately $10.8 million with an initial stated interest rate
of 8% and a maturity date of May 31, 2023. In February 2023, the loan agreement was amended stating a new interest rate of 16% retroactive
to the date of the first draw in June 2022. In May 2023, the loan was extended, and the interest rate was revised to 18% from June 1,
2023. In July 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to October 31, 2023. In November 2023, the loan agreement was further extended
to May 31, 2024. Due to these addendums, $0.9 million of interest was recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company
had principal outstanding of $10.8 million and $11.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In June 2022, Alt
US 02, a subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part
of the transaction with Lightwave Renewables, LLC to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. The Company entered into a
construction promissory note of $5.9 million with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and an original maturity date of June 29,
2023. On January 26, 2024, the loan was extended to June 29, 2024 due to logistical issues that caused construction delays. On June 29,
2024, the loan was further extended to December 29, 2024. The Company had principal outstanding of $5.4 million and $4.3 million as of
March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
On February 28, 2023,
Alt US 03, a subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as
part of the transaction to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. Alt US 03 entered into a construction promissory note
of $920 thousand with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and due May 31, 2024. This note had a principal outstanding balance
of $717 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In July 2023, one
of the Company’s US subsidiaries acquired a 32 MWp solar PV project in Tennessee for $2.4 million financed through a bank loan
having a six-month term, 24% APY, and an extended maturity date of February 29, 2024. The project is expected to start operating in Q1
2025. 100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. The Company had a principal
outstanding balance of $7.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of the date of this report this loan
is currently in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate the terms.
In July 2023, Alt
Spain Holdco, one of the Company’s Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights for a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects
in Valencia, Spain, with an initial payment of $1.9 million, financed through a bank loan having a six-month term and accruing ’Six
Month Euribor’ plus 2% margin, currently 5.9% interest. On January 24, 2024, the maturity date was extended to July 28, 2024. The
portfolio consists of six projects totaling 24.4 MWp. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $3.2 million as of March 31, 2024
and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In October 2023,
Alternus Energy Americas, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries secured a working capital loan in the amount of $3.2 million with
a 0% interest until a specified date and a maturity date of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, the loan was further extended to February
28, 2025, and the principal amount was increased to $3.6 million. In March 2024, the Company began accruing interest at a rate of 10%.
Additionally, the Company issued the noteholder warrants to purchase up to 90,000 shares of restricted common stock, exercisable at $0.01
per share having a 5-year term and fair value of $86 thousand. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $1.8 million as of
March 31, 2024 and $3.2 million as of December 31, 2023. As of the date of this report this loan is currently in default, but management
is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate the terms.
In December 2023,
Alt US 07, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries acquired the project rights to a 14 MWp solar PV project in Alabama for $1.1 million
financed through a bank loan having a six-month term, 24% APY, and a maturity date of May 28, 2024. The project is expected to start
operating in Q2 2025. 100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. This note
had a principal outstanding balance of $1.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
On December 3, 2023, the Company entered
into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP, (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP, and (iii) Meteora
Strategic Capital, LLC (collectively “Meteora” or “Seller”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions (the
“FPA”). Under the FPA, we are entitled to receive payments from Meteora under certain circumstances if the price of our common
stock trades above $1.50. However, we do not expect to receive any payments from Meteora in the future.
In connection with
the entry into the FPA, on December 3, 2023, the Company also entered into a subscription agreement (the “FPA Funding Amount Subscription
Agreement”) with Meteora. Pursuant to the FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement, Meteora had agreed to subscribe for and purchase,
and the Company had agreed to issue and sell to Meteora, on the closing date of the Business Combination, shares of the Company at a
price of $10.00 per share (the “Additional Shares”) in an amount of up to 9.9% of the total shares of the Company outstanding
following the closing of the Business Combination (less any Recycled Shares purchased by Seller under the FPA). This purchase price was
then be netted against the prepayment amount for the Additional Shares pursuant to the terms of the FPA; after giving effect to the netting,
since the prepayment amount was based on the redemption price which was not to be in excess of $10.00, there was still be an amount that
remained to be paid by the Company to Meteora. The purpose of the FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement was to enable Meteora to
increase the number of shares that serve as the measurement for the hedging arrangement under the FPA by way of purchasing Additional
Shares to a number of shares that is greater than the number of Recycled Shares for which the prepayment amount and prepayment shortfall
will be calculated. As a result of the larger number of shares, the cash settlement owed to the Company with respect to the value of
those shares can be a larger number. The FPA Funding Amount Subscription Agreement allows the Meteora to acquire the difference between
the maximum number of shares that are subject to the FPA and the Recycled Shares. The number of Additional Shares was only determinable
at the time of closing of the Business Combination, when a Pricing Date Notice is delivered by Meteora.
The primary risk
to the Company with respect to the FPA was that if the price of the shares which serve as the measurement for the hedging arrangement
fell below the minimum price of $3.00 per share, as it has which was needed in order for Meteora to be obligated to pay a cash settlement
to the Company in respect of such shares (or if any other events occur which result in there being minimal or no payment obligations
at settlement, as described below), the Company may not receive cash settlement proceeds from the forward purchase arrangement and instead,
the only amounts that the Company will receive are those amounts paid by Meteora in respect of the Prepayment Shortfall, but Meteora
will retain ownership of all of the shares subject to the FPA.
In addition to the
risk of a substantial decline in the market price of the shares, the occurrence of certain events also accelerated the valuation date
and may result in Meteora having no payment obligation to the Company at settlement. Such events included (a) if the VWAP Price, for
any 20 trading days during a 30 consecutive trading day-period, is/was below $1.50 per share, (b) if Company’s shares cease to
be listed on a national securities exchange or upon the filing of a Form 25 (and, in each case, if the Counterparty fails to relist on
such national securities exchange or list on a different national securities exchange within 10 calendar days), or (c) if the Registration
Statement is/was not declared effective by the Commission within the time periods set forth in the FPA, or if the Registration Statement
after it is declared effective ceases to be continuously effective as required by the Forward Purchase Agreement, which will result in
the unregistered shares being excluded from the calculation of the amounts due at settlement.
Further as to any
material relationship with the PIPE/FPA investors, please note that as disclosed in the FPA, one of Company’s investment funds
entered into an investment agreement subscribing for a minority economic interest in Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC, the sponsor
of Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp (our predecessor entity). Such an agreement was entered into prior to Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp.’s
initial public offering in February 2022. For the avoidance of doubt, as part of this investment agreement, the Seller assumed no board
or management role within Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC or Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp.
In December 2023,
as part of the Business Combination, the Company assumed an existing loan balance of $1.6 million with a 0% interest rate until perpetuity
as part of the Business Combination with Clean Earth. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $1.4 million as of March 31,
2024 and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023.
In January 2024,
the Company assumed a $938 thousand (€850 thousand) convertible promissory note with a 10% interest maturing in March 2025 as part
of the Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. On January 3, 2024, the noteholder converted all of the principal and
accrued interest owed under the note, equal to $1.0 million, into 1,320,000 shares of restricted common stock.
For the year ended
December 31, 2023, 225,000 shares of Common Stock were issued at Closing to the Sponsor of Clean Earth to settle CLIN promissory notes
of $1.6 million. The shares were issued at the closing price of $5 per share for $1.1 million. The difference of $0.5 million was recognized
as an addition to Additional Paid in Capital. Management determined the extinguishment of this note is the result of a Troubled Debt
Restructuring.
On March 21, 2024,
ALCE and the Sponsor of Clean Earth (“CLIN”) agreed to a settlement of a $1.2 million note assumed by ALCE as part of the
Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. The note had a maturity date of whenever CLIN closes its Business Combination
Agreement and accrued interest of 25%. ALCE issued 225,000 shares to the Sponsor in March 21, 2024 and a payment plan of the rest of
the outstanding balance was agreed to with payments to commence on July 15, 2024. The closing stock price of the Company was $0.47 on
the date of issuance.
Material Cash Requirements from Known
Contractual Obligations
The Company’s
contractual obligations consist of operating leases generally related to the rent of office building space, as well as land upon which
the Company’s solar parks are built. These leases include those that have been assumed in connection with the Company’s asset
acquisitions. The Company’s leases are for varying terms and expire between 2027 and 2055.
For the three months
ending March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred operating lease expenses from continuing operations of $65 thousand and $50 thousand,
respectively. The following table summarizes the Company’s future minimum contractual operating lease payments as of March 31,
2024.
Maturities of lease
liabilities as of March 31, 2024 were as follows:
| |
(in thousands) | |
Five-year lease schedule: | |
| |
2024 Apr 1 – Dec 31 | |
$ | 154 | |
2025 | |
| 235 | |
2026 | |
| 241 | |
2027 | |
| 247 | |
2028 | |
| 215 | |
Thereafter | |
| 2,021 | |
Total lease payments | |
| 3,113 | |
Less imputed interest | |
| (1,748 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 1,365 | |
The Company had no
finance leases as of March 31, 2024.
In October 2023,
the Company entered a new lease for land in Madrid, Spain where solar parks are planned to be built. The lease term is 35 years with
an estimated annual cost of $32 thousand.
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31,
2022.
The following non-U.S. GAAP table summarizes the total capitalization
and debt as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Senior Secured Green Bonds | |
$ | 166,122 | | |
$ | 149,481 | |
Senior Secured debt and promissory notes | |
| 32,312 | | |
| 13,486 | |
Total debt | |
| 198,434 | | |
| 162,967 | |
Less current maturities | |
| (198,434 | ) | |
| - | |
Long term debt, net of current maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 162,967 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Current Maturities | |
$ | 198,434 | | |
$ | - | |
Less current debt discount | |
| (892 | ) | |
| - | |
Current Maturities net of debt discount | |
$ | 197,542 | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Long-term maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 162,967 | |
Less long-term debt discount | |
| - | | |
| (4,272 | ) |
Long-term maturities net of debt discount | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 158,695 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | 4,618 | | |
$ | 705 | |
Restricted cash | |
| 19,161 | | |
| 6,598 | |
Available capital from continuing operations | |
$ | 23,779 | | |
$ | 7,303 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | 785 | | |
$ | 444 | |
Restricted cash | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Available capital from discontinued operations | |
$ | 785 | | |
$ | 444 | |
Restricted Cash relates to balances that are
in the bank accounts for specific defined purposes and cannot be used for any other undefined purposes. The increase was related to the
sale of the Italian assets which is in escrow to reduce the principal of the Green Bonds. Refer to Footnote 3 – Summary of Significant
Accounting Policies for further discussion of restricted cash.
Liquidity Position
Our consolidated financial statements for the
year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 identifies the existence of certain conditions that raise substantial doubt about our ability to
continue as a going concern for twelve months from the issuance of this report. Refer to Footnote 2 of the accompanying financial statements
for more information.
In January 2021, one of the Company’s subsidiaries,
Solis Bond Company DAC (“Solis”), issued a series of 3-year senior secured green bonds in the maximum amount of $242.0 million
(€200 million) with a stated coupon rate of 6.5% + EURIBOR and quarterly interest payments. The bond agreement is for repaying existing
facilities of approximately $40 million (€33 million), and funding acquisitions of approximately $87.2 million (€72.0 million).
The bonds are secured by the Solis’ underlying assets. The Company raised approximately $125.0 million (€110.0 million) in
the initial funding. In November 2021, Solis, completed an additional issue of $24 million (€20 million). The additional Issue was
completed at an issue price of 102% of par value, corresponding to a yield of 5.5%. The Company raised $11.1 million (€10 million)
in March 2022 at 97% for an effective yield of 9.5%. In connection with the bond agreement the Company incurred approximately $11.8 million
in debt issuance costs. The Company recorded these as a discount on the debt and they are being amortized as interest expense over the
contractual period of the bond agreement. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there was $166.1 million and $149.5 million outstanding on
the Bond, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022, Solis was in breach
of the three financial covenants under Solis’ Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires the higher of €5.5
million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount, (ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the Leverage Ratio of NIBD/EBITDA
to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 5.5 times for the
period ending on the maturity date of the Bond, January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per annum interest
rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with a bullet payment to be paid on January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond is senior secured through
a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc, and a first priority
assignment over any intercompany loans.
In April 2023 the bondholders approved a temporary
waiver and an amendment to the bond terms to allow for a change of control in Solis (which allows for the transfer of Solis and its subsidiaries
underneath Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. on Business Combination Closing). In addition, bondholders received a preference share in an
Alternus holding company, AEG JD 02 Limited, which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The shares will have preference
on any distribution up to €10 million, and AEG JD 02 will divest assets to ensure repayment of the €10 million should the bonds
not have been fully repaid at maturity (January 6, 2024). Finally, bondholders will receive a 1% amendment fee, which equates to €1.4
million.
On June 5, 2023 the bondholders approved an extension
to the waiver to September 30, 2023 and the bond trustee was granted certain additional information rights and the right to appoint half
of the members of the board of directors of Solis, in addition to the members of the board appointed by the Company. Under the waiver
agreement, as extended, Solis must fully repay the Bonds by September 30, 2023. If Solis is unable to fully repay the Solis Bonds by
September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to
the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed to the bondholders, which as of September 30,
2023 is currently €150,000,000 (approximately $159,000,000). If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries were to be transferred
to the Solis bondholders, the majority of the Company’s operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated.
On October 16 2023, bondholders approved to further
extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the bondholders approved an extension
of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further extend to February
29, 2024 at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority of the bondholders on January 3,
2024. On March 12, 2024, the bondholders approved an additional extension to April 30, 2024. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently
recorded as short-term debt.
On October 16 2023, bondholders approved to further extend the temporary
waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the bondholders approved an extension of the temporary waivers
and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond
trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority of the bondholders on January 3, 2024. On March 12, 2024, the
bondholders approved an additional extension to April 30, 2024. On April 30, 2024 the Bond Trustee granted a technical extension of the
Maturity Date until May 31, 2024. The Bond Trustee, with approval from a majority of the Bondholders, may further extend the Bonds on
a month-to-month basis to November 29, 2024. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term debt. On May 1, 2024 Solis
made an interest payment of Euro 1,000,000 ($ 1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for
the first quarter of 2024. The remaining interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, the next interest payment due July
6, 2024 from Solis’ ongoing business operations. Solis will incur a late payment penalty in accordance with the Bond Terms, which
will also be paid on July 6, 2024.
On December 28, 2023, Solis sold 100% of the
share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.5 million).
Subsequently, on January 18, 2024, Solis sold
100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4 million (approximately $59.1 million), and on February
21, 2024 Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for approximately €6.5 million (approximately $7 million).
Additionally, on February 14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options to repay €59,100,000 million (approximately $68.5 million)
of amounts outstanding under the bonds (See Footnote 26).
Financing Activities
On December 21, 2022, the Company’s wholly
owned Irish subsidiaries, AEG JD 01 LTD and AEG MH 03 LTD entered in a financing facility with Deutsche Bank AG (“Lender”).
This is a committed revolving debt financing of €80,000,000 to finance eligible project costs for the acquisition, construction,
and operation of installation/ready to build solar PV plants across Europe, including the capacity for the financing to be upsized via
a €420,000,000 uncommitted accordion facility to finance a pipeline of further projects across Europe (the “Warehouse Facility”).
The Warehouse Facility, which matures on the third anniversary of the closing date of the Credit Agreement (the “Maturity Date”),
bears interest at Euribor plus an aggregate margin at a market rate for such facilities, which steps down by 0.5% once the underlying
non-Euro costs financed reduces below 33.33% of the overall costs financed. The Warehouse Facility is not currently drawn upon, but a
total of approximately €1,800,000 in arrangement and commitment fees is currently owed to the Lender. Once drawn, the Warehouse
Facility capitalizes interest payments until projects reach their commercial operations dates through to the Maturity Date; it also provides
for mandatory prepayments in certain situations.
In May 2022, AEG MH02 entered into a loan agreement
with a group of private lenders of approximately $10.8 million with an initial stated interest rate of 8% and a maturity date of May
31, 2023. In February 2023, the loan agreement was amended stating a new interest rate of 16% retroactive to the date of the first draw
in June 2022. In May 2023, the loan was extended and the interest rate was revised to 18% from June 1, 2023. In July 2023, the loan agreement
was further extended to October 31, 2023. In November 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to May 31, 2024. Due to these addendums,
$2.4 million of interest was recognized in the period ended December 31, 2023. The Company had principal outstanding of $11.0 million
and $10.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In June 2022, Alt US 02, a subsidiary of Alternus
Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part of the transaction with Lightwave
Renewables, LLC to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. The Company entered into a construction promissory note of $5.9
million with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and an original maturity date of June 29, 2023. On January 26, 2024 the loan
was extended to June 29, 2024 due to logistical issues that caused construction delays. On June 29, 2024 the loan was further extended
to December 29, 2024. The Company had principal outstanding of $4.3 million and $2.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
On February 28, 2023, Alt US 03, a subsidiary
of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part of the transaction
to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. Alt US 03 entered into a construction promissory note of $920 thousand with a
variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and due May 31, 2024. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $717 thousand as of
December 31, 2023.
In July 2023, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries
acquired a 32 MWp solar PV project in Tennessee for $2.4 million financed through a bank loan having a six-month term, 24% APY, and an
extended maturity date of February 29, 2024. The project is expected to start operating in Q1 2025. 100% of offtake is already secured
by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $7.0 million as of
December 31, 2023. As of the date of this report this loan is currently in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender
to renegotiate the terms.
In July 2023, Alt Spain Holdco, one of the Company’s
Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights for a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects in Valencia, Spain, with an initial payment
of $1.9 million, financed through a bank loan having a six-month term and accruing ’Six Month Euribor’ plus 2% margin, currently
5.9% interest. On January 24, 2024, the maturity date was extended to July 28, 2024. The portfolio consists of six projects totaling 24.4
MWp. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $3.3 million as of December 31, 2023.
In October 2023, Alternus Energy Americas, one
of the Company’s US subsidiaries secured a working capital loan in the amount of $3.2 million with a 0% interest until a specified
date and a maturity date of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, the loan was further extended to February 28, 2025 and the principal amount
was increased to $3.6 million. In March 2024, the Company began accruing interest at a rate of 10%. Additionally, the Company issued the
noteholder warrants to purchase up to 90,000 shares of restricted common stock, exercisable at $0.01 per share having a 5 year term and
fair value of $86 thousand. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2023. As of the date of
this report this loan is currently in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate the terms.
In December 2023, Alt US 07, one of the Company’s
US subsidiaries acquired the project rights to a 14 MWp solar PV project in Alabama for $1.1 million financed through a bank loan having
a six-month term, 24% APY, and a maturity date of May 28, 2024. The project is expected to start operating in Q2 2025. 100% of offtake
is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. This note had a principal outstanding balance of
$1.1 million as of December 31, 2023.
In December 2023, the Company assumed an existing loan balance of $1.6
million with a 0% interest rate until perpetuity as part of the Business Combination with Clean Earth. The Company had a principal outstanding
balance of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023.
Material Cash Requirements from Known Contractual Obligations
The Company’s contractual obligations consist
of operating leases generally related to the rent of office building space, as well as land upon which the Company’s solar parks
are built. These leases include those that have been assumed in connection with the Company’s asset acquisitions. The Company’s
leases are for varying terms and expire between 2027 and 2055.
For the year ending December 31, 2023 and 2022,
the Company incurred operating lease expenses from continuing operations of $212 thousand and $162 thousand, respectively. The following
table summarizes the Company’s future minimum contractual operating lease payments as of December 31, 2023.
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December
31, 2023 were as follows:
| |
(in thousands) | |
Five-year lease schedule: | |
| | |
2024 | |
$ | 231 | |
2025 | |
| 237 | |
2026 | |
| 242 | |
2027 | |
| 248 | |
2028 | |
| 216 | |
Thereafter | |
| 2,064 | |
Total lease payments | |
| 3,238 | |
Less imputed interest | |
| (1,811 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 1,427 | |
The Company had no finance leases as of December
31, 2023.
In April 2022, the Company entered a new lease
for additional office space in Fort Mill, South Carolina with a term of 7.5 years. The estimated annual cost of the lease is $147 thousand.
In October 2023, the Company entered a new lease
for land in Madrid, Spain where solar parks are planned to be built. The lease term is 35 years with an estimated annual cost of $32
thousand.
In March 2022, the Company bought the Gardno
and Gardno 2 parks in Poland, acquiring two operating leases to the land where the solar parks are located. The combined estimated annual
cost of the leases is $69 thousand. The leases commenced in 2021 and run through 2046. These assets have been moved to discontinued operations
as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for more details.
In March 2022, the Company bought the Rakowic
park in Poland, acquiring an operating lease for the land where the solar parks are located. The combined estimated annual cost of the
leases is $7 thousand. The leases commenced in 2022 and run through 2046. These assets have been moved to discontinued operations as
of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for more details.
Cash Flow Discussion
The Company uses traditional measures of cash
flows, including net cash flows from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities to evaluate its periodic cash
flow results.
For the Three Months Ended March 31,
2024 compared to March 31, 2023
The following table
reflects the changes in cash flows for the comparative periods:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | | |
Change ($) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | |
| (5,428 | ) | |
| 1,179 | | |
| (6,607 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| (2,085 | ) | |
| (805 | ) | |
| 1,280 | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | |
| 65,486 | | |
| (1,028 | ) | |
| 66,514 | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| - | | |
| (52 | ) | |
| 52 | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | |
| (76,635 | ) | |
| 1,937 | | |
| (78,572 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| (3,151 | ) | |
| (325 | ) | |
| 2,826 | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Effect of exchange rate on cash | |
| (528 | ) | |
| 215 | | |
| (743 | ) |
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Net cash used in
continuing operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 increased by $6.6 million. The increase of
$5.3 million in 2024 was primarily driven by an increase of interest expense, an increase in selling, general, and administrative expenses,
and a decrease in revenues in the first quarter of 2024. The remaining increase was a result of the normal fluctuations of receivables
and payables over the normal course of business operations.
Net cash used in
discontinued operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 increased by $1.3 million. The net income
increased by $3.0 million primarily driven by the gain on the sale of the Polish parks offset by the reclassification of Solis bond interest
expense to discontinued operations that covers the portion of the Poland and Netherlands parks before they were sold.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash provided
by continuing investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 increased by $66.5 million. This was a
result of the cash received for the sale of the Polish parks of $59.4 million and from the sale of the Netherlands park of $7.1 million.
Net cash used in
discontinued investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 decreased by $52 thousand. This was a result
of the derecognition of a small, miscellaneous project in Poland.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash used in
continuing financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 decreased by $78.6 million mainly driven by
the $75.2 million payment made towards the Solis bond principal balance.
Net cash used in
discontinued financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 compared to 2023 increased by $2.8 million due to related
party transaction activity with parent company in 2023.
For the Year Ended December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022
The following table reflects the changes
in cash flows for the comparative periods:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | | |
Change ($) | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | |
| 10,438 | | |
| (8,645 | ) | |
| 19,083 | |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| 2,774 | | |
| 1,255 | | |
| 1,519 | |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | |
| (675 | ) | |
| (4,973 | ) | |
| (4,298 | ) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| (83 | ) | |
| (12,429 | ) | |
| (12,346 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | |
| 8,997 | | |
| 5,006 | | |
| 3,991 | |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities – Discontinued Operations | |
| (5,067 | ) | |
| 7,325 | | |
| (12,392 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
Effect of exchange rate on cash | |
| 433 | | |
| (558 | ) | |
| 991 | |
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Net cash provided by continuing operating activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 increased by $19.1 million. The net loss increased by $35.1 million in 2023, which
was mainly due to an increase of interest expense, the recognition of the $11.1 million bond waiver for the Solis bond, the recognition
of a $16.6 million valuation on the Forward Purchase Agreement, and $3.7 million of depreciation expense. This was partially offset by
the $17 million of cash received from the sale of the Italian parks on December 28, 2023 and an increase of gross revenue received from
Green Certificates revenue in Romania. All expenses contributing to the decrease in the net loss are non-cash items recognized on the
Consolidated Statement of Operation and Comprehensive Loss.
Net cash provided by discontinued operating activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 increased by $1.5 million. The net loss increased by $15.9 million in 2023, which
was mainly due to an increase in interest expense and recognition of an $11.7 million impairment on assets held for sale in Poland. This
was partially offset by increased revenues for Rilland. The impairment expense was a non-cash item to analyze the impact of the sale
of the Polish parks had the transaction occurred in 2023. This expense is recognized on the Consolidated Statement of Operation and Comprehensive
Loss.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in continuing investing activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 decreased by $4.3 million. This was a result of the increase in costs for construction
of parks in the U.S., the development and pursuit of potential projects in Italy and Spain, and the purchase of other miscellaneous assets
relative to the operations of the Company. This was offset by the $17 million of cash received for the sale of the Italian parks sold
on December 28, 2023.
Net cash used in discontinued investing activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 decreased by $12.3 million. This was a result in the decrease of acquisition costs
in 2023 compared to the $12.3 million of acquisitions in Poland during 2022.
Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities
Net cash provided by continuing financing activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 increased by $4.0 million mainly driven by intercompany transaction activity due
to the business combination and $2.6 million of cash received net of transaction costs from the business combination.
Net cash provided by discontinued financing activities
for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 2022 decreased by $12.4 million due to no new acquisitions in 2023.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity
with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions in certain circumstances that affect amounts reported in its consolidated
financial statements and related footnotes. In preparing these consolidated financial statements, the Company has made its best estimates
of certain amounts included in the consolidated financial statements. Application of accounting policies and estimates, however, involves
the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates.
In arriving at the Company’s critical accounting estimates, factors the Company considers include how accurate the estimate or
assumptions have been in the past, how much the estimate or assumptions have changed and how reasonably likely such change may have a
material impact. The Company’s critical accounting policies are discussed below.
Business Combinations
The Company acquires assets which operate in
nature with existing revenue streams and assets which are constructed for the purpose of being sold. The Company applies the screen test
per ASC 805 to determine an asset acquisition versus business combination and accounts for business combinations by recognizing in the
financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interests in the acquiree at
fair value at the acquisition date. The Company also recognizes and measures the goodwill acquired or a gain from a bargain purchase
in the business combination and determine what information to disclose to enable users of an entity’s financial statements to evaluate
the nature and financial effects of the business combination. In addition, acquisition costs related to business combinations are expensed
as incurred. Cost directly attributed to an asset acquisition are capitalized to the asset per ASC 805 Business combinations is a critical
accounting policy as there are significant judgments involved in the allocation of acquisition costs and determining the fair value of
the net assets acquired. Refer to Footnote 6 to the accompanying financial statements for more information.
When the Company acquires renewable energy facilities,
the Company allocates the purchase price to; (i) the acquired tangible assets and liabilities assumed, primarily consisting of plant
equipment and long-term debt, (ii) the identified intangible assets and liabilities, primarily consisting of the value of favorable and
unfavorable rate PPAs and REC agreements and the in-place value of market rate PPAs, (iii) non-controlling interests, and (iv) other
working capital items based in each case on their fair values in accordance with ASC 805.
The Company performs the analysis of the acquisition
using income approach valuation methodology. Factors considered by management in its analysis include considering current market conditions
and costs to construct similar facilities. The Company also considers information obtained about each facility as a result of the Company’s
pre-acquisition due diligence in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets and liabilities acquired or assumed.
In estimating the fair value, the Company also establishes estimates of energy production, current in-place and market power purchase
rates, tax credit arrangements and operating and maintenance costs. A change in any of the assumptions above, which are subjective, could
have a significant impact on the results of operations.
When an acquired group of assets does not constitute
a business, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. The cost of assets acquired, and liabilities assumed in asset acquisitions
is allocated based upon relative fair value. The fair value measurements of the solar facilities acquired, and asset retirement obligations
assumed were derived utilizing an income approach and based, in part, on significant inputs not observable in the market. These inputs
include, but are not limited to, estimates of future power generation, commodity prices, operating costs, and appropriate discount rates.
These inputs require significant judgments and estimates at the time of the valuation. Transaction costs, including legal and financing
fees directly related to the acquisition, incurred are capitalized as a component of the assets acquired.
The allocation
of the purchase price directly affects the following items in the Company consolidated financial statements:
|
● |
The amount of purchase
price allocated to the various tangible and intangible assets, liabilities and non-controlling interests on the Company balance sheet; |
|
● |
The amounts allocated to
current assets or current liabilities are allocated at the acquisition value. The amounts allocated to long term tangible assets
and intangibles are amortized to depreciation or amortization expense, and |
|
● |
The period over which tangible
and intangible assets and liabilities are depreciated or amortized varies, and thus, changes in the amounts allocated to these assets
and liabilities will have a direct impact on Company results of operations. |
Measurement of Level 3 Assets
Financial assets where values are based on valuation
techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and are significant to the overall fair value measurement are classified as
Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy established in applicable accounting standards. The fair value of these Level 3 financial assets
is determined using a third party pricing service using Monte Carlo simulations or similar techniques for which the determination of
fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. The Level 3 gains and losses are valued quarterly and recorded in
earnings.
Impairment of Renewable Energy Facilities
Renewable energy facilities that are held and
used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate carrying values may not be recoverable. An impairment
loss is recognized if the total future estimated undiscounted cash flows expected from an asset are less than its carrying value. An
impairment charge is measured as the difference between an asset’s carrying amount and its fair value. Fair values are determined
by a variety of valuation methods, including appraisals, sales prices of similar assets and present value techniques.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market Risk
The Company has no derivative financial instruments or derivative
commodity instruments.
Foreign Currency Risk
The Company is exposed to foreign currency risk
as a result of certain transactions and borrowings which are denominated in foreign currencies. The Company’s current asset portfolio
generates revenue and incurs expenses in other currencies, including the Euro, the Polish Zloty the Romanian Lei and the Norwegian Krone.
In addition, the Company is exposed to currency
risk associated with translating its functional currency financial statements into its reporting currency, which is the U.S. dollar.
As a result, the Company is exposed to movements in the exchange rates of various currencies against the U.S. dollar.
The Company manages its exposure to currency
risk by commercially transacting in the currencies in which the Company materially incurs operating expenses. The Company limits the
extent to which it incurs operating expenses in other currencies, wherever possible, thereby minimizing the realized and unrealized foreign
exchange gain/ loss. The currency of the Company’s borrowing is, in part, matched to the currencies expected to be generated from
the Company’s operations. Intercompany funding is typically undertaken in the functional currency of the operating entities or
undertaken to ensure offsetting currency exposures.
Interest Rate Risk
Fluctuations in interest rates can impact the
value of investments and financing activities, giving rise to interest rate risk. The debt of the Company is comprised of different instruments,
which bear interest at either fixed or floating interest rates. The ratio of fixed and floating rate instruments in the loan portfolio
is monitored and managed. Refer to Footnote 13 – Green Bonds, Convertible and Non-convertible Promissory Notes for more information.
The Company believes that the interest rates
on all borrowings compare favorably with those rates available in the market.
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and
Financial Disclosure
None.
BUSINESS
Overview
The Company was incorporated on May 14, 2021
under the laws of Delaware and currently has 21 employees; 11 employees are located Dublin, Ireland, 6 are located at the Company’s
headquarters located in Fort Mill, SC, 1 remote employee in the US and 3 are located in Europe. Our employees perform various services
such as business development, finance and management functions.
We are an independent clean energy producer that
develops, installs, and operates a diverse portfolio of utility scale solar PV parks in North America and Europe, as long-term owners.
You may also hear the term IPP, or independent power producer, to describe similar companies, however we want to focus on the clean nature
of the energy generated from the solar parks we own and operate.
As a long-term owner operator, we focus on ensuring
that the projects we acquire or develop and install for our own use are designed to deliver the most efficient operating results over
the full project lifetime, which averages over 30 years. The solar parks benefit from long-term government offtake contracts and/or Power
Purchase Agreements (“PPAs”) with investment grade off-takers with terms of 15 – 20 years, plus energy
sales to local power grids, typically for 5 to 15 years at a time during the full life of the projects.
As of July 2024, we have approximately 8 operating
parks, a total of 44 MWp in operation and circa $16 million in recurring annual revenues.
Business Model
As a vertically integrated business, Alternus
operates across all key segments of the solar project development life cycle from ‘greenfield’ planning and permitting phases,
through to construction and long-term revenue and margin generation from sales of energy to customers. This integration of activities
under one common ownership and management creates a ‘production line’ of new projects supporting organic growth, and visibility
of pipeline, in the business going forward. This business model is designed to lock in lasting shareholder value by significantly reducing
capex for newly developed projects, and lowering acquisition costs for acquired projects at pre-operation from other market participants.
The earlier in the cycle that we acquire new
solar projects means we retain more of the project market value created as it passes each milestone. If we acquire projects further along
the value chain then we pay more capital (and value) out to third parties for those projects. The value creation at each stage results
from the de-risking of the projects as they get closer to operation and as a result, attract higher valuations at the later stages as
the project risk declines.
Alternus Clean Energy Project Stage Classification
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_002.jpg)
This method of operation
is designed to bring the value created during the development cycle directly to Alternus, thereby reducing capital expenditure requirements
to build out a larger portfolio, as the cost of acquisition and value captured can be reinvested in future growth. In addition, it provides
greater certainty of future revenue streams as the projects owned today reach planned operation dates in the future. This is what drives
the stair step revenue growth in the business. As of the date of this prospectus, Alternus owns 533MW of projects in the development
phase, all of which are expected to reach full operation and revenue generation over the next three to four years, in line with industry
norms.
Alternus generates its
new project pipeline by working closely with a cultivated network of local and international project development partners that provide
a continuous pipeline of new projects for acquisition and construction.
We believe that a benefit
of being a long-term owner of these projects is the stairstep long term recurring income created from the stable and predictable income
streams as the cumulative operational portfolio grows. Every time we add a new project into the portfolio, we get a potential lift in
long term incomes that then accumulates each time. Other participants in our market sometimes ‘build-to-sell’ the projects
they develop and/or install, making their annual numbers more one-off and volatile. Our business model is designed to steadily add long-term
income, locking in sustainable returns and value for shareholders as we stair step up growth.
Organization structured as focused expert
teams.
In order to maximize the value created from this
integrated project approach, Alternus is structured into three operating groups, reflecting each of the project development phases —
development, installation, operation. Each operating group brings decades of experience and expertise to their respective segment and
allows them to operate independently as required, to achieve greatest cost efficiencies and market focus, but with the coordination and
support of a larger organization behind them. The operating groups are supported by specialist in-country management and corporate functions
to ensure best overall collaboration to a common goal of long-term project ownership across multiple countries.
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_003.jpg)
Revenue model
Alternus has a straight-forward revenue model.
The sun shines on the panels in the parks and the clean energy produced is delivered directly to national utility power grids. Revenues
are generated by multiplying the energy produced – measured in megawatt hours (MWh) – by the rate received for these hours.
The rates received from either local government or investment grade commercial customers are either contracted under long term
contracts - typically 10 to 15 years – or from local energy markets at the rates prevailing as the energy is delivered. At any
one time, Alternus aims to have approximately 70% of the energy rates contracted long term. This revenue mix approach creates high margin
and long-term predictable income streams that provides us with more flexible debt options that we deploy in ways to maximize returns
on equity.
The following chart illustrates our revenue model,
although there can be no assurance that we will achieve these results:
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_004.jpg)
Vision and Strategy
The Company aims to become one of the leading
producers of clean energy in Europe and the US by 2030 and to have commenced delivery of 24/7 clean energy to national power grids. The
Company’s business strategy of developing to own and operate a diverse portfolio of solar PV assets that generate stable long-term
incomes, in countries which currently have unprecedented positive market forces, positions us for sustained growth in the years to come.
To achieve its goals, the Company intends to
pursue the following strategies:
|
● |
Continue our growth strategy
which targets acquiring independent solar PV projects that are in development, in construction, newly installed or already operational,
in order to build a diversified portfolio across multiple geographies; |
|
● |
Developer and Agent Relationships:
long term relationships with high-quality developer partners, both local and international, can reduce competition in acquisition
pricing and provide the Company with exclusive rights to projects at varying stages of development. Additionally, the Company works
with established agents across Europe. Working with both groups provides the Company with an understanding of the market and in some
cases enables it to contract for projects at the pre- market level. This allows the Company to build a structured pipeline of projects
in each country where it currently operates or intends to operate. |
|
● |
Expand our pan-European
IPP portfolio in regions with attractive returns on investments, and increase the Company’s long-term recurring revenue and
cash flow; |
|
● |
Long-term FIT (feed-in
tariff) contracts combined with the Company’s efficient operations are expected to provide for strong and predictable cash
flows from projects and allow for high leverage capacity and flexibility of debt structuring. Our strategy is to reinvest of project
cash flows into additional solar PV projects to provide non-dilutive capital for Alternus to “self-fund” organic growth; |
|
● |
Optimization of financing
sources to support long-term growth and profitability in a cost-efficient manner; |
|
● |
As a renewable energy company,
we are committed to growing our portfolio of clean energy parks across Europe in the most sustainable way possible. The Company is
highly aware and conscious of the ever growing need to mitigate the effects of climate change which is evident by its core strategy.
As the Company grows, it intends to establish a formal sustainability policy framework in order to ensure that all project development
is carried out in a sustainable manner mitigating any potential local and environmental impacts identified during the development,
construction and operational process. |
Given the long-term nature of our business, the
Company does not operate its business on a quarter-by-quarter basis, but rather, with long-term shareholder value creation as a priority.
The Company aims to maximize return for its shareholders by developing its own parks from the ground up and/or acquiring projects during
the development cycle, installation stage, or already operational.
On some projects, the Company will look to provide
construction management (EPCM) services in-house where the margins normally paid to third parties can be retained in the group and reinvested
into new projects reducing the need for additional equity issuances.
We intend that the parks we own and operate will
have a positive cash flow with long-term income streams at the lowest possible risk. To this end we use Levelized Cost of Energy (“LCOE”)
as a key criterion to ranking the projects we consider for development and/or acquisition. The LCOE calculates the total cost of ownership
of the parks over their expected life reflected as a rate per megawatt hour (MWh). Once the income rates for the selected projects are
higher than this rate, the project will be profitable for its full life — including initial capex costs. The Company will continue
to operate with this priority as we continue to invest in internal infrastructure and additional solar PV power plants to increase installed
power and resultant stable long-term revenue streams.
Our Operating Subsidiaries
As of the date of filing, the Company is a holding
company that operates through 8 operating subsidiaries, as listed in Exhibit 21.1 to this registration statement.
Competitive Strengths
The Company believes the following competitive
strengths have contributed and will continue to contribute to its success:
|
● |
The Company is a clean
energy owner operator at its core and therefore comfortable in operating across all aspects of the solar PV project value chain from
development and installation through to long term operational ownership. This is as opposed to simply buying operating parks where
higher levels of competition exist from market participants — such as specialist investment funds — with lower costs
of capital are more prominent. |
Entering at earlier stages of the value chain
allows Alternus opportunities to build and/or acquire projects earlier in the process and to lock out these types of competitors in certain
situations;
|
● |
The Company’s existing
owned and contracted solar PV projects pipeline — over 1.5GW as of the date of this registration statement — provides
it with clear and actionable opportunities to grow power generation and earnings in the near term. |
About 50% of planned growth to 2026 is already
owned or contracted today and is driven by some of our development projects reaching production in the period and also by current contracted
acquisitions completing as we expect;
|
● |
We believe that being
a long-term owner operator of renewable projects is an important distinction for Alternus in the marketplace. As a long-term owner,
we focus on ensuring that the parks we own are designed for the most efficient operations and built to last and built to sell to
other parties that require shorter term investment returns as an example. |
This approach, we believe, makes us more attractive
to our developer partners in-country who want a partner that has a repeat nature and one that’s obviously also more flexible in
the approach and more in tune with the realities of project development than funds or larger participants typically are.
In addition, we believe this also makes it very
attractive to both banks and local governments who prefer long-term focused market participants, as it prevents them from having to deal
with multiple owners over time, which we believe has become a benefit for Alternus over single project developers in certain markets,
when competing projects may be chasing the same grid connections, for example;
|
● |
The Company’s track
record of identifying and entering new countries, coupled with our on-the-ground capabilities and cultivated network of development
partners gives us potential competitive advantages in developing and operating solar parks across Europe and the US; |
|
● |
The Company is technology
and supplier agnostic and as such has the flexibility to choose from a broad range of leading manufacturers, top tier advisors and
suppliers and equipment vendors around the globe that should allow us to continue to benefit from falling component and service costs;
and |
|
● |
The Company is led by a
highly experienced management team and supported by strong, localized execution capabilities across all key functions and locations. |
Competitive Landscape
Energy generation is a capital-intensive business
with numerous industry participants. The Company competes to acquire solar PV parks and project rights with other renewable energy developers,
IPPs and financial investors based on the cost of capital, development expertise, pipeline, price, operations and management expertise,
global footprint, brand reputation and the ability to monetize green attributes of renewable power.
As such the Company faces significant competition
in two distinct areas, specifically projects in the installation and operational phase. Each segment has different competitors due to
the nature of market participants as outlined below.
|
● |
Contracted means that binding
contracts or share purchase agreements (SPAs) have been signed. Closing of the transaction therefore is subject to the projects achieving
the conditions precedent to complete the acquisition and or suitable financing. |
Competitor
Type |
|
Competitor
Strength |
|
Competitor
Weakness |
|
How
the Company Competes |
● Pension Funds
● Insurance Companies
● Other energy companies
● Specialist investment Funds |
|
● Lower cost of capital
● Large funds available to deploy
● May also commission projects to be constructed for them — but
large ones
● Larger players will have |
|
● Tend to focus exclusively on acquiring operational parks (even if
just completed)
● Generally, will not take any construction or development risk
● Only acquire large scale projects due to minimum transaction size
requirement
● May or may not take construction or development risk
● Smaller operators will have similar cost of capital as Alternus |
|
● Focus on fragmented mid-size solar PV segment
● Entering the PV value cycle earlier with niche and strategic partners,
thereby locking competitors out of projects the Company acquires from small developer partners who cannot access these competitors
due to their size
● Provide minimum purchase commitments of developed projects under
exclusive right of first refusal contracts that locks out other potential competitors. |
Notwithstanding the above, it is management’s
belief that the solar PV market is experiencing high growth on a global level. There is also an increasing demand for projects from both
government and corporations. Although there are many competitors and participants in this environment, there does not appear to be significant
industry consolidation and it remains a very fragmented market.
With the Company’s established niche focus
on partner and project acquisition, we believe that we currently compete effectively in the markets we engage in. In addition, the Company
believes that our current growth strategy as well as being a public reporting company, we will have opportunities to consolidate certain
market participants and segments in certain geographies over time that may not be available to other participants not similarly situated.
If successful, the Company’s market position will be further enhanced, and we can sustain competitiveness in the medium to long
term.
Nevertheless, the Company expects to face increased
competition in all aspects of its business, target markets and industry segments, financing options, and partner availability as markets
mature as countries reach their targeted renewable energy generation.
The Market
Alternus currently operates
in two key regions, Europe and the United States. Both regions are currently experiencing unprecedented market forces creating a generational
opportunity as the world continues its world is on a one- time, permanent transition from fossil to clean energy.
The same drive is now
seen in the US where the Inflation Reduction Act supported renewables through tax equity extensions and increases in order to grow the
renewable significantly by 2030.
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_005.jpg)
It’s not just
about climate anymore in Europe, it is now also all about energy independence, driven by the recent geopolitical turmoil in the region.
This is encapsulated in the comment by Mrs. von der Leyen, President of the European Commission who states that “Energy security
is one of the most pressing topics for Europe. The EU will diversify away from Russian fossil fuels and will invest heavily in clean
renewable energy.” Renewables in Europe are in a clear direction of growth, with forecasted growth targets being over four times
the current size by just 2030. The EU has unveiled massive support packages, both financial and regulatory, to speed up this deployment.
Given our transatlantic operations, integrated
operating model and strong execution track record, management coupled with long-term ownership and stable, predictable income streams,
management believes that Alternus represents an attractive opportunity for investors on both sides of the Atlantic to actively participate
in both the European and American energy transitions.
Solar Continues Strong Growth as Leading and
Lowest Cost Renewable Source
In 2021, 167.8 GW of solar capacity was grid-connected
globally, a 21% growth over the 139.2 GW added the year before, establishing yet another global annual installation record for the sector.
This brings the total operating solar fleet to 940 GW by the end of 2021, with the Terawatt milestone already achieved in May 2022.
This remarkable growth has no match among any
other power generation technology. Out of the over 300GW of new global renewable power generating capacity, solar alone installed more
capacity than all other renewable technologies combined, claiming a share of 56%. Solar also deployed more capacity than all fossil fuel
power generation technologies together in 2021. At the same time, however, solar still meets only a small share of around 4% of the global
electricity demand, while over 70% is provided by non- renewable sources, according to Solar Power Europe in their Global Outlook for
Solar Power 2022-2026, published in May 2022.
Solar’s success story over other technologies
has many reasons, but a key factor is its steep cost reduction curve over the last decade, which has made solar the global cost leader.
While the cost of solar has been lower than fossil fuel generation and nuclear for several years, it is also now lower than wind in many
regions around the world. The latest Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis, version 15.0, published in October 2021 by US investment
bank Lazard, shows how the downward trip of utility-scale solar cost has progressed by a further 3% compared to the previous year. The
spread with conventional generation technologies is widening, considering that the cost of gas and nuclear went up. Solar’s cost
decrease has truly been extraordinary: compared to 2009 solar power generation cost has decreased by 90%.*
* | Source
— SolarPower Europe (2022): Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2022-2026. —
May 2022 |
Solar electricity generation cost in comparison
with conventional power sources 2021
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_006.jpg)
Global Solar Market Developments 2023 to 2026
The mid-term global economic outlook is hard
to predict and will depend a lot on the development of the war in Ukraine. The IMF forecasted in its April- released World Economic Outlook
‘War Sets Back the Global Recovery’ that global growth will slow from 6.1% in 2021 to 3.6% in 2022 and 2023, and further
decrease beyond. Still, the world should see very strong demand for solar for the four years starting from 2023 to 2026, as this clean
technology not only offers a price hedge, but also energy security on the national and individual levels, this according to Solar Power
Europe in their Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2022-2026.
The strong growth on the demand side is expected
to be facilitated by massive new production capacity expansions across the solar value chain coming online, including silicon. Every
serious PV manufacturer seems to invest in additional capacities, while newcomers are entering the space, and investors seriously look
into it. Beyond the Chinese leaders getting even larger, global trade frictions, increasingly ESG related, are feeding the narrative
for local production hubs as the importance of solar as a key technology for more energy independence is increasingly understood by policy
makers.
Seasonality and Resource Availability
The amount of electricity produced, and revenues
generated by, the Company’s solar generation facilities is dependent, in part, on the amount of sunlight, or irradiation, where
the assets are located. As shorter daylight hours in winter months result in less irradiation, the electricity generated by these facilities
will vary depending on the season.
Irradiation can also be variable at a particular
location from period to period due to weather or other meteorological patterns, which can affect operating results. As the majority of
the Company’s solar power plants are located in the Northern Hemisphere (Europe) the Company expects its current solar portfolio’s
power generation to be at its lowest during the first and fourth quarters of each year.
Therefore, the Company expects its first and
fourth quarter solar revenue to be lower than in other quarters. As a result, on average, each solar park generates approximately 15%
of its annual revenues in Q1 every year, 35% in each of Q2 and Q3, and the remaining 15% in Q4. The Company’s costs are relatively
flat over a year, and so it will always report lower profits in Q1 and Q4 as compared to the middle of the year.
Our Portfolio
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_007.jpg)
Alternus owns a diversified
portfolio of solar PV parks in both the United States and Europe. The portfolio is at various stages in the solar value chain with 44MWp
operating and generating revenues, c. 45MWp currently in construction and c. 257 MWp expected to reach construction ready status in 2024
and start generating revenues during 2025. The remaining 224MWp of development projects are expected to reach construction ready status
after 2024.
The Company’s
operating portfolio consists of over eight owned and operational parks in Romania and the United States, totaling 44MWp of installed
capacity. The Romanian parks operate under a “green certificate” government incentive scheme over a minimum of 15 years whereby
the projects earn a certain number of Green Certificates (GC’s) for the energy produced that are then subsequently sold to the
Romanian energy market. Approximately six GC’s are earned for every MWh produced at a price of 29.4 € per MWh. In addition
to the GC income, the parks also earn additional income in the Romania energy market for the same energy produced, or under PPA contracts
with local energy companies, from rates prevailing at the time the energy is delivered to the grid.
Our US projects benefit
from a long-term contract of 35-years for 100% of the energy produced and delivered at an equivalent rate of $75 per MWh.
The following table
lists the owned portfolio and under contract solar PV parks as of the date of this prospectus:
| |
MWs owned | | |
| |
Country | |
(Installed
and
operational) | | |
(In development and under
construction) | | |
Total (MW) | |
Romania | |
| 40.1 | | |
| -- | | |
| 40.1 | |
Italy | |
| -- | | |
| 210.0 | | |
| 210.0 | |
Spain | |
| -- | | |
| 257.0 | | |
| 257.0 | |
United States | |
| 3.8 | | |
| 59.2 | | |
| 63.0 | |
Total | |
| 43.9 | | |
| 526.2 | | |
| 570.1 | |
Key Collaborating Partners
Alternus works with large expert advisors to
ensure the projects acquired are suitable and in-line with local and governmental laws, technologically sound and within appropriate
operational parameters. All potential acquisitions undergo extensive and detailed due diligence and verification before completion.
Facilities
Our headquarters are located at 360 Kingsley
Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715.
Government Regulations
Environmental
The Company is subject to environmental laws
and regulations in the jurisdictions in which it owns and operates renewable energy facilities. These laws and regulations generally
require that governmental permits and approvals be obtained and maintained both before construction and during operation of these renewable
energy facilities. The Company incurs costs in the ordinary course of business to comply with these laws, regulations and permit requirements.
The Company does not anticipate material capital expenditures for environmental compliance for its renewable energy facilities in the
next several years. While the Company does not expect that the costs of compliance would generally have a material impact on its business,
financial condition or results of operations, it is possible that as the size of its portfolio grows, it may become subject to new or
modified regulatory regimes that may impose unanticipated requirements on the business as a whole that the Company did not anticipate
with respect to any individual renewable energy facility. Additionally, environmental laws and regulations frequently change and often
become more stringent, or subject to more stringent interpretation or enforcement, and therefore future changes could require the Company
to incur materially higher costs which could have a material negative impact on its financial performance or results of operations.
Regulatory Matters, Government Legislation
and Incentives
In Romania, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and
Poland, the Company is generally subject to the regulations of the relevant energy regulatory agencies applicable to all producers of
electricity under the relevant FiT or other governmental incentive programs (including the FiT rates); however, it is not subject to
regulation as a traditional public utility (i.e., regulation of its financial organization and rates other than FiT rates).
As the size of the Company’s portfolio
grows, or as applicable rules and regulations evolve, it may become subject to new or modified regulatory regimes that may impose unanticipated
requirements on the business as a whole that were not anticipated with respect to any individual renewable energy facility. Any local,
state, federal or international regulations could place significant restrictions on the Company’s ability to operate its business
and execute its business plan by prohibiting or otherwise restricting the sale of electricity. If the Company was deemed to be subject
to the same state, federal or foreign regulatory authorities as traditional utility companies, or if new regulatory bodies were established
to oversee the renewable energy industry in Europe or in international markets, its operating costs could materially increase, adversely
affecting results of operations.
The Company has established various incentives
and financial mechanisms to reduce the cost of renewable energy and to accelerate the adoption of PV solar and other renewable energies
in each of the countries in which the Company operates. These incentives include tax credits, cash grants, favorable tax treatment and
depreciation, rebates, GCs, net energy metering programs, FiTs, other governmental incentive programs and other incentives. These incentives
help catalyze private sector investments in renewable energy and efficiency measures. Changes in the government incentives in each of
these jurisdictions could have a material impact on the Company’s financial performance.
By virtue of the newly enacted Bill of 27 October
2022 on extraordinary measures to reduce electricity price levels and support certain end-users in 2023 (which was signed by the President
of the Republic of Poland on November 1, 2022 (the “Bill) an obligation to “contribute the Price Difference Payment Fund”,
which is calculated pursuant to a formula established by the Council of Ministers for the period from December 1, 2022 to June 20, 2023
has been imposed on certain energy companies. These regulations will impact revenues from power generation and sales in this period.
The obligation to “contribute the Price
Difference Payment Fund applies to:
| ● | Energy
companies engaged in power trading, and |
| ● | Generators
of power in plants using both renewable energy sources (i.e. wind energy and solar energy)
and fossil fuels, with certain exceptions. |
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we are subject to various
legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business activities. In connection with such litigation, the Company
may be subject to significant damages. We may also be subject to equitable remedies and penalties. Such litigation could be costly and
time consuming and could divert or distract Company management and key personnel from its business operations. Although the results of
litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, as of the date of this registration statement, we do not believe we are party
to any claim or litigation, the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably
expected to have a material adverse effect on our business. However, due to the uncertainty of litigation and depending on the amount
and the timing, an unfavorable resolution of some or all of these matters could materially affect the Company’s business, results
of operations, financial position, or cash flows.
On May 4, 2023 Alternus received notice that Solartechnik filed an
arbitration claim against Alternus Energy Group PLC, Solis Bond Company DAC and ALT POL HC 01 SP. Z.o.o. in the Court of Arbitration at
the Polish Chamber of Commerce, claiming that PLN 24,980,589 (approximately $5.8 million) is due and owed to Solartechnik pursuant to
a preliminary share purchase agreement by and among the parties that did not ultimately close, plus costs, expenses, legal fees and interest.
The Company has accrued a liability for this loss contingency in the amount of approximately $5.8 million, which represents the contractual
amount allegedly owed. It is reasonably possible that the potential loss may exceed our accrued liability due to costs, expenses, legal
fees and interest that are also alleged by Solartechnik as owed, but at the time of filing this report we are unable to determine an estimate
of that possible additional loss in excess of the amount accrued. The arbitration is in its early stages, and the Company intends to vigorously
defend this action.
MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
Our
directors and executive officers and their ages as of July 31, 2024 are as follows:
Name |
|
Age |
|
Position(s) |
Vincent Browne |
|
56 |
|
Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board of
Directors, and Acting Chief Financial Officer |
Taliesin Durant |
|
52 |
|
Chief Legal Officer |
Gary Swan |
|
54 |
|
Chief Technical Officer |
David Farrell |
|
43 |
|
Chief Commercial Officer |
Larry Farrell |
|
53 |
|
Chief Information Officer |
Gita Shah |
|
40 |
|
Chief Sustainability Officer |
John P. Thomas |
|
71 |
|
Director |
Aaron T. Ratner |
|
49 |
|
Director |
Nicholas Parker |
|
63 |
|
Director |
Tone Bjornov |
|
62 |
|
Director |
Candice Beaumont |
|
50 |
|
Director |
Executive Officers
Vincent Browne, Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, and Acting
Chief Financial Officer
Vincent Browne is our Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer. Mr. Brown brings a wealth of experience with his extensive background of over 20 years in senior and c-suite level management
in the areas of finance and operations, including M&A, project finance and capital market transactions across listed and private
companies.
From 2017 to present Mr. Browne also serves as
AEG’s Chairman and CEO. From July of 2015 until September of 2017, he served as AEG’s CFO and as a Director. Since December
of 2016, Mr. Browne has also served as a director of all of our subsidiaries except our Italian subsidiaries. Mr. Browne holds a Bachelor
of Commerce (Accounting) degree from University College Dublin and is a regular contributor in commercialization of research and technology
projects with the Technology and Enterprise Campus at Trinity College Dublin.
We believe Mr. Browne is qualified to serve as
a director on our board in light of his role as our Chief Executive Officer, his previous experience as Chief Executive Officer of AEG,
the management perspective he brings to board deliberations and his extensive management experience.
Taliesin Durant, Chief Legal Officer
Taliesin Durant is our Chief Legal Officer. Ms.
Durant has spent over 20 years serving in senior operating roles in a variety of US corporate and public enterprises.
Prior to Ms. Durant’s appointment as our
Chief Legal Officer, she served as AEG’s CLO since 2018. Prior to that, she served as President of a boutique legal services firm,
DART Business Services LLC, which she founded in March 2010 to provide general and securities legal services to small public companies.
Prior to founding DART, from October 2008 to February 2010, she was the General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Flint Telecom Group,
Inc. Prior to this, from June 2001 to September 2008, Ms. Durant served as General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Semotus Solutions
Inc. Ms. Durant graduated with a BA in Economics from Connecticut College. Ms. Durant is a member of the California State Bar Association,
having earned a Juris Doctor degree at Northwestern School of Law at Lewis and Clark College where she was associate editor of the Environmental
Law Review and completed her final year of law school at Santa Clara University School of Law.
Gary Swan, Chief Technical Officer
Gary Swan is our Chief Technical Officer. Mr.
Swan comes with over 30 years of construction experience working on the design, construction, operation and sale of renewable energy
assets across multiple continents.
Prior to Mr. Swan’s appointment as our
Chief Technical Officer, he served as AEG’s CTO since 2021. Prior to AEG, Mr. Swan was previously responsible for the construction
of several large-scale wind and solar projects owned by Actis Energy portfolio companies AELA Energia (Chile) and BioTherm Energy (Africa).
Prior to this, Mr. Swan spent 6 years at Mainstream Renewable Power as Head of Construction and Engineering Manager from July 2012 to
March 2018, where he was responsible for delivering wind and solar projects through the construction phase into operation across Europe,
North America, Latin America and Africa.
Mr. Swan holds a BAI in Civil, Structural and
Environmental Engineering from Trinity College Dublin and an MSc in Project Management from the University College Dublin Michael Smurfit
Graduate Business School.
David Farrell, Chief Commercial Officer
David Farrell is our Chief Commercial Officer.
Mr. Farrell has over 20 years’ experience across capital markets, project finance, infrastructure and renewables, and the finance
industry.
Prior to Mr. Farrell’s appointment as our
Chief Commercial Officer, he served as AEG’s CCO since January 2022. Prior to AEG, from November of 2019 to January of 2022, Mr.
Farrell was a Director of Corporate Finance at advisory firm Grant Thornton. Additional previous roles include Director of Mergers &
Acquisitions at the investment bank, Duff & Phelps, from September of 2016 to November of 2019, Regional Head of Debt Structuring
at the accountancy firm FGS, and various management roles in corporate, institutional, and commercial banking, together with several
advisory board roles. In these roles, Mr. Farrell acquired extensive experience on both sides of corporate, real estate, and infrastructure
and renewable financings along with numerous M&A transactions.
Mr. Farrell holds a BBS degree in economics and
finance from the University of Limerick, an Associateship of Chartered Institute of Management Accounting, CIMA professional qualification
from the Dublin Business School, and has a diploma in Corporate Financing from the Chartered Accountant Ireland.
Larry Farrell, Chief Information Officer
Larry Farrell is our Chief Information Officer.
He has over 20 years of experience in senior leadership roles across production, operations and service delivery management, in both
startups and Fortune 500 companies.
Prior to Mr. Farrell’s appointment as our
Chief Information Officer, he served as AEG’s CIO since 2019. Prior to AEG, from March of 2015 to January of 2019, Mr. Farrell
was Senior Director of Global Operations Application Support for Xerox, consolidating and developing support systems and infrastructure
globally. From October 2012 to March of 2015 he was Director of Global Service Delivery.
Mr. Farrell is ITIL and Lean Six Sigma certified
and studied Mechanical Engineering at Dundalk Institute of Technology and holds Diplomas in Management from Dublin Business School and
Printing and Graphic Communication from Technological University, Dublin.
Gita Shah, Chief Sustainability Officer
Gita Shah is our Chief Sustainability Officer.
Prior to Ms. Shah’s appointment as our Chief Sustainability Officer she was the CSO for AEG since 2021, where she joined in 2017
as the Strategic Planning Manager. Prior to joining AEG, Ms. Shah was a Development Executive in Stream Bioenergy, an Irish renewable
energy company.
Ms. Shah holds a BSc in Spatial Planning and
Environmental Management from Technological University, Dublin. She has studied at the Innovation Academy in University College Dublin
and recently completed a course in Business Sustainability Management from Cambridge Online University.
Non-Employee Directors
Aaron T. Ratner, Director
Aaron T. Ratner is a member of our board of directors.
Prior to serving on our board, Mr. Ratner was the Chief Executive Officer of Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp, our pre-merger listed entity.
Along with serving on our board, Mr. Ratner is
also the Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Vectr Carbon Partners, an early-stage global ClimateTech venture capital fund based in Hong
Kong. From 2016 to 2022 he was the ClimateTech Venture Partner at Vectr Ventures. Mr. Ratner is also a Co-Founder of Climate Risk Partners,
a risk advisory firm focused on the energy transition, and an Operating Partner with Nexus PMG, a leading infrastructure advisory and
project development organization dedicated to reducing carbon intensity and enhancing resource efficiency.
Mr. Ratner has over 20 years of domestic and
international investment and advisory experience, including 8 years in Asia, focusing on venture capital, climate technology, infrastructure
investing, energy, and agriculture. From 2020 to 2022, Mr. Ratner was the President of Cross River Infrastructure Partners, a platform
of development companies deploying climate technologies into sustainable infrastructure projects across carbon capture, hydrogen, advanced
SMR nuclear, and sustainable protein, with a focus on first and early commercial projects. From 2016 to 2020, Mr. Ratner was a Managing
Director and the Head of Origination at Ultra Capital, a sustainable infrastructure project finance fund manager. At Ultra, he held seats
on the Investment Committee and the Board of Directors.
Prior to joining Ultra Capital, Mr. Ratner was
the first Developer in Residence at Generate Capital, where he invested in waste-to-energy and waste-to-value projects. From 2012 to
2014, Mr. Ratner was the President of i2 Capital, an impact investment merchant bank with a focus on landscape-scale conservation finance.
While at i2, he worked on the Sweetwater River Conservancy in Wyoming, one of the largest mitigation banks in the United States with
~1.3 million acres under conservation management. In 2010, Mr. Ratner founded Emerging Energy International, a Hong Kong-based developer
of mobile electrical power projects in emerging markets.
Mr. Ratner began his career as a foreign market
entry strategist at WKI, a global strategic consulting firm based in Virginia, and then as an Analyst in the Internet Investment Banking
Group at Merrill Lynch in Palo Alto, CA. In 2000, he moved to Hong Kong to work for Simon Murray & Company, a Pan-Asian multi-strategy
investment and advisory firm. Mr. Ratner attended the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and completed his undergraduate
education at the University of Pennsylvania (Economics (Honors) and International Relations) and Jochi University, Tokyo.
We believe Mr. Ratner is qualified to serve as
a director on our board in light of his previous investment/entrepreneurial experience that he brings to board deliberations, and his
extensive experience with advisory and clean energy projects.
Nicholas Parker, Director
Nicholas Parker is a member of our board of directors.
Prior to serving on our board, since 2002, Mr. Parker has served as Chairman of Toronto-based Parker Venture Management Inc., a private
company through which he controls investments in, and advises on, clean and smart technology businesses and platforms globally, including
previously serving as chairman of UGE International LTD (TSX: UGE), a public solar renewable energy development company.
From January 2014 to September 2019, Mr. Parker
served as Managing Partner of Global Acceleration Partners Inc., an Asia-focused technology cooperation platform in the energy, environment
and water sectors. From 2002 to 2013, Mr. Parker was Co-founder and Executive Chairman of Cleantech Group LLC, a San Francisco-based
research and consulting and convening firm that created and served the worldwide cleantech innovation community, which he successfully
sold in 2009, with partial turnout through 2011. During his tenure at Cleantech Group, its startup clients raised over $6 billion from
investors. From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Parker was Co-founder and Principal of Emerald Technology Ventures, a leading trans-Atlantic venture
manager focused on energy and resource productivity. During this period, Mr. Parker led an investment in Evergreen Solar, which in 2000
became the second solar initial public offering to be listed on Nasdaq. From 1996 to 1999, Mr. Parker was Senior Vice President of Environmental
Capital Corporation, a Boston-based investment company majority-owned by Maurice Strong and his family. Mr. Parker started his business
career in 1988 as Co-founder and President of The Delphi Group, one of Canada’s leading environmental strategy firms, through which
he built and sold its London-based corporate finance arm.
Mr. Parker holds a B.A. Hons in Technology Studies
from Carleton University and a Master’s in Business Administration in International Business from the CASS Business School, London.
We believe Mr. Parker is qualified to serve as
a director on our board in light of his extensive management experience.
Candice Beaumont, Director
Candice Beaumont is a member of our board of
directors. Prior to serving on our board, Ms. Beaumont has served since 2016 as Chairman of the Salsano Group, a Panama based family
office and conglomerate invested in private equity, and was a member of the Board of Directors of Clean Earth Acquisition Corp., our
pre-merger entity, as well as Israel Acquisitions Corp a special purpose acquisition company that completed its IPO in January 2023.
(Nasdaq: ISRLU)
From 2003 to present, Ms. Beaumont has served
as Chief Investment Officer of L Investments, a single-family office invested in public and private equity. Beginning in March 2021 Ms.
Beaumont began to serve as Advisor to Athena Technology Acquisition Corp (NYSE: ATHN.U) and as Advisor of Springwater Situations Corp.
(NASDAQ: SWSSU), a special purpose acquisition company formed to effectuate a merger or similar transaction with one or more businesses,
which completed its initial public offering on August 25, 2021. From 2012 to 2014, Ms. Beaumont was a member of the Board of Directors
of I2BF Venture Fund II, a Dubai Financial Services Authority regulated clean tech venture capital firm with offices in Dubai, New York
and London. Ms. Beaumont remains committed to community and philanthropic causes and serves on the International Council of Advisors
for Global Dignity, a charity founded by Crown Prince Haakon of Norway to foster global respect and dignity across all borders, genders,
religions, and races. Ms. Beaumont was part of the Milken Young Leaders Circle and is a member of the Milken Institute, as well as an
active member of Young Presidents Organization. She started her career in Corporate Finance at Merrill Lynch in 1996 and worked as an
investment banker at Lazard Frères from 1997 to 1999, during which time she executed over $20 billion of merger and acquisition
advisory assignments. Ms. Beaumont also worked in private equity at Argonaut Capital from 1999 to 2001.
Due to her background, Ms. Beaumont speaks at
numerous family office and investment conferences globally, including the Stanford University Graduate School of Business Global Investor’s
Forum, while being a NYU Stern Family Office Council member serving on its Steering Committee, and is an Advisory Board member of the
Family Office Association.
Ms. Beaumont obtained a Bachelor in Business
Administration from the University of Miami, graduating first in her class with a major of International Finance & Marketing. Ms.
Beaumont was Captain of the University of Miami varsity tennis team, where she earned Academic All American honors, and is also a former
world-ranked professional tennis player. She completed Global Leadership & Public Policy for the 21st Century at Harvard
Kennedy School in 2015. Ms. Beaumont was honored by Trusted Insight as one of the Top 30 Family Office Chief Investment Officers in 2017
and as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in 2014. Ms. Beaumont has a broad network of relationships, including investors
in private and public equity, leading venture capital firms with compelling pre-initial public offering companies and has expertise sourcing
deals, evaluating private and public businesses, and conducting detailed due diligence and risk management.
We believe Ms Beaumont is qualified to serve
as a director on our board in light of her extensive business experience.
John P. Thomas, Director and Vice Chairman
of the Board
Mr. Thomas is a member of our board of directors.
Prior to serving on our board, Mr. Thomas served as a member of AEG’s board of directors since February 2018.
Prior to joining our board, Mr. Thomas has served
in senior operating and management roles in a variety of corporate and public enterprises for over 35 years. Currently, he is Managing
Partner of the Doonbeg Group, which he co-founded in 2013. Doonbeg Group is a merchant bank offering advisory services across a wide
spectrum of interests. Prior to co-founding the Doonbeg Group, he was a founding partner of Pfife Hudson Group, from March 2003 to November
2010, a boutique investment bank. Prior to that, Mr. Thomas spent 12 years at the Grundstad Maritime Group, a Norwegian holding company
with various maritime assets including product tankers and a cruise line, culminating as CEO and President of the Group. He joined Grundstad
from Northrop Corporation, where from February 1984 to June 1988 he was responsible for Northrop’s corporate counter trade and
offset operations worldwide. Before joining Northrop, Mr. Thomas was Owners Representative for West Africa and Resident Managing Director
in Nigeria for Farrell Lines, a US Flag shipping company. He began his African experience as a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer in The Gambia,
West Africa and later transferred to Micronesia.
Mr. Thomas graduated with a BS in Business Administration
from Manhattan College.
We believe that Mr. Thomas is qualified to serve
as a director on our board due to his service in senior operating and management roles of other companies.
Tone Bjornov, Director
Ms. Bjørnov is a member of our board of
directors, prior to which she was as a member of AEG’ Board of Directors since August 2021.
Since 2008 she has worked as a portfolio non-executive
director in several Scandinavian companies across various sectors from banks and financial institutions to shipping, real estate, media,
biotech and aquaculture. She has chaired multiple Boards and Board committees including risk, audit and nomination in European listed
companies. Present board positions include Atlantic Sapphire ASA (Audit Committee Chair), Aqua Bio Technology ASA, Filmparken AS (Chair),
Storyline Studios AS (Chair), Hausmann AS (Chair), Dugnad.ai.AS (Chair), TF Bank AB (Audit Committee Chair), Omsorgsbygg KF (Deputy Chair)
and Varme og Bad AS (Credit Committee Chair).
Ms. Bjørnov received her undergraduate
degree from the University of Oslo and an undergraduate degree from BI Norwegian Business School and resides in Oslo.
We believe that Ms. Bjornov is qualified to be
a director on our board given her vast experience in the financial industry.
Corporate Governance
Board Leadership Structure
Our chairman of the board of directors is Vincent
Browne, who is also our Chief Executive Officer. Our board of directors has concluded that our current leadership structure is appropriate
at this time. However, our board of directors will continue to periodically review our leadership structure and may make such changes
in the future as it deems appropriate.
Role of Board in Risk Oversight Process
Our board of directors has responsibility for
the oversight of our risk management processes and, either as a whole or through its committees, regularly discusses with management
our major risk exposures, their potential impact on our business and the steps we take to manage them. The risk oversight process includes
receiving regular reports from board committees and members of senior management to enable our board of directors to understand our risk
identification, risk management and risk mitigation strategies with respect to areas of potential material risk, including operations,
finance, legal, regulatory, strategic and reputational risk.
The audit committee reviews information regarding
liquidity and operations and oversees our management of financial risks. Periodically, the audit committee reviews our policies with
respect to risk assessment, risk management, loss prevention and regulatory compliance. Oversight by the audit committee includes direct
communication with our external auditors, and discussions with management regarding significant risk exposures and the actions management
has taken to limit, monitor or control such exposures. The compensation committee is responsible for assessing whether any of our compensation
policies or programs has the potential to encourage excessive risk-taking. The nominating and corporate governance committee manages
risks associated with the independence of the board of directors, corporate disclosure practices and potential conflicts of interest.
While each committee is responsible for evaluating certain risks and overseeing the management of such risks, the entire board of directors
is regularly informed through committee reports about such risks. Matters of significant strategic risk are considered by our board of
directors as a whole.
Composition of the Board of Directors
The board of directors is divided into three
classes of directors (Class I, Class II and Class III), with each class serving for staggered three-year terms. Vincent Browne, John
P. Thomas and Aaron T. Ratner constitute the Class III directors;, Nicholas Parker and Tone Bjornov constitute the Class II
directors; Candice Beaumont constituting the Class I director. The initial term of the Class I directors shall expire immediately following
the Company’s 2024 annual general meeting of the Company at which directors are appointed. The initial term of the Class II directors
shall expire immediately following the Company’s 2025 annual general meeting at which directors are appointed. The initial term
of the Class III directors shall expire immediately following the Company’s 2026 annual meeting at which directors are appointed.
Director Independence
The board of directors consists of seven directors,
four of whom are “independent” within the meaning of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and meet the criteria
for independence set forth in Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. The Nasdaq listing rules provide that a director cannot be considered independent
if:
| ● | the
director is, or at any time during the past three (3) years was, an employee of the company; |
| ● | the
director or a family member of the director accepted any compensation from the company in
excess of $120,000 during any period of twelve (12) consecutive months within the three (3)
years preceding the independence determination (subject to certain exemptions, including,
among other things, compensation for board or board committee service); |
| ● | the
director or a family member of the director is a partner in, controlling shareholder of,
or an executive officer of an entity to which the company made, or from which the company
received, payments in the current or any of the past three fiscal years that exceed 5% of
the recipient’s consolidated gross revenue for that year or $200,000, whichever is
greater (subject to certain exemptions); |
| ● | the
director or a family member of the director is employed as an executive officer of an entity
where, at any time during the past three (3) years, any of the executive officers of the
company served on the compensation committee of such other entity; or |
| ● | the
director or a family member of the director is a current partner of the company’s outside
auditor, or at any time during the past three (3) years was a partner or employee of the
company’s outside auditor, and who worked on the company’s audit. |
Under such definitions, our Board has undertaken
a review of the independence of each director. Based on the information provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment,
and affiliations, our Board has determined that Nicholas Parker, Tone Bjornov, and Candice Beaumont satisfy the “independence”
requirements under Nasdaq Rule 5605.
Board Committees
The Board has established three standing committees:
(i) audit committee (the “Audit Committee”); (ii) compensation committee (the “Compensation Committee”); and
(iii) nominating and corporate governance committee (the “Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee”). Each of the committees
operates pursuant to its charter. The committee charters will be reviewed annually by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee.
If appropriate, and in consultation with the chairs of the other committees, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may propose
revisions to the charters. The responsibilities of each committee are described in more detail below.
Audit Committee. The Audit Committee
consists of three directors, Tone Bjornov, and Nicholas Parker, both of whom are currently “independent” as defined by Nasdaq.
Tone Bjornov serves as the audit committee chairman and audit committee financial expert. The audit committee’s duties are specified
in a charter and include, but not be limited to:
| ● | meeting
with our independent registered public accounting firm regarding, among other issues, audits,
and adequacy of our accounting and control systems; |
| ● | monitoring
the independence of the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | verifying
the rotation of the lead (or coordinating) audit partner having primary responsibility for
the audit and the audit partner responsible for reviewing the audit as required by law; |
| ● | inquiring
and discussing with management our compliance with applicable laws and regulations; |
| ● | pre-approving
all audit services and permitted non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered
public accounting firm, including the fees and terms of the services to be performed; |
|
● |
appointing or replacing
the independent registered public accounting firm; |
| ● | determining
the compensation and oversight of the work of the independent registered public accounting
firm (including resolution of disagreements between management and the independent registered
public accounting firm regarding financial reporting) for the purpose of preparing or issuing
an audit report or related work; |
| ● | establishing
procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints received by us regarding
accounting, internal accounting controls or reports which raise material issues regarding
our financial statements or accounting policies; and |
| ● | reviewing
and approving all payments made to our existing stockholders, executive officers or directors
and their respective affiliates. Any payments made to members of our audit committee will
be reviewed and approved by our board of directors, with the interested director or directors
abstaining from such review and approval. |
The Audit Committee is composed exclusively of
“independent directors” who are “financially literate” as defined under the Nasdaq listing standards. The Nasdaq
listing standards define “financially literate” as being able to read and understand fundamental financial statements, including
a company’s balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement.
Compensation Committee. The
Compensation Committee consists of one director: Tone Bjornov, who is “independent” as defined by Nasdaq. Tone Bjornov serves
as the compensation committee chairman. The Compensation Committee’s duties are specified in a charter and include, but not be
limited to:
| ● | reviewing
and approving on an annual basis the corporate goals and objectives relevant to our chief
executive officer’s compensation, evaluating our chief executive officer’s performance
in light of such goals and objectives and determining and approving the remuneration (if
any) of our chief executive officer’s based on such evaluation; |
| ● | reviewing
and approving the compensation of all of our other Section 16 executive officers; |
| ● | reviewing
our executive compensation policies and plans; |
| ● | implementing
and administering our incentive compensation equity-based remuneration plans; |
| ● | assisting
management in complying with our proxy statement and annual report disclosure requirements; |
| ● | approving
all special perquisites, special cash payments and other special compensation and benefit
arrangements for our executive officers and employees; |
| ● | producing
a report on executive compensation to be included in our annual proxy statement; and |
| ● | reviewing,
evaluating and recommending changes, if appropriate, to the remuneration for directors. |
The charter provides that the compensation committee
may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser and will be directly
responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any such adviser. However, before engaging or receiving advice
from a compensation consultant, external legal counsel or any other adviser, the compensation committee will consider the independence
of each such adviser, including the factors required by Nasdaq and the SEC.
Nomination and Corporate Governance
Committee. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee consists of one director: Tone Bjornov. Tone Bjornov serves
as the nominating and corporate governance committee chairman. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s duties are specified
in a charter and include, but not be limited to:
| ● | assist
the Board by identifying qualified candidates for director nominees, and to recommend to
the Board of Directors the director nominees for the next annual meeting of stockholders; |
| ● | lead
the Board in its annual review of its performance; |
| ● | recommend
to the Board director nominees for each committee of the Board; and |
| ● | develop
and recommend to the Board corporate governance guidelines applicable to us. |
Role of Board in Risk Oversight Process
Our Board has responsibility for the oversight
of our risk management processes and, either as a whole or through its committees, regularly discusses with management our major risk
exposures, their potential impact on our business and the steps we take to manage them. The risk oversight process includes receiving
regular reports from board committees and members of senior management to enable our Board to understand our risk identification, risk
management, and risk mitigation strategies with respect to areas of potential material risk, including operations, finance, legal, regulatory,
cybersecurity, strategic and reputational risk.
Code of Ethics
Our Board adopted a written code of business
conduct and ethics (“Code”) that applies to our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer,
principal financial officer and principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Our website has
a current copy of the Code and all disclosures that are required by law in regard to any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision
of the Code.
Clawback Policy
On January 1, 2024, our Board adopted an executive
compensation recoupment policy consistent with the requirements of the Exchange Act Rule 10D-1 and the Nasdaq listing standards thereunder,
to help ensure that incentive compensation is paid based on accurate financial and operating data, and the correct calculation of performance
against incentive targets. Our policy addresses recoupment of amounts from performance-based awards paid to all corporate officers, including
awards under our equity incentive plans, in the event of a financial restatement to the extent that the payout for such awards would
have been less, or in the event of fraud, or intentional, willful or gross misconduct that contributed to the need for a financial restatement.
Insider Trading Policy
We have an insider trading policy that prohibits our directors, executive
officers, employees, independent contractors and consultants from the purchasing or selling our securities while being aware of material,
non-public information about the Company as well as disclosing such information to others who may trade in securities of the Company.
Our insider trading policy also prohibits our directors, executive officers, employees, independent contractors and consultants from engaging
in hedging activities or other short-term or speculative transactions in the Company’s securities such as short sales, options trading,
holding the Company’s securities in a margin account or pledging the Company’s securities as collateral for a loan, without
the advance approval of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer.
EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Summary Compensation Table
The following table sets forth certain information
with respect to compensation for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, earned by or paid to our Chief Executive Officer
and our two other most highly compensated executive officers whose total compensation exceeded US$100,000 (the “named executive
officers”).
Name and Principal Position | |
Year | | |
Salary ($) | | |
Bonus ($) | | |
All Other Compensation ($) | | |
Total ($) | |
Vincent Browne | |
| 2023 | | |
| 192,000 | (1)(2) | |
| 193,000 | (4) | |
| | | |
| 385,000 | |
Chief Executive Officer | |
| 2022 | | |
| 192,000 | (1)(2) | |
| 41,000 | (3) | |
| | | |
| 233,000 | |
Joseph E. Duey | |
| 2023 | | |
| 250,000 | | |
| 193,000 | (4) | |
| 18,000 | (2) | |
| 461,000 | |
Chief Financial Officer(6) | |
| 2022 | | |
| 250,000 | | |
| | | |
| 18,000 | (2) | |
| 268,000 | |
Taliesin Durant | |
| 2023 | | |
| 190,000 | | |
| | | |
| 54,305 | (2)(5) | |
| 244,305 | |
Chief Legal Officer | |
| 2022 | | |
| 190,000 | | |
| 133,000 | (3) | |
| 18,000 | (2) | |
| 268,062 | |
(1) |
Mr. Browne’s salary
includes fees earned by Vestco, a company he owns and controls, pursuant to a services agreement between VestCo and Alternus Energy
Americas Inc. |
(2) |
Other compensation includes
car allowance (USA) |
(3) |
Bonuses were paid in January
and December 2022 for the fiscal year ending 2021. |
(4) |
Bonuses paid in October
2023 for the fiscal year ending 2021. |
(5) |
Includes housing allowance
effective July 2023. |
(6) |
Mr. Duey resigned from the Company effective April 30, 2024. |
Named Executive Officer Employment Agreements
Vincent Browne
VestCo Corp., a company owned and controlled
by Vincent Browne, entered into a Professional Consulting Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries under which Alternus pays VestCo
a monthly fee of $16,000. This agreement has a five-year initial term.
Additionally, Mr. Browne entered into an
Employment Agreement (the “Browne Employment Agreement”) with an Irish subsidiary of the Company under which Mr. Browne
receives an annual base salary of €120,000 and an annual bonus of up to 100% of his salary based on achieving certain milestones.
In addition, he is eligible to receive certain equity and/or equity-based awards under the Company’s long-term incentive compensation
plan(s), none of which has been issued at this time.
The Company may terminate the Browne Employment
Agreement for “Cause” which is defined as any of the following: (i) the conviction of a felony, or a crime involving
dishonesty or moral turpitude; (ii) fraud, misappropriation or embezzlement; or (iii) willful failure or gross negligence in
the performance of assigned duties, which failure or negligence continues for more than thirty (30) days following written notice of
such failure or negligence. Alternus may terminate the Browne Employment Agreement without Cause at any time by giving 90 days’
advance written notice and shall pay a sum equal to five years of base salary. Mr. Browne may terminate his employment agreement
for Good Reason (as defined in the Browne Employment Agreement) with 90 days’ notice, and Alternus shall be obligated to pay him
severance pay equal to five years of base salary.
Additionally, further to our earlier Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Joseph
E. Duey’s resignation, Mr Browne is currently functioning as the Acting Chief Financial Officer of the Company, until a suitable
replacement is sought or appointed by the Company and its board of directors.
Taliesin Durant
The Company and Ms. Durant entered into
an employment agreement under which Ms. Durant receives an annual base salary of $190,000 and a cash bonus of up to 100% of her
salary based on achieving certain milestones. In addition, she is eligible to receive certain equity and/or equity-based awards under
the Company’s long-term incentive compensation plan(s), none of which has been issued at this time. This agreement has a five-year
initial term.
The Company may terminate her employment agreement
for “Cause” which is defined as any of the following: (i) the conviction of a felony, or a crime involving dishonesty
or moral turpitude; (ii) fraud, misappropriation, or embezzlement; or (iii) willful failure or gross negligence in the performance
of assigned duties, which failure or negligence continues for more than thirty (30) days following written notice of such failure or
negligence. If the executive’s employment is terminated by Alternus without Cause during the term of the Employment agreement,
the Alternus must give two weeks’ prior written notice and shall pay severance pay equal to one year of base salary. If Alternus
closes a ‘Change in Control’ transaction, then the employment agreement will automatically terminate, and the Company shall
pay severance pay equal to two years of base salary and any unvested stock shall automatically become fully vested. The executive may
terminate the employment agreement for Good Reason (as defined in such employment agreement) with 90 days’ notice, and Alternus
shall be obligated to pay the executive severance pay equal to one year of base salary.
Director Compensation Table
The following table provides information concerning
compensation paid to our directors during fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Members of the Board of Directors of the predecessor
entity, Clean Earth Acquisition Corporation, did not receive fees for their services in 2023.
Mr. Browne’s compensation was as a paid
executive in 2023 and he did not receive compensation for his services as a board member.
Name | |
Fee Earned / Paid in
Cash
($) | | |
Stock Awards ($) | | |
Options ($) | | |
Others ($) | | |
Total ($) | |
John P. Thomas | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 70,078 | (1) | |
| 70,078 | |
Aaron T. Ratner | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Nicholas Parker | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Tone Bjornov | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Candice Beaumont | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Vincent Browne | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
(1) |
Mr. Thomas’ salary includes fees earned under a consulting agreement entered into in July 2023 with Alternus Energy Americas Inc. |
Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End
As of December 31, 2023, the Company currently
does not have any outstanding awards or options underlying its current Incentive Plan (as defined below).
2023 Equity Incentive Plan
On October 9, 2022, our board of directors
approved and adopted the Alternus Clean Energy Inc. 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), effective as of and
contingent on the consummation of the business combination, and subject to approval of our stockholders. On December 4, 2023, the 2023
Plan was approved by our stockholders. Alternus will be authorized to grant equity and cash incentive awards to eligible service providers
pursuant to the 2023 Plan.
Summary of the Incentive Plan
The following is a brief summary of the principal
provisions of the Incentive Plan, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Incentive Plan.
Purpose of the Incentive Plan
The purpose of the Incentive Plan is to secure
and retain the services of employees, directors and consultants, to provide incentives for such persons to exert maximum efforts for
our success and to provide a means by which such persons may be given an opportunity to benefit from increases in value of the common
stock through the granting of awards thereunder. We believe that the equity-based awards to be issued under the Incentive Plan will motivate
award recipients to offer their maximum effort to the Company and help focus them on the creation of long-term value consistent with
the interests of our stockholders. The Company believes that grants of incentive awards are necessary to enable the Company to attract
and retain top talent.
Principal Features
Eligibility. The Company’s employees,
consultants and directors, and employees and consultants of its affiliates, may be eligible to receive awards under the Incentive Plan.
The Company is currently has approximately 21 employees, 6 non-employee directors and 20 consultants who may be eligible to receive awards
under the Incentive Plan.
Award Types. The Incentive Plan provides
for the grant of incentive stock options (“ISOs”) to employees and for the grant of non-statutory stock options (“NSOs”),
stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance awards and other forms of stock awards
to employees, directors, and consultants.
Share Reserve. The aggregate number of
shares of common stock that may be subject to awards under the Incentive Plan will not exceed 8,000,000 shares. The foregoing aggregate
share limitation is subject to adjustment in the event of a recapitalization, stock split, stock dividend or similar corporate transaction.
Shares issued under the Incentive Plan may be authorized but unissued or reacquired shares. Shares subject to stock awards granted under
the Incentive Plan that expire or terminate without being exercised in full, or that are paid out in cash rather than in shares, will
not reduce the number of shares available for issuance under the Incentive Plan. Additionally, shares issued pursuant to stock awards
under the Incentive Plan that are repurchased or forfeited, as well as shares that are reacquired as consideration for the exercise or
purchase price of a stock award or to satisfy tax withholding obligations related to a stock award, will become available for future
grant under the Incentive Plan.
Plan Administration. The Company’s
Board, or a duly authorized committee thereof, will have the authority to administer the Incentive Plan. The Company’s Board may
also delegate to one or more officers the authority to: (i) designate employees other than officers to receive specified stock awards
and (ii) determine the number of shares to be subject to such stock awards. Subject to the terms of the Incentive Plan, the plan
administrator has the authority to determine the terms of awards, including recipients, the exercise price or strike price of stock awards,
if any, the number of shares subject to each stock award, the fair market value of a share, the vesting schedule applicable to the awards,
together with any vesting acceleration, the form of consideration, if any, payable upon exercise or settlement of the stock award and
the terms and conditions of the award agreements for use under the Incentive Plan. The plan administrator has the power to modify outstanding
awards under the Incentive Plan. Subject to the terms of the Incentive Plan, the plan administrator also has the authority to reprice
any outstanding option or stock award, cancel and re-grant any outstanding option or stock award in exchange for new stock awards, cash
or other consideration, or take any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles, with
the consent of any materially adversely affected participant.
Stock Options. ISOs and NSOs are granted
under stock option agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the exercise price for stock options,
within the terms and conditions of the Incentive Plan, provided that the exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than
100% of the fair market value of a share of the common stock on the date of grant (however, a stock option may be granted with an exercise
or strike price lower than 100% of the fair market value on the date of grant of such award if such award is granted pursuant to an assumption
of or substitution for another option pursuant to a corporate transaction, as such term is defined in the Incentive Plan, and in a manner
consistent with the provisions of Sections 409A and, if applicable, 424(a) of the Code). Options granted under the Incentive Plan
vest at the rate specified in the stock option agreement as determined by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines the
term of stock options granted under the Incentive Plan, up to a maximum of ten years. Unless the terms of an option holder’s
stock option agreement provide otherwise, if an option holder’s service relationship ceases for any reason other than disability,
death or cause, the option holder may generally exercise any vested options for a period of three months following the cessation
of service. The option term may be extended in the event that the exercise of the option following such a termination of service is prohibited
by applicable securities laws or the Company’s insider trading policy. If an option holder’s service relationship ceases
due to disability or death, or an option holder dies within a certain period following cessation of service, the option holder or a beneficiary
may generally exercise any vested options for a period of 12 months in the event of disability and 18 months in the event of
death. Options generally terminate immediately upon the termination of an option holder’s service for cause. In no event may an
option be exercised beyond the expiration of its term. Acceptable consideration for the purchase of the common stock issued upon the
exercise of a stock option will be determined by the plan administrator and may include: (i) cash, check, bank draft, or money order,
(ii) a broker-assisted cashless exercise, (iii) the tender of shares of the common stock previously owned by the option holder,
(iv) a net exercise of the option if it is an NSO and (v) other legal consideration approved by the plan administrator.
Tax Limitations on ISOs. The
aggregate fair market value, determined at the time of grant, of the common stock with respect to ISOs that are exercisable for the first
time by an option holder during any calendar year under all stock plans maintained by the Company may not exceed $100,000. Options or
portions thereof that exceed such limit will generally be treated as NSOs. No ISO may be granted to any person who, at the time of the
grant, owns or is deemed to own stock possessing more than 10% of the Company’s total combined voting power or that of any of the
Company’s affiliates unless (1) the option exercise price is at least 110% of the fair market value of the stock subject to
the option on the date of grant, and (2) the option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the date of
grant.
Restricted Stock Awards. Restricted
stock awards are granted under restricted stock award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. A restricted stock award may be awarded
in consideration for cash, check, bank draft or money order, past services, or any other form of legal consideration that may be acceptable
to the plan administrator and permissible under applicable law. The plan administrator determines the terms and conditions of restricted
stock awards, including vesting and forfeiture terms. Except as provided otherwise in the applicable award agreement, if a participant’s
service relationship ends for any reason, the Company may receive through a forfeiture condition or a repurchase right any or all of
the shares held by the participant under the participant’s restricted stock award that have not vested as of the date the participant
terminates service.
Restricted Stock Unit Awards. Restricted
stock units are granted under restricted stock unit award agreements adopted by the plan administrator. Restricted stock units
may be granted in consideration for any form of legal consideration that may be acceptable to the plan administrator and permissible
under applicable law. A restricted stock unit may be settled by cash, delivery of stock, a combination of cash and stock as deemed appropriate
by the plan administrator, or in any other form of consideration set forth in the restricted stock unit agreement. Additionally, dividend
equivalents may be credited in respect of shares covered by a restricted stock unit. Except as otherwise provided in the applicable award
agreement, restricted stock units that have not vested will be forfeited once the participant’s continuous service ends for
any reason.
Stock Appreciation Rights. Stock
appreciation rights are granted under stock appreciation grant agreements adopted by the plan administrator. The plan administrator determines
the purchase price or strike price for a stock appreciation right, which generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value
of the common stock on the date of grant (however, a stock appreciation right may be granted with an exercise or strike price lower than
100% of the fair market value on the date of grant of such award if such award is granted pursuant to an assumption of or substitution
for another option pursuant to a corporate transaction, as such term is defined in the Incentive Plan, and in a manner consistent with
the provisions of Sections 409A). A stock appreciation right granted under the Incentive Plan vests at the rate specified in the
stock appreciation right agreement as determined by the plan administrator.
Performance Awards. The Incentive Plan
permits the grant of performance-based stock and cash awards. The plan administrator may structure awards so that the shares of the common
stock, cash, or other property will be issued or paid only following the achievement of certain pre-established performance goals during
a designated performance period. The performance criteria that will be used to establish such performance goals may be based on any measure
of performance selected by the plan administrator. The performance goals may be based on a company-wide basis, with respect to one or
more business units, divisions, affiliates, or business segments, and in either absolute terms or relative to the performance of
one or more comparable companies or the performance of one or more relevant indices. Unless specified otherwise (i) in the award
agreement at the time the award is granted or (ii) in such other document setting forth the performance goals at the time the goals
are established, the plan administrator will appropriately make adjustments in the method of calculating the attainment of performance
goals as follows: (1) to exclude restructuring and/or other nonrecurring charges; (2) to exclude exchange rate effects; (3) to
exclude the effects of changes to generally accepted accounting principles; (4) to exclude the effects of any statutory adjustments
to corporate tax rates; (5) to exclude the effects of items that are “unusual” in nature or occur “infrequently”
as determined under generally accepted accounting principles; (6) to exclude the dilutive effects of acquisitions or joint ventures;
(7) to assume that any business divested by the Company achieved performance objectives at targeted levels during the balance of
a performance period following such divestiture; (8) to exclude the effect of any change in the outstanding shares of the common
stock by reason of any stock dividend or split, stock repurchase, reorganization, recapitalization, merger, consolidation, spin-off,
combination or exchange of shares or other similar corporate change, or any distributions to stockholders other than regular cash dividends;
(9) to exclude the effects of stock-based compensation and the award of bonuses under the Company’s bonus plans; (10) to exclude
costs incurred in connection with potential acquisitions or divestitures that are required to expense under generally accepted accounting
principles; and (11) to exclude the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charges that are required to be recorded under generally
accepted accounting principles. In addition, the plan administrator retains the discretion to reduce or eliminate the compensation or
economic benefit due upon attainment of the performance goals. Partial achievement of the specified criteria may result in the payment
or vesting corresponding to the degree of achievement as specified in the applicable award agreement or the written terms of a performance
cash award. The performance goals may differ from participant to participant and from award to award.
Other Stock Awards. The
plan administrator may grant other awards based in whole or in part by reference to the common stock. The plan administrator will set
the number of shares under the stock award and all other terms and conditions of such awards.
Non-Employee Director Compensation Limit. The
aggregate value of all compensation granted or paid by the Company to any individual for service as a non-employee director with respect
to any calendar year (such period, the “annual period”), including stock awards and cash fees paid by the Company to such
non-employee director, will not exceed (i) $750,000 in total value or (ii) in the event such non-employee director is first
appointed or elected to the board during such annual period, $1,200,000 in total value. For purposes of these limitations, the value
of any such stock awards is calculated based on the grant date fair value of such stock awards for financial reporting purposes.
Changes to Capital Structure. In
the event there is a specified type of change in the Company’s capital structure, such as a merger, consolidation, reorganization,
recapitalization, reincorporation, stock dividend, dividend in property other than cash, large nonrecurring cash dividend, stock split,
reverse stock split, liquidating dividend, combination of shares, exchange of shares, change in corporate structure or any similar equity
restructuring transaction, appropriate adjustments will be made for the purposes of preventing dilution or enlargement of the benefits
or potential benefits intended to be made available under the Incentive Plan to (i) the class(es) and maximum number of shares of
the common stock subject to the Incentive Plan and the maximum number of shares by which the share reserve may annually increase; (ii) the
class(es) and maximum number of shares that may be issued pursuant to the exercise of ISOs; and (iii) the class(es) and number of
securities and exercise price, strike price or purchase price of common stock subject to outstanding awards.
Corporate Transactions. The following
applies to stock awards under the Incentive Plan in the event of a corporate transaction, as defined in the Incentive Plan, unless otherwise
provided in a participant’s stock award agreement or other written agreement with the Company or unless otherwise expressly provided
by the plan administrator at the time of grant. In the event of a corporate transaction, any stock awards outstanding under the Incentive
Plan may be assumed, continued or substituted by any surviving or acquiring corporation (or its parent company), and any reacquisition
or repurchase rights held by the Company with respect to the stock award may be assigned to the successor (or its parent company). If
the surviving or acquiring corporation (or its parent company) does not assume, continue or substitute such stock awards, then with respect
to any such stock awards that are held by participants whose continuous service has not terminated prior to the effective time of the
transaction, or current participants, the vesting (and exercisability, if applicable) of such stock awards will be accelerated in full
to a date prior to the effective time of the transaction (contingent upon the effectiveness of the transaction), and such stock awards
will terminate if not exercised (if applicable) at or prior to the effective time of the transaction, and any reacquisition or repurchase
rights held by the Company with respect to such stock awards will lapse (contingent upon the effectiveness of the transaction). With
respect to performance awards with multiple vesting levels depending on performance level, unless otherwise provided by an award agreement
or by the plan administrator, the award will accelerate at 100% of target. If the surviving or acquiring corporation (or its parent company)
does not assume, continue or substitute such stock awards, then with respect to any such stock awards that are held by persons other
than current participants, such awards will terminate if not exercised (if applicable) prior to the effective time of the transaction,
except that any reacquisition or repurchase rights held by the Company with respect to such stock awards will not terminate and may continue
to be exercised notwithstanding the transaction. The plan administrator is not obligated to treat all stock awards or portions of stock
awards in the same manner and is not obligated to take the same actions with respect to all participants. In the event a stock award
will terminate if not exercised prior to the effective time of a transaction, the plan administrator may provide, in its sole discretion,
that the holder of such stock award may not exercise such stock award but instead will receive a payment equal in value, at the effective
time, to the excess (if any) of (1) the value of the property the participant would have received upon the exercise of the stock
award over (2) any exercise price payable by such holder in connection with such exercise.
Change in Control. In the event of a change
in control, as defined under the Incentive Plan, awards granted under the Incentive Plan will not receive automatic acceleration of vesting
and exercisability, although this treatment may be provided for in an award agreement.
Plan Amendment or Termination. The
Company will have the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate the Incentive Plan, provided that such action does not materially impair
the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent. No ISOs may be granted after the tenth anniversary
of the date the board of directors of the Company adopts the Incentive Plan.
Certain U.S. Federal Income Tax Aspects of
Awards Under the Incentive Plan
This is a brief summary of the federal income
tax aspects of awards that may be made under the Incentive Plan based on existing U.S. federal income tax laws. This summary provides
only the basic tax rules. It does not describe a number of special tax rules, including the alternative minimum tax and various elections
that may be applicable under certain circumstances. It also does not reflect provisions of the income tax laws of any municipality, state
or foreign country in which a holder may reside, nor does it reflect the tax consequences of a holder’s death. The tax consequences
of awards under the Incentive Plan depend upon the type of award.
Incentive Stock Options. The
recipient of an ISO generally will not be taxed upon grant of the option. Federal income taxes are generally imposed only when the shares
of the common stock from exercised ISOs are disposed of, by sale or otherwise. If the ISO recipient does not sell or dispose of the shares
of the common stock until more than one year after the receipt of the shares and two years after the option was granted, then, upon
sale or disposition of the shares, the difference between the exercise price and the market value of the shares of the common stock as
of the date of exercise will be treated as a long-term capital gain, and not ordinary income. If a recipient fails to hold the shares
for the minimum required time the recipient will recognize ordinary income in the year of disposition generally in an amount equal to
any excess of the market value of the common stock on the date of exercise (or, if less, the amount realized or disposition of the shares)
over the exercise price paid for the shares. Any further gain (or loss) realized by the recipient generally will be taxed as short-term
or long-term gain (or loss) depending on the holding period. The Company will generally be entitled to a tax deduction at the same time
and in the same amount as ordinary income is recognized by the option recipient.
Non-statutory Stock Options. The
recipient of an NSO generally will not be taxed upon the grant of the option. Federal income taxes are generally due from a recipient
of NSOs when the options are exercised. The excess of the fair market value of the common stock purchased on such date over the exercise
price of the option is taxed to the recipient as ordinary income. Thereafter, the tax basis for the acquired shares is equal to the amount
paid for the shares plus the amount of ordinary income recognized by the recipient. The Company will generally be entitled to a tax deduction
at the same time and in the same amount as ordinary income is recognized by the option recipient by reason of the exercise of the option.
Other Awards. Recipients
who receive restricted stock unit awards will generally recognize ordinary income when they receive shares upon settlement of the awards
in an amount equal to the fair market value of the shares at that time. Recipients who receive awards of restricted shares subject to
a vesting requirement will generally recognize ordinary income at the time vesting occurs in an amount equal to the fair market value
of the shares at that time minus the amount, if any, paid for the shares. However, a recipient who receives restricted shares which are
not vested may, within 30 days of the date the shares are transferred, elect in accordance with Section 83(b) of the Code to
recognize ordinary compensation income at the time of transfer of the shares rather than upon the vesting dates. Recipients who receive
stock appreciation rights will generally recognize ordinary income upon exercise in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market
value of the underlying shares of the common stock on the exercise date over the exercise price. The Company will generally be entitled
to a tax deduction at the same time and in the same amount as ordinary income is recognized by the recipient.
Incentive Plan Benefits
Grants of awards under the Incentive Plan are
subject to the discretion of the plan administrator. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the future benefits that will be received
by participants under the Incentive Plan.
PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS
The following table sets forth certain information
known to us regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of July 31, 2024 by (i) each of our Named Executive Officers; (ii)
each of our executive officers and directors; (iii) all of our executive officers and directors as a group; and (iv) each person or entity,
or group of affiliated persons or entities, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares.
Information with respect to beneficial ownership is based on information
furnished to us by each director, executive officer or shareholder who holds more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares, and Schedules
13G or 13D filed with the SEC, as the case may be. Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC and generally
means that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he or she possesses sole or shared voting or investment power of that security,
and includes options and warrants that are currently exercisable within 60 days of July 31, 2024. Options and warrants to purchase common
stock that are exercisable within 60 days of July 31, 2024 are deemed to be beneficially owned by the persons holding these options and
warrants for the purpose of computing percentage ownership of that person, but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing
any other person’s ownership percentage. Except as indicated in the footnotes below, each of the beneficial owners named in the
table below has, to our knowledge, sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares listed as beneficially owned by
him or her, except for shares of common stock owned jointly with that person’s spouse. We have based our calculation of beneficial
ownership on 81,826,664 shares of common stock outstanding as of July 31, 2024.
Name
of Beneficial Owner |
|
Number
of shares of
Company
Common Stock
Beneficially
Owned |
|
|
Percentage
of
shares of
outstanding
Company
Common Stock |
|
Greater than 5% Stockholders: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alternus
Energy Group Plc(1) |
|
|
57,400,000 |
|
|
|
70.1 |
% |
Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC(2)(3) |
|
|
8,781,667 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
% |
Nordic
ESG and Impact Fund SCSp |
|
|
7,765,000 |
|
|
|
9.4 |
% |
Named
Executive Officers and Directors: (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vincent
Browne |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Taliesin
Durant |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Gary
Swan |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
David
Farrell |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Larry
Farrell |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Gita
Shah |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
John
P. Thomas |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Aaron
T. Ratner(3) |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Nicholas Parker |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Tone
Bjornov |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
Candice
Beaumont |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
All
directors and named executive officers as a group (13 individuals) |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
* |
|
(1) |
Alternus Energy Group
plc, Plaza 212 Suite 9/10, Blanchardstown Corporate Park 2, Dublin 15, Ireland. |
(2) |
The Sponsor is the record
holder of the shares of Company Common Stock reported herein. Share ownership for officers and directors of the Sponsor does not
include shares owned by the Sponsor. Martha Ross, Alex Greystoke and David Saab compose the Board of Managers of the Sponsor. Any
action by the Sponsor, including decisions with respect to the Sponsor’s voting and dispositive power over the shares of the
Company held by the Sponsor, requires a majority vote of the managers of the Board of Managers. Under the so-called “rule of
three,” because voting and dispositive decisions are made by a majority of the Sponsor’s managers, none of the Sponsor’s
managers is deemed to be a beneficial owner of the Sponsor’s securities, even those in which such manager holds a pecuniary
interest. Each of Aaron Ratner, Nicholas Parker and Candice Beaumont, directors of the Company, holds membership interests in the
Sponsor. None of the members of the Sponsor is deemed to have or share beneficial ownership of the shares of Company Common Stock
held by the Sponsor. The business address of the Sponsor is 12600 Hill Country Blvd, Building R, Suite 275 Bee Cave, Texas 78738. |
(3) |
Includes 2,555,556 shares
of Common Stock that are subject to vesting upon the occurrence of certain stock price milestones or upon the occurrence of certain
events |
(4) |
Unless otherwise noted,
the business address of each of the individuals listed is 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND
RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The following is a summary of transactions since
January 1, 2022 to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved exceeded or will exceed the lesser of (x) $120,000 or (y)
1% of the average of our total assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or holders
of more than 5% of our capital stock, or an affiliate or immediate family member thereof, had or will have a direct or indirect material
interest other than compensation and other arrangements that are described the sections titled “Executive Compensation” and
“Non-Employee Director Compensation.” We also describe below certain other transactions with our directors, former directors,
executive officers and stockholders.
AEG:
Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”)
was an eighty percent (80%) shareholder of the Company as of December 22, 2023 and as of December 31, 2023. On October 12, 2022 AEG entered
into the Business Combination Agreement with the Company and Clean Earth Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”) which closed
on December 22, 2023 (See FN 1). In conjunction with the Business Combination Agreement, AEG also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement.
The Investor Rights Agreement provides for certain governance requirements, registration rights and a lockup agreement under which AEG
is restricted from selling its shares in the Company for one year, or until December 22, 2024, other than 1,437,500 shares after March
22, 2024 and an additional 1,437,500 after June 22, 2024, provided the shares are registered under a registration statement on SEC Form
S-1.
Nordic ESG:
In January of 2024 the Company issued 7,765,000
shares of restricted common stock valued at $1.23 per share to Nordic ESG and Impact Fund SCSp (“Nordic ESG”) as settlement
of AEG’s €8m note. This resulted in Nordic ESG becoming a related party and resulted in a decrease of AEG’s ownership
of the Company from 80% to 72%.
Sponsor:
Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor LLC (“Sponsor”)
was the founder and controlling shareholder of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 and up to the Business Combination
Closing Date, December 22, 2023, when Sponsor became an 11% shareholder of the Company. The Sponsor entered into the Business Combination
Agreement with the Company and AEG, and also entered into the Investor Rights Agreement and the Sponsor Support Agreement, The Sponsor
agreed, pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, to vote all of their shares of capital stock (and any securities convertible or exercisable
into capital stock) in favor of the approval of the Business Combination and against any other transactions, as well as to waive its
redemption rights, agree to not transfer securities of the Company, and waive any anti-dilution or similar protections with respect to
founder shares.
In order to fund working capital deficiencies
or finance transaction costs in connection with a business combination, the Sponsor initially loaned $350,000 to the Company, in accordance
with an unsecured promissory note (the “WC Note”) issued on September 26, 2022, under which up to $850,000 may be advanced.
On August 8, 2023, the Company issued an additional $650,000 promissory note to the Sponsor to fund the Second WC Note. The Second WC
Note is non-interest bearing and payable on the date which the Company consummates its initial Business Combination. Both of these notes
were settled on the Business Combination closing date in exchange for 225,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.
On December 18, 2023, the Sponsor entered into
a non-redemption agreement (the “NRA”) with the Company and the investor named therein (the “Investor”). Pursuant
to the terms of the NRA, among other things, the Investor agreed to withdraw redemptions in connection with the Business Combination
on any Common Stock, held by the Investor and to purchase additional Common Stock from redeeming stockholders of the Company such that
the Investor will be the holder of no fewer than 277,778 shares of Common Stock.
D&O:
In connection with the Business Combination Closing,
the Company entered into indemnification agreements (each, an “Indemnification Agreement”) with its directors and executive
officers. Each Indemnification Agreement provides for indemnification and advancements by the Company of certain expenses and costs if
the basis of the indemnitee’s involvement in a matter was by reason of the fact that the indemnitee is or was a director, officer,
employee, or agent of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or was serving at the Company’s request in an official capacity for
another entity, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Delaware.
Consulting Agreements:
On May 15, 2021 VestCo Corp., a company owned
and controlled by our Chairman and CEO, Vincent Browne, entered into a Professional Consulting Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries
under which it pays VestCo a monthly fee of $16,000. This agreement has a five-year initial term and automatically extends for additional
one year terms unless otherwise unilaterally terminated.
In July of 2023, John Thomas, one of our directors,
entered into a Consulting Services Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries under which it pays Mr. Thomas a monthly fee of $11,000.
This agreement has a five-year initial term and automatically extends for additional one year terms unless otherwise unilaterally terminated.
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Transactions with Directors | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Loan
from Vestco, a related party to Board member and CEO Vincent Browne | |
$ | 210 | | |
$ | - | |
Final payment made to Vestco on November
16, 2023 | |
| (210 | ) | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Director’s remuneration | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Remuneration in respect of services as directors | |
$ | 606 | | |
$ | 315 | |
Remuneration in respect to long term incentive
schemes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | 606 | | |
$ | 315 | |
Family Relationships
No family relationship
exists between any of Alternus’ directors and executive officers. There are no arrangements or understandings with major shareholders,
customers, suppliers or others pursuant to which any person referred to above was selected as a director or member of senior management.
Director Independence
We use the definition of “independence”
of The NASDAQ Stock Market to make this determination. NASDAQ Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) provides that an “independent director”
is a person other than an officer or employee of the company or any other individual having a relationship, which, in the opinion of
the Company’s Board, would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director.
The NASDAQ listing rules provide that a director cannot be considered independent if:
|
● |
The director is, or at
any time during the past three years was, an employee of the company; |
|
|
|
|
● |
The director or a family
member of the director accepted any compensation from the company in excess of $120,000 during any period of 12 consecutive months
within the three years preceding the independence determination (subject to certain exclusions, including, among other things, compensation
for board or board committee service); |
|
● |
A family member of the
director is, or at any time during the past three years was, an executive officer of the company; |
|
|
|
|
● |
The director or a family
member of the director is a partner in, controlling shareholder of, or an executive officer of an entity to which the company made,
or from which the company received, payments in the current or any of the past three fiscal years that exceed 5% of the recipient’s
consolidated gross revenue for that year or $200,000, whichever is greater (subject to certain exclusions); |
|
|
|
|
● |
The director or a family
member of the director is employed as an executive officer of an entity where, at any time during the past three years, any of the
executive officers of the company served on the compensation committee of such other entity; or |
|
|
|
|
● |
The director or a family
member of the director is a current partner of the company’s outside auditor, or at any time during the past three years was
a partner or employee of the company’s outside auditor, and who worked on the company’s audit. |
|
|
|
|
|
Under such definitions,
two of our directors can be considered independent. |
Policy Concerning
Related Person Transactions
Alternus’ board
of directors adopted a related person transaction policy setting forth the policies and procedures for the identification, review and
approval or ratification of related person transactions. This policy covers, with certain exceptions set forth in Item 404 of Regulation S-K
under the Securities Act, any transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships,
in which we had a related person were or will be participants and the amount involved exceeds $120,000 or 1% of the average of our total
assets as of the end of our last two completed fiscal years, including purchases of goods or services by or from the related person
or entities in which the related person has a material interest, indebtedness and guarantees of indebtedness. In reviewing and approving
any such transactions, our audit committee will consider all relevant facts and circumstances as appropriate, such as the purpose of
the transaction, the availability of other sources of comparable products or services, management’s recommendation with respect
to the proposed related person transaction and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction.
All of the transactions
described in this section were entered into prior to the adoption of this policy.
SELLING SECURITYHOLDERS
The selling securityholders may offer and sell,
from time to time, any or all of the shares of common stock or warrants being offered for resale by this prospectus, which consists of:
|
● |
up to 57,400,000 shares of our common stock issued to AEG, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement; |
|
● |
up to 7,666,667 shares of our common stock issued to the Sponsor on the Closing Date of the Business Combination (2,555,556 shares of which are subject to vesting); |
|
● |
up to 1,320,000 shares of common stock to be issued to Wissam Anastas pursuant to a convertible note; |
|
● |
up to 890,000 shares of common stock issued to the Sponsor in the private placement of the Sponsor Units; |
|
|
|
|
● |
up to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC Sponsor Capital Access; |
|
|
|
|
● |
up to 100,000 shares of our common stock issued to Moneta Advisory Partners, LLC; |
|
|
|
|
● |
up to 81,301 shares of our common stock issued to Outside the Box Capital Inc. |
|
|
|
|
● |
up to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred to Jones Trading Institutional Services LLC from AEG as compensation for services at a price per share value of $0.44 per share; |
|
● |
up to 11,500,000 shares
of common stock issuable upon the exercise of our 11,500,000 Public Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share; |
|
|
|
|
● |
up to 445,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the Sponsor Warrants; |
|
● |
up to 300,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 1 Warrants; |
|
● |
up to 100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 2 Warrants; and |
|
● |
up to 90,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 3 Warrants. |
As used in this prospectus, the term “selling
securityholders” includes the selling securityholders listed in the table below, together with any additional selling securityholders
listed in a subsequent amendment to this prospectus, and their donees, pledgees, assignees, transferees, distributees and successors-in-interest
that receive shares in any non-sale transfer after the date of this prospectus.
The following table provides, as of the date of
this prospectus, information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock of each selling securityholder, the number of shares
of common stock and the Warrants that may be sold by each selling securityholder under this prospectus and that each selling securityholder
will beneficially own assuming all securities that may be offered pursuant to this prospectus are sold. Because each selling securityholder
may dispose of all, none or some portion of their securities, no estimate can be given as to the number of securities that will be beneficially
owned by a selling securityholder upon termination of this offering. For purposes of the table below, however, we have assumed that after
termination of this offering none of the securities covered by this prospectus will be beneficially owned by the selling securityholders
and further assumed that the selling securityholders will not acquire beneficial ownership of any additional securities during the offering.
In addition, the selling securityholders may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose
of, at any time and from time to time, our securities in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities
Act after the date on which the information in the table is presented.
| |
Shares of Common Stock | |
Name of Selling Security holder | |
Number Beneficially Owned
Prior to Offering | | |
Number Registered for
Sale Hereby | | |
Number Beneficially Owned
After Offering | | |
Percent Owned After
Offering | |
Alternus
Energy Group Plc(1) | |
| 57,400,000 | | |
| 57,400,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
Clean Earth Acquisitions
Sponsor, LLC(2) | |
| 9,001,667 | | |
| 9,001,667 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
Wissam Anastas(3) | |
| 1,320,000 | | |
| 1,320,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
SCM Tech, LLC(4) | |
| 490,000 | | |
| 490,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
SPAC Sponsor Capital Access(5) | |
| 225,000 | | |
| 225,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
Moneta Advisory Partners,
LLC(6) | |
| 90,000 | | |
| 90,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
Outside the Box Capital
Inc.(7) | |
| 81,301 | | |
| 81,301 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
Jones Trading Institutional
Services LLC(8) | |
| 100,000 | | |
| 100,000 | | |
| 0 | | |
| 0 | |
|
* |
Represents less than 1% |
(1) |
Vincent Browne is the chairman and chief executive officer of the selling securityholder and may be deemed to have voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
(2) |
Alex Greystoke, Martha Ross and David Saab are directors of the selling securityholder and share voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling securityholder. Includes up to 445,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the full exercise of the Warrant held by the Selling Stockholder. The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
(3) |
The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
(4) |
The shares of common stock being offered consists of 490,000 shares of common stock underlying three warrants held by the selling securityholder. Vik Seth is the Manager of the selling securityholder and may be deemed to have voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
(5) |
Lee Robinson is directors
of the selling securityholder and share voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling
securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is 175 Oxford Street , London, UK. |
|
|
(6) |
Marc X. LoPresti is the Managing Director of the selling securityholder and may be deemed to have voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
|
|
(7) |
Jason Coles is the chief executive officer of the selling securityholder and may be deemed to have voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock held by the selling securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is c/o Alternus Clean Energy, Inc., 360 Kingsley Park Drive, Suite 250, Fort Mill, SC 29715. |
|
|
(8) |
Alan Hill is control
person of the selling securityholder and may be deemed to have voting and investment control with respect to the shares of common stock
held by the selling securityholder. The address for the selling securityholder is 2325 Hudson Street, 6th Floor, New York,
NY, 10013. |
DESCRIPTION OF OUR SECURITIES
The following description of the material terms of the Company’s
securities is not intended to be a complete summary of the rights and preferences of such securities. This summary is qualified by reference
to the complete text of our Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and bylaws filed as exhibits to the registration statement
of which this prospectus forms a part.
Authorized and Outstanding Stock
The
Company’s Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (the “Company Charter”) authorizes the issuance of
151,000,000 shares, consisting of 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of July 31, 2024, there
are 81,826,664 shares of common stock outstanding. No shares of preferred stock are outstanding.
Common Stock
Voting Rights
Except as otherwise provided by law or as otherwise
provided in any certificate of designation for any series of preferred stock, the holders of common stock will possess all voting power
for the election of our directors and all other matters requiring stockholder action and will at all times vote together as one class
on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Company. Holders of common stock will been titled to one vote per share
on matters to be voted on by stockholders and will not have the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors.
Dividend Rights
Holders of common stock will be entitled to receive
dividends and distributions and other distributions in cash, stock or property of the Company when, as and if declared thereon by our
board of directors from time to time out of assets or funds of the Company legally available therefor.
Liquidation, Dissolution and Winding Up
Holders of common stock will be entitled to receive
the assets and funds of the Company available for distribution in the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs
of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, after the rights of the holders of the preferred stock, if any, have been satisfied.
Preemptive or Other Rights
Under the Company Charter, our common stockholders
will have no preemptive or other subscription rights and there will be no sinking fund or redemption provisions applicable to our common
stock.
Election of Directors
Our board of directors is divided into three
classes, with only one class of directors being elected in each year and each class (except for those directors appointed prior to the
first annual meeting of stockholders of the Combined Company) generally serving a term of three years. Class I directors will serve until
the first annual meeting of stockholders following the effectiveness of the Company Charter, Class II directors will serve until the
second annual meeting of stockholders following the effectiveness of the Company Charter and Class III directors will serve until the
third annual meeting of stockholders pursuant to the Company Charter.
Preferred Stock
The Company Charter provides that shares of preferred
stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. Our board of directors will be authorized to establish the number of shares
to be included in such series, and fix the voting powers, full or limited, or no voting power of the shares of such series, and the designation,
preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, if any, of the shares of each such series and any qualifications,
limitations or restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series. Our board of directors will be able, without stockholder
approval, to issue preferred stock with voting and other rights that could adversely affect the voting power and other rights of the
holders of the common stock and could have anti-takeover effects. The ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without
stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of the Combined Company or the removal
of management of the Combined Company. Although we do not currently intend to issue any shares of preferred stock, we cannot assure you
that we will not do so in the future.
Warrants
Public Warrants
There
are currently outstanding an aggregate of 11,500,000 Public Warrants, which entitle the holder
to acquire common stock of the Company. The Public Warrants are currently
trading on the OTC Markets Pink Tier under the trading symbol: OTCMKTS: ACLEW.
Each Public Warrant entitles the registered holder
to purchase one share of common stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment as provided herein, at any time commencing
30 days after the completion of the Business Combination, except as discussed in the immediately succeeding paragraph. Pursuant to the
warrant agreement, a Public Warrant holder may exercise its Public Warrants only for a whole number of shares of common stock. This means
only a whole Public Warrant may be exercised at a given time by a Public Warrant holder. No fractional warrants will be issued upon separation
of the units and only whole warrants will trade. The Public Warrants will expire five years after the completion of the Business Combination,
at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.
Redemption of warrants for cash when the price
per share of common stock equals or exceeds $18.00.
Once the warrants become exercisable, we may
redeem the outstanding warrants (except the Sponsor Warrants and any warrants underlying additional units issued to our Sponsor, officers
or directors payment of working capital loans made to us):
| ● | in
whole and not in part; |
| ● | at
a price of $0.01 per Public Warrant; |
| ● | upon
a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each Public Warrant holder;
and |
| ● | if,
and only if, the reported last sale price of our common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per
share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations and recapitalizations,
for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period commencing at any time after the warrants
become exercisable and ending three business days before we send the notice of redemption. |
The right to exercise will be forfeited unless
the Public Warrants are exercised prior to the redemption date. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a warrant will have
no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s Public Warrant upon surrender of such warrant.
We will not redeem the Public Warrants as described
above unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the sale of the common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants
is then effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares of common stock is available throughout the 30-day redemption period
or we require the warrants to be exercised on a cashless basis as described below. If and when the warrants become redeemable by us,
we may not exercise our redemption right if the issuance of common stock upon exercise of the warrants is not exempt from registration
or qualification under applicable state blue sky laws or we are unable to effect such registration or qualification. If we call the Public
Warrants for redemption for cash as described above, we will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise Public Warrants
to do so on a “cashless basis.” In determining whether to require all holders to exercise their warrants on a “cashless
basis,” we will consider, among other factors, our cash position, the number of Public Warrants that are outstanding and the dilutive
effect on our stockholders of issuing the maximum number of shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of our Public Warrants.
To exercise Public Warrants on a cashless basis, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the Public Warrants in exchange
for a number of shares of our common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing(i) the product of (A) the number of shares of our
common stock underlying the Public Warrants, and(B) the difference between the “fair market value” and the exercise price
of the Public Warrants by (ii) such fair market value. Solely for purposes of the preceding sentence, “fair market value”
shall mean the 10-day average trading price as of the date on which the notice of exercise is received by the warrant agent. We will
not redeem the Public Warrants as described above unless a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the
shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants is then effective and a current prospectus relating to those shares
of common stock is available throughout the 30-day redemption period. If and when the Public Warrants become redeemable by us, we may
exercise our redemption right even if we are unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state
securities laws.
If the foregoing conditions are satisfied and
we issue a notice of redemption of the Public Warrants, each Public Warrant holder will be entitled to exercise his, her or its Public
Warrant prior to the scheduled redemption date. However, the price of the shares of common stock may fall below the $18.00 redemption
trigger price (as may be adjusted for adjustments to the number of shares issuable upon exercise or the exercise price of a Public Warrant)
as well as the $11.50 (for whole shares) exercise price after the redemption notice is issued.
No fractional shares of common stock will be
issued upon exercise. If, upon exercise, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will round down to
the nearest whole number of the number of shares of common stock to be issued to the holder. If, at the time of redemption, the Public
Warrants are exercisable for a security other than the shares of Class stock pursuant to the warrant agreement, the Public Warrants may
be exercised for such security. At such time as the Public Warrants become exercisable for a security other than the shares of common
stock, the Company (or surviving company) will use its commercially reasonable efforts to register under the Securities Act the security
issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants.
Redemption Procedures. A holder of a Public
Warrant may notify us in writing in the event it elects to be subject to a requirement that such holder will not have the right to exercise
such Public Warrant, to the extent that after giving effect to such exercise, such person (together with such person’s affiliates),
to the warrant agent’s actual knowledge, would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% (or such other amount as a holder may specify)
of the shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise.
Anti-Dilution Adjustments. If the
number of outstanding shares of common stock is increased by a capitalization or share dividend paid in shares of common stock to all
or substantially all holders of shares of common stock, or by a split-up of shares of common stock or other similar event, then, on the
effective date of such capitalization or share dividend, split-up or similar event, the number of shares of common stock issuable on
exercise of each Public Warrant will be increased in proportion to such increase in the outstanding shares of common stock. A rights
offering made to all or substantially all holders of common stock entitling holders to purchase shares of common stock at a price less
than the “historical fair market value” (as defined below) will be deemed a share dividend of a number of shares of common
stock equal to the product of (i) the number of shares of common stock actually sold in such rights offering (or issuable under any other
equity securities sold in such rights offering that are convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock) and (ii) one minus
the quotient of (x) the price per common stock paid in such rights offering and (y) the historical fair market value. For these purposes,
(i) if the rights offering is for securities convertible into or exercisable for shares of common stock, in determining the price payable
for shares of common stock, there will be taken into account any consideration received for such rights, as well as any additional amount
payable upon exercise or conversion and (ii) “historical fair market value “means the volume weighted average price of shares
of common stock as reported during the 10 trading day period ending on the trading day prior to the first date on which the shares of
common stock trade on the applicable exchange or in the applicable market, regular way, without the right to receive such rights.
In addition, if we, at any time while the Public
Warrants are outstanding and unexpired, pay a dividend or make a distribution in cash, securities or other assets to all or substantially
all of the holders of the shares of common stock on account of such shares of common stock (or other securities into which the Public
Warrants are convertible), other than (a) as described above, (b) any cash dividends or cash distributions which, when combined on a
per share basis with all other cash dividends and cash distributions paid on the shares of common stock during the 365-day period ending
on the date of declaration of such dividend or distribution does not exceed $0.50 (as adjusted to appropriately reflect any other adjustments
and excluding cash dividends or cash distributions that resulted in an adjustment to the exercise price or to the number of shares of
common stock issuable on exercise of each Public Warrant) but only with respect to the amount of the aggregate cash dividends or cash
distributions equal to or less than $0.50 per share,(c) to satisfy the redemption rights of the holders of shares of common stock in
connection with a proposed initial business combination, (d) to satisfy the redemption rights of the holders of shares of common stock
in connection with a shareholder vote to amend our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (A) to modify the substance or timing
of our obligation to provide holders of our shares of common stock the right to have their shares redeemed in connection with our Business
Combination or to redeem 100% of our public shares if we do not complete the Business Combination within the completion window or (B)
with respect to any other provision relating to the rights of holders of our shares of common stock, (e) as a result of the repurchase
of shares of common stock by us if a proposed initial business combination is presented to our stockholders for approval, or (f) in connection
with the redemption of our public shares upon our failure to complete our initial business combination, then the exercise price will
be decreased, effective immediately after the effective date of such event, by the amount of cash and/or the fair market value of any
securities or other assets paid on each share of common stock in respect of such event.
If the number of outstanding shares of common
stock is decreased by a consolidation, combination, reverse share split or reclassification of shares of common stock or other similar
vent, then, on the effective date of such consolidation, combination, reverse share split, reclassification or similar event, the number
of shares of common stock issuable on exercise of each Public Warrant will be decreased in proportion to such decrease in outstanding
shares of common stock.
The exercise price and number of shares of common
stock issuable upon the exercise of the Public Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend,
extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, except as described below, the Public
Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of common stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.
The Public Warrants will be issued in registered
form under a warrant agreement between American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The warrant agreement provides
that the terms of the Public Warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder for the purpose of (i) curing any ambiguity or
correct any mistake, including to conform the provisions of the warrant agreement to the description of the terms of the Public Warrants
and the warrant agreement set forth in the prospectus for our IPO, or defective provision, (ii) removing or reducing the Company’s
ability to redeem the Public Warrants or (iii) adding or changing any provisions with respect to matters or questions arising under the
warrant agreement as the parties to the warrant agreement may deem necessary or desirable and that the parties deem to not adversely
affect the rights of the registered holders of the Public Warrants in any material respect. The warrant agreement may be amended by the
parties thereto with the vote or written consent of the registered holders of the Public Warrants of at least 50% of the then outstanding
Public Warrants and Sponsor Warrants, voting together as a single class, to allow for the Public Warrants to be or continue to be, as
applicable, classified as equity in the Company’s financial statements. All other modifications or amendments, including any modification
or amendment to increase the exercise price or shorten the exercise period, (a) with respect to the terms of the Public Warrants or any
provision of the warrant agreement with respect to the Public Warrants, will require the vote or written consent of the registered holders
of the warrants of at least 50% of the then outstanding Public Warrants and (b) with respect to the terms of the Sponsor Warrants or
any provision of the warrant agreement with respect to the Sponsor Warrants will require the vote or written consent of at least 50%
of the then Sponsor Warrants. You should review a copy of the warrant agreement, which was filed as an exhibit to the registration statement
on form S-1, for a complete description of the terms and conditions applicable to the Public Warrants.
The Public Warrants may be exercised upon surrender
of the Public Warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the
reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, by certified
or official bank check payable to us, for the number of Public Warrants being exercised. The Public Warrant holders do not have the rights
or privileges of holders of common stock and any voting rights until they exercise their Public Warrants and receive shares of common
stock. After the issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the Public Warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for
each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
No fractional Public Warrants will be issued
upon separation of the units and only whole Public Warrants will trade. If, upon exercise of the Public Warrants, a holder would be entitled
to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of shares of common
stock to be issued to the Public Warrant holder.
We have agreed that, subject to applicable law,
any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the warrant agreement will be brought and enforced
in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and we irrevocably
submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. See “Risk
Factors - Our warrant agreement designates the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District
of New York as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by holders of our warrants
and rights, which could limit the ability of warrant holders or right holders to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with
our Company.” This provision applies to claims under the Securities Act but does not apply to claims under the Exchange Act
or any claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America are the sole and exclusive forum.
Sponsor Warrants
There are currently outstanding an aggregate of
445,000 Sponsor Warrants, which entitle the holder to acquire common stock of the Company.
The Sponsor Warrants have terms and provisions
that are identical to those of the Public Warrants which were sold as part of the units in the IPO, except that: (i) they will not be
redeemable by us, (ii) they may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis (iii) they (along with the common stock issuable upon exercise
of the Sponsor Warrants) are entitled to registration rights, as described below and (iv) the initial purchasers have agreed not to transfer,
assign or sell any of the Sponsor Warrants (or the shares of common stock and Sponsor Warrants included therein), until 30 days after
the completion of the Business Combination. The Sponsor Warrants will not become public warrants as a result of any transfer of the Sponsor
Warrants, regardless of the transferee. Any amendment to the terms of the Sponsor Warrants or any provision of the warrant agreement
with respect to the Sponsor Warrants will require the vote or written consent of at least 50% of the then outstanding Sponsor Warrants.
If holders of the Sponsor Warrants elect to exercise
them on a cashless basis, they would pay the exercise price by exchanging their warrants for that number of shares of common stock equal
to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of common stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the
difference between the exercise price of the warrants and of the “historical fair market value” (defined below) by (y) the
historical fair market value. For these purposes, the “historical fair market value” shall mean the average reported closing
price of the shares of common stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of
warrant exercise is sent to the warrant agent.
SCM Tech Warrants
There are currently outstanding an aggregate
of 490,00 SCM Tech Warrants to acquire common stock of the Company.
There are 390,000 SCM Tech 1 Warrants, which
have an exercise price of $0.01 per share. There are 100,000 SCM Tech 2 Warrants, which have an exercise price of $11.50 per share. The
SCM Tech Warrants may be exercised at any time on or prior to December 31, 2033.
The SCM Warrants are exercisable at any time
at the option of the holder, have a term of 10 years from the issuance date. The Company determined that the Warrants meet the conditions
for equity classification. The exercise price and number of the shares issuable under the SCM Tech Warrants are subject to customary adjustments
for certain stock dividends, stock splits, subsequent rights offerings, pro rata distributions or certain equity structure changes.
3i Private Placement
On April 19, 2024, we entered into the Purchase
Agreement with 3i, LP pursuant to which we sold, and 3i, LP purchased, (a) a senior unsecured convertible note issued by the Company (the
“Convertible Note”) with an aggregate principal amount of $2,160,000, which is convertible into shares of our common stock,
par value $0.0001 per share, and (b) a warrant (the “3i Warrant”) to purchase an aggregate of 2,411,088 shares of common stock
(the “3i Note Transaction”). The 3i Note Transaction closed on April 19, 2024. The gross proceeds to us from the 3i Note Transaction,
prior to the payment of transaction expenses, was $2,000,000. The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and
covenants of the Company and the Note Investor. Further, the Purchase Agreement contains a restriction whereby there cannot, under any
circumstances, be more than 16,007,325 shares of our common stock issued under the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant combined without
first receiving stockholder approval to issue more than 16,007,325 shares of our common stock thereunder in accordance with Nasdaq listing
requirements.
Convertible Note
The Convertible Note was issued with an eight percent (8.0%) original
issue discount, matures on April 20, 2025 (unless accelerated due to an event of default, or accelerated up to six installments by the
Investor), bears interest at a rate of seven percent (7%) per annum, which shall automatically be increased to twelve percent (12.0%)
per annum in the event of default and ranks senior to the Company’s existing and future unsecured indebtedness. The Convertible
Note is convertible in whole or in part at the option of the Investor into shares of Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”)
at the Conversion Price (as defined below) at any time following the date of issuance of the Convertible Note. The Convertible Note is
payable monthly on each Installment Date (as defined in the Convertible Note) commencing on the earlier of July 18, 2024 and the effective
date of the initial registration statement required to be filed pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement (as defined below) in an
amount equal the sum of (A) the lesser of (x) $216,000 and (y) the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Note, (B) interest
due and payable under the Convertible Note and (C) other amounts specified in the Convertible Note (such sum being the “Installment
Amount”); provided, however, if on any Installment Date, no failure to meet the Equity Conditions (as defined in the Convertible
Note) exits pursuant to the Convertible Note, the Company may pay all or a portion of the Installment Amount with shares of its common
stock. The portion of the Installment Amount paid with common stock shall be based on the Installment Conversion Price. “Installment
Conversion Price” means the lower of (i) the Conversion Price (defined below) and (ii) the greater of (x) 92% of the average of
the two (2) lowest daily VWAPs (as defined in the Convertible Note) in the ten (10) trading days immediately prior to each conversion
date and (y) $0.07. “Equity Conditions Failure” means that on any day during the period commencing twenty (20) trading days
prior to the date installment notices are required to be delivered with respect to the applicable Installment Date, the Equity Conditions
have not been satisfied (or waived in writing by the Holder).
“Equity Conditions”
means, during the period in question, (a) the Company shall have duly honored all conversions and redemptions scheduled to occur or occurring
by virtue of one or more conversion notices of the holder of the Convertible Note, if any, (b) the Company shall have paid all liquidated
damages and other amounts owing under the Convertible Note, if any (c)(i) there is an effective registration statement pursuant to which
the holder is permitted to utilize the prospectus thereunder to resell all of the shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the Convertible
Note and the 3i Warrant or (ii) all of the shares of common stock issuable pursuant to the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant may be
resold pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”) by a person that is not an affiliate (as defined in Rule
144 as in effect on the Issuance Date) of the Company, and that has not been an affiliate (as defined in Rule 144 as in effect on the
Issuance Date) of the Company during the three months immediately preceding such date, without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions or
current public information requirements as determined by the counsel to the Company as set forth in a written opinion letter to such effect,
addressed and acceptable to the Company’s transfer agent and the holder of the Convertible Note, (d) our common stock is trading
on the Company’s principal trading market and the shares issuable under the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant are listed or quoted
for trading on such principal trading market, (e) there is a sufficient number of authorized but unissued and otherwise unreserved shares
of Common Stock for the issuance of all of the shares then issuable pursuant to the Convertible Note and the 3i Warrant, (f) there is
no existing event of default and no existing event which, with the passage of time or the giving of notice, would constitute an event
of default, (g) the issuance of the shares in question to the holder of the Convertible Note would not violate certain limitations under
the Convertible Note, (h) there has been no public announcement of a pending or proposed change of control of the Company that has not
been consummated, (i) the holder of the Convertible Note is not in possession of any information provided by the Company, any of its Subsidiaries,
or any of their officers, directors, employees, agents or Affiliates, that constitutes, or may constitute, material non-public information,
(j) the Company has timely filed all of its SEC reports during the time period in question, (k) the average daily VWAP of our common stock
for the twenty (20) trading days immediately prior to the applicable date in question exceeds $0.75, subject to adjustment; and (l) the
average daily trading volume of the Common Stock on our principal trading market during the twenty (20) trading day period ending on the
trading day immediately prior to the applicable date in question exceeds $100,000.
The Convertible Note
is convertible, at the option of the Investor, at any time, into such number of shares of Common Stock of the Company equal to the principal
amount of the Convertible Note plus all accrued and unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $0.480 (the “Conversion Price”).
The Conversion Price is subject to full ratchet anti-dilution protection, subject to a floor conversion price of $0.07 per share (the
“Floor Price”), a limitation required by the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq, and certain exceptions upon any subsequent
transaction at a price lower than the Conversion Price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of stock dividends, stock
splits, combinations or similar events.
Alternatively, in the
event of an event of default continuing for 20 trading days and ending with Event of Default Redemption Right Period (as defined in the
Convertible Note), the Conversion Price may be converted to an “Alternate Conversion Price”, which is defined as the lower
of (i) the applicable Conversion Price as in effect on the applicable Conversion Date of the applicable Alternate Conversion (as defined
in the Convertible Note), and (ii) the greater of (x) the Floor Price and (y) 90% of the lowest VWAP of the Common Stock during the fifteen
(15) consecutive trading day period ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the delivery or deemed delivery of the
applicable Conversion Notice. These conversions shall be further subject to Redemption Premiums, as is further described in the Convertible
Note.
The Convertible Note
may not be converted and shares of common stock may not be issued under the Convertible Note if, after giving effect to the conversion
or issuance, the Investor together with its affiliates would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or, upon election of the Investor, 9.99%)
of the outstanding common stock. In addition to the beneficial ownership limitations in the Convertible Note, the sum of the number of
shares of common stock that may be issued under that certain Purchase Agreement (including the Convertible Note and 3i Warrant and common
stock issued thereunder) is limited to 19.99% of the outstanding common stock as of April 19, 2024 (the “Exchange Cap”, which
is equal to 16,007,325 shares of common stock, subject to adjustment as described in the Purchase Agreement), unless shareholder approval
(as defined in the Purchase Agreement) (“Stockholder Approval”) is obtained by the Company to issue more than the Exchange
Cap. The Exchange Cap shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse
stock split or other similar transaction.
Under the Purchase Agreement,
the Company also agreed within 120 days following the closing to obtain stockholder approval under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d) to permit
issuance of greater than 19.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock as of date of the Purchase Agreement at a price
less than the Minimum Price (as defined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d)). Prior to the receipt of the Stockholder Approval, no Convertible
Note may be converted and no 3i Warrant may be exercised that would cause the Company to issue shares that would cause the Company to
breach the rules or regulations of Nasdaq.
The Purchase Agreement
contains certain representations and warranties, covenants and indemnities customary for similar transactions. In addition, pursuant to
the Purchase Agreement, the Company has also agreed to the following covenants: (i) for so long as the earlier of the date on which (x)
the Investor ceases to holds the securities, and (y) 90 trading days from the date of the Purchase Agreement, the Company shall not, without
the Investor’s prior written consent and subject to certain exceptions, enter into any variable rate transaction or transaction
in which a third party is granted the right to receive Company securities based on future transactions of the Company on terms more favorable
than those granted to such party pursuant to such initial transaction.
The Convertible Note
contains customary events of default including but not limited to: (i) failure to make payments when due under the Convertible Note for
a period of at least 5 trading days; (ii) failure to deliver the required number of shares of Common Stock within five trading days after
the applicable conversion date ; (iii) bankruptcy or insolvency of the Company; and (iv) failure to procure Stockholder Approval within
120 days after the closing. If an event of default occurs, Buyer may require the Company to redeem all or any portion of the Debenture
(including all accrued and unpaid interest thereon), in cash.
The 3i Warrant
The 3i Warrant is exercisable for shares of common
stock at a price of $0.48 per share (the “Exercise Price”). The 3i Warrant may be exercised during the period commencing April
19, 2024 and ending October 20, 2029. The Exercise Price is subject to full ratchet anti-dilution protection, subject to certain price
limitations required by Nasdaq rules and regulations and certain exceptions, upon any subsequent transaction at a price lower than the
Exercise Price then in effect and standard adjustments in the event of certain events, such as stock splits, combinations, dividends,
distributions, reclassifications, mergers or other corporate changes.
Private Placement of Convertible Note and
3i Warrant
In connection with the foregoing, the Company
entered into a placement agency agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Maxim Group LLC (the “Placement Agent”),
and agreed to issue the Placement Agent, a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 241,109 shares (“Placement Agent Warrant Shares”)
of our common stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant”) at an exercise price of $0.527 per share, which Placement Agent Warrant
is exercisable at any time on or after the six-month anniversary of the closing date of the Private Placement and will expire on the third
(3rd) anniversary of the effective date of the registration statement registering the underlying Placement Agent Warrant Shares.
Pursuant to the Placement Agency Agreement, in consideration for acting as the Placement Agent for the Private Placement, in addition
to the Placement Agent Warrant, the Company has agreed to (i) pay the Placement Agent a cash fee of 7.0% of the gross proceeds received
by the Company from the Investor, and (ii) reimburse up to $50,000 of the Placement Agent’s reasonable accountable expenses, including,
without limitation, fees and disbursements of Maxim’s counsel and all travel and other out-of-pocket expenses. The Placement Agency
Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification
obligations of the Company, other obligations of the parties thereto, and termination provisions.
The offer and sale of the securities in the Private
Placement was made pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, as amended (the “Securities
Act”) and/or Rule 506(b) of Regulation D promulgated thereunder. Such offer and sale was made only to an “accredited investor”
under Rule 501 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act, and without any form of general solicitation and with full access
to any information requested by such investor regarding the Company or the securities offered and to be issued in the Private Placement.
Anti-Takeover Effects of Provisions of the
Company Charter, the Bylaws and Applicable Law
Certain provisions of the Company Charter, Bylaws,
and laws of the State of Delaware, where the Company is incorporated, may discourage or make more difficult a takeover attempt that a
stockholder might consider in his or her best interest. These provisions may also adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Company’s
common stock. The Company believes that the benefits of increased protection give the Company the potential ability to negotiate with
the proponent of an unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure the Company and outweigh the disadvantage of discouraging those proposals
because negotiation of the proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.
Authorized but Unissued Shares
Delaware law does not require stockholder approval
for any issuance of authorized shares. However, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq, which would apply if and so long as the Company’s
common stock remains listed on the Nasdaq require stockholder approval of certain issuances equal to 20% or more of the then outstanding
voting power or then outstanding number of shares of common stock. Additional shares that may be used in the future may be issued for
a variety of corporate purposes, including future public offerings, to raise additional capital, or to facilitate acquisitions. The existence
of authorized but unissued and unreserved common stock and preferred stock could make more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain
control of the Company by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger, or otherwise.
Number of Directors
The Company Charter and the Bylaws provide that,
subject to any rights of holders of preferred stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, the number of directors
may be fixed from time to time pursuant to a resolution adopted by our board of directors. The initial number of directors is set at seven.
Requirements for Advance Notification of
Stockholder Meetings, Nominations and Proposals
The Bylaws establish advance notice procedures
with respect to stockholder proposals and nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the
direction of our board of directors or a committee of our board of directors. In order to be “properly brought” before a meeting,
a stockholder will have to comply with advance notice requirements and provide the Company with certain information. Generally, to be
timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received at the Company’s principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more
than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the immediately preceding annual meeting of stockholders. The Bylaws also specify requirements
as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. The Bylaws allow the chairman of the meeting at a meeting of the stockholders
to adopt rules and regulations for the conduct of meetings which may have the effect of precluding the conduct of certain business at
a meeting if the rules and regulations are not followed. These provisions may also defer, delay, or discourage a potential acquirer from
conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquirer’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to influence or obtain
control of the Company.
Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal and Payment
The DGCL, provides that, the Company’s stockholders
would have appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation of the Company under certain circumstances. If appraisal rights
were available, pursuant to the DGCL, stockholders who complied with certain requirements would have had the right to receive payment
of the fair value of their shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery. However, there are no appraisal rights available in
connection with the business combination.
Stockholders’ Derivative Actions
Under the DGCL, any of the Company’s stockholders
may bring an action in the Company’s name to procure a judgment in the Company’s favor, also known as a derivative action,
provided that the stockholder bringing the action is a holder of the Company’s shares at the time of the transaction to which the
action relates or such stockholder’s stock thereafter devolved by operation of law.
Transfer Agent, Warrant Agent and Registrar
The Transfer Agent for the Company’s capital
stock will be Equiniti Trust Company, LLC (formerly known as American Stock Transfer & Trust Company) (Equiniti). The Company will
agree to indemnify Equiniti in its roles as Transfer Agent and warrant agent, its agents and each of its stockholders, directors, officers
and employees against all claims and losses that may arise out of acts performed or omitted for its activities in that capacity, except
for any liability due to any gross negligence, willful misconduct or bad faith of the indemnified person or entity.
Listing of Common Stock
Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq under the
symbol “ALCE”.
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME
TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a discussion of certain material
U.S. federal income tax considerations for holders of our common stock that elect to have their common stock and the exercise, disposition
and lapse of our Warrants. The common stock and the Warrants are referred to collectively herein as our securities. All prospective holders
of our securities should consult their tax advisors with respect to the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of the
ownership and disposition of our securities.
This discussion is not a complete analysis of
all potential U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to the ownership and disposition of our securities. This summary is based
upon current provisions of the Code, existing U.S. Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, published administrative pronouncements
and rulings of the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), and judicial decisions, all as in effect as of
the date of this prospectus. These authorities are subject to change and differing interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect.
Any change or differing interpretation could alter the tax consequences to holders described in this discussion. There can be no assurance
that a court or the IRS will not challenge one or more of the tax consequences described herein, and we have not obtained, nor do we
intend to obtain, a ruling with respect to the U.S. federal income tax consequences to a holder of the ownership or disposition of our
securities.
We assume in this discussion that a holder holds
our securities as a “capital asset” within the meaning of Section 1221 of the Code (generally, property held for investment).
This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a particular holder in light of
that holder’s individual circumstances, nor does it address the special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code,
any alternative minimum, Medicare contribution, estate or gift tax consequences, or any aspects of U.S. state, local or non-U.S. taxes
or any non-income U.S. tax laws. This discussion also does not address consequences relevant to holders subject to special tax rules,
such as holders that own, or are deemed to own, more than 5% of our capital stock (except to the extent specifically set forth below),
corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax, tax-exempt organizations, governmental organizations, banks,
financial institutions, investment funds, insurance companies, brokers, dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies,
regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts, persons that have a “functional currency” other than the
U.S. dollar, tax-qualified retirement plans, holders who hold or receive our securities pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options
or otherwise as compensation, holders holding our securities as part of a hedge, straddle or other risk reduction strategy, conversion
transaction or other integrated investment, holders deemed to sell our securities under the constructive sale provisions of the Code,
passive foreign investment companies, controlled foreign corporations, S corporations, and certain former U.S. citizens or long-term
residents.
In addition, this discussion does not address
the tax treatment of partnerships (or entities or arrangements that are treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes)
or persons that hold our securities through such partnerships. If a partnership, including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership
for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds our securities, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in such partnership generally
will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such partners and partnerships should consult their
tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of the ownership and disposition of our securities.
For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S.
Holder” means a beneficial owner of our securities (other than a partnership or an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership
for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
| ● | an
individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
| ● | a
corporation, or an entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes,
created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States or of any
state thereof or the District of Columbia; |
| ● | an
estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source;
or |
| ● | a
trust if (a) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration
and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of the trust’s substantial
decisions or (b) the trust has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury
Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person. |
For purposes of this discussion, a “non-U.S.
Holder” is a beneficial owner of our securities that is neither a U.S. Holder nor a partnership or an entity or arrangement treated
as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Holders
Taxation of Distributions
If we pay distributions or make constructive
distributions (other than certain distributions of our stock or rights to acquire our stock) to U.S. Holders of shares of our common
stock, such distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid or deemed paid
from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess
of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but
not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in our common stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized
on the sale or other disposition of the common stock and will be treated as described under “— Tax Considerations
Applicable to U.S. Holders — Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Stock” below.
Dividends we pay to a U.S. Holder that is a taxable
corporation generally will qualify for the dividends received deduction if the requisite holding period is satisfied. Provided certain
holding period requirements are met, dividends we pay to a non-corporate U.S. Holder generally will constitute “qualified dividends”
that under current law will be subject to tax at long-term capital gains rates. If the holding period requirements are not satisfied,
a corporation may not be able to qualify for the dividends received deduction and would have taxable income equal to the entire dividend
amount, and non-corporate holders may be subject to tax on such dividend at ordinary income tax rates instead of the preferential rates
that apply to qualified dividend income.
Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange
or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Stock
A U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or
loss on the sale, taxable exchange or other taxable disposition of our common stock. Any such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss,
and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common stock disposed of exceeds one year
at the time of disposition. The amount of gain or loss recognized generally will be equal to the difference between (1) the sum of the
amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition and (2) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis
in its common stock disposed of. A U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its common stock generally will equal the U.S. Holder’s
acquisition cost for such common stock (or, in the case of common stock received upon exercise of a Warrant, the U.S. Holder’s
initial basis for such common stock, as discussed below), less any prior distributions treated as a return of capital. Long-term capital
gains recognized by non-corporate U.S. Holders generally are eligible under current law for reduced rates of tax. If the U.S. Holder’s
holding period for the common stock disposed of is one year or less at the time of disposition, any gain on a taxable disposition of
our common stock would be subject to short-term capital gain treatment and would be taxed at ordinary income tax rates. The deductibility
of capital losses is subject to limitations.
Exercise of a Warrant
Except as discussed below with respect to the
cashless exercise of a Warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize taxable gain or loss upon the exercise of a Warrant for cash.
The U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in the shares of our common stock received upon exercise of the Warrant generally will be an
amount equal to the sum of the U.S. Holder’s acquisition cost of the Warrant and the exercise price of such Warrant. It is unclear
whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the common stock received upon exercise of the Warrant would commence on the date of
exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrant; however, in either case the holding period will not
include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Warrants.
In certain circumstances, the Warrants may be
exercised on a cashless basis. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of an exercise of a warrant on a cashless basis is not clear, and
could differ from the consequences described above. It is possible that a cashless exercise could be a taxable event, a non-realization
event, or a tax-free recapitalization. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of an exercise of
a Warrant on a cashless basis, including with respect to their holding period and tax basis in the common stock received upon exercise
of the Warrant.
Sale, Exchange, Redemption or Expiration
of a Warrant
Upon a sale, exchange (other than by exercise),
redemption, or expiration of a Warrant, a U.S. Holder will recognize taxable gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between
(1) the amount realized upon such disposition and (2) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Warrant. A U.S. Holder’s
adjusted tax basis in its Warrants generally will equal the U.S. Holder’s acquisition cost of the Warrant, increased by the amount
of any constructive distributions included in income by such U.S. Holder (as described below under “Tax Considerations Applicable
to U.S. Holders — Possible Constructive Distributions”). Such gain or loss generally will be treated as long-term capital
gain or loss if the Warrant is held by the U.S. Holder for more than one year at the time of such disposition or expiration.
If a Warrant expires unexercised, a U.S. Holder
generally will recognize a capital loss equal to such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the Warrant. Any such loss generally will
be a capital loss and will be long-term capital loss if the Warrant is held for more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses
is subject to certain limitations.
Possible Constructive Distributions
The terms of each Warrant provide for an adjustment
to the number of shares of common stock for which the Warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the Warrant in certain events,
as discussed in the section of this prospectus captioned “Description of Our Securities.” An adjustment which has
the effect of preventing dilution generally should not be a taxable event. Nevertheless, a U.S. Holder of Warrants would be treated as
receiving a constructive distribution from us if, for example, the adjustment increases the holder’s proportionate interest in
our assets or earnings and profits (e.g., through an increase in the number of shares of common stock that would be obtained upon exercise
or an adjustment to the exercise price of the Warrant) as a result of a distribution of cash to the holders of shares of our common stock
that is taxable to such holders as a distribution. Such constructive distribution would be subject to tax as described above under “Tax
Considerations Applicable to U.S. Holders — Taxation of Distributions” in the same manner as if such U.S. Holder received
a cash distribution from us on common stock equal to the fair market value of such increased interest.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
In general, information reporting requirements
may apply to distributions paid to a U.S. Holder and to the proceeds of the sale or other disposition of our shares of our securities,
unless the U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient. Backup withholding may apply to such payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide a taxpayer
identification number (or furnishes an incorrect taxpayer identification number) or a certification of exempt status or has been notified
by the IRS that such U.S. Holder is subject to backup withholding (and such notification has not been withdrawn). Backup withholding
is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a credit against a U.S. Holder’s
U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided the required information is timely furnished to the
IRS. Taxpayers should consult their tax advisors regarding their qualification for an exemption from backup withholding and the procedures
for obtaining such an exemption.
Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S.
Holders
Taxation of Distributions
In general, any distributions (including constructive
distributions) we make to a non-U.S. Holder of shares on our common stock, to the extent paid or deemed paid out of our current or accumulated
earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles), will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax
purposes and, provided such dividends are not effectively connected with the non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within
the United States, we will be required to withhold tax from the gross amount of the dividend at a rate of 30%, unless such non-U.S. Holder
is eligible for a reduced rate of withholding tax under an applicable income tax treaty and provides proper certification of its eligibility
for such reduced rate (usually on an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, as applicable). In the case of any constructive dividend (as described
below under “— Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders — Possible Constructive Distributions”),
it is possible that this tax would be withheld from any amount owed to a non-U.S. Holder by the applicable withholding agent, including
cash distributions on other property or sale proceeds from Warrants or other property subsequently paid or credited to such holder. Any
distribution not constituting a dividend will be treated first as reducing (but not below zero) the non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted
tax basis in its shares of our common stock and, to the extent such distribution exceeds the non-U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis,
as gain realized from the sale or other disposition of the common stock, which will be treated as described under “—Tax
Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders — Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Stock and Warrants”
below. In addition, if we determine that we are likely to be classified as a “United States real property holding corporation”
(see the section entitled “—Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders — Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other
Taxable Disposition of Common Stock and Warrants” below), we will withhold 15% of any distribution that exceeds our current
and accumulated earnings and profits.
Dividends we pay to a non-U.S. Holder that are
effectively connected with such non-U.S. Holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (or, if a tax treaty
applies, are attributable to a U.S. permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. Holder) generally will not be subject
to U.S. withholding tax, provided such non-U.S. Holder complies with certain certification and disclosure requirements (generally by
providing an IRS Form W-8ECI). Instead, such dividends generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, net of certain deductions,
at the same individual or corporate rates applicable to U.S. Holders. If the non-U.S. Holder is a corporation, dividends that are effectively
connected income may also be subject to a “branch profits tax” at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be specified by
an applicable income tax treaty).
Exercise of a Warrant
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of a non-U.S.
Holder’s exercise of a Warrant generally will correspond to the U.S. federal income tax treatment of the exercise of a Warrant
by a U.S. Holder, as described under “— Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Holders — Exercise of a Warrant”
above, although to the extent a cashless exercise results in a taxable exchange, the tax consequences to the non-U.S. Holder would be
the same as those described below in “— Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders — Gain on Sale, Exchange
or Other Taxable Disposition of Common Stock and Warrants.”
Gain on Sale, Exchange or Other Taxable
Disposition of Common Stock and Warrants
A non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject
to U.S. federal income or withholding tax in respect of gain recognized on a sale, taxable exchange or other taxable disposition of our
common stock or Warrants or an expiration or redemption of our Warrants, unless:
| ● | the
gain is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business by the non-U.S. Holder
within the United States (and, if an applicable tax treaty so requires, is attributable to
a U.S. permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the non-U.S. Holder); |
|
● |
the non-U.S. Holder is
an individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of disposition and certain other conditions
are met; or |
| ● | we
are or have been a “United States real property holding corporation” for U.S.
federal income tax purposes at any time during the shorter of the five-year period ending
on the date of disposition or the period that the non-U.S. Holder held our common stock or
Warrants and, in the case where shares of our common stock are regularly traded on an established
securities market, (i) the non-U.S. Holder has owned, actually or constructively, more than
5% of our common stock at any time within the relevant period or (ii) provided that our Warrants
are regularly traded on an established securities market, the non-U.S. Holder has owned,
actually or constructively, more than 5% of our Warrants at any time within the within the
relevant period. It is unclear how a non-U.S. Holder’s ownership of Warrants will affect
the determination of whether the non-U.S. Holder owns more than 5% of our common stock. In
addition, special rules may apply in the case of a disposition of warrants if our common
stock is considered to be regularly traded, but our Warrants are not considered to be regularly
traded. There can be no assurance that our common stock or Warrants will or will not be treated
as regularly traded on an established securities market for this purpose. |
Gain described in the first bullet point above
will be subject to tax at generally applicable U.S. federal income tax rates as if the non-U.S. Holder were a U.S. resident. Any gains
described in the first bullet point above of a non-U.S. Holder that is a foreign corporation may also be subject to an additional “branch
profits tax” at a 30% rate (or lower applicable treaty rate). Gain described in the second bullet point above generally will be
subject to a flat 30% U.S. federal income tax. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding possible eligibility
for benefits under income tax treaties.
If the third bullet point above applies to a
non-U.S. Holder and applicable exceptions are not available, gain recognized by such holder on the sale, exchange or other disposition
of our common stock or Warrants, as applicable, will be subject to tax at generally applicable U.S. federal income tax rates. In addition,
a buyer of our common stock or Warrants may be required to withhold U.S. income tax at a rate of 15% of the amount realized upon such
disposition. We will be classified as a United States real property holding corporation if the fair market value of our “United
States real property interests” equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of our worldwide real property interests
plus our other assets used or held for use in a trade or business, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We do not believe
we currently are or will become a United States real property holding corporation; however, there can be no assurance in this regard.
Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of these rules.
Possible Constructive Distributions
The terms of each Warrant provide for an adjustment
to the number of shares of common stock for which the Warrant may be exercised or to the exercise price of the Warrant in certain events,
as discussed in the section of this prospectus captioned “Description of Our Securities.” An adjustment that has the
effect of preventing dilution generally should not be a taxable event. Nevertheless, a non-U.S. Holder of Warrants would be treated as
receiving a constructive distribution from us if, for example, the adjustment increases the holder’s proportionate interest in
our assets or earnings and profits (e.g., through an increase in the number of shares of common stock that would be obtained upon exercise
or an adjustment to the exercise price of the Warrant) as a result of a distribution of cash to the holders of shares of our common stock
that is taxable to such holders as a distribution. A non-U.S. Holder would be subject to U.S. federal income tax withholding as described
above under “Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders — Taxation of Distributions” under that section
in the same manner as if such non-U.S. Holder received a cash distribution from us on common stock equal to the fair market value of
such increased interest.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
Sections 1471 through 1474 of the Code (commonly
referred to as the “Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act” or “FATCA”) and Treasury
Regulations and administrative guidance promulgated thereunder impose a U.S. federal withholding tax of 30% on certain payments paid
to a foreign financial institution (as specifically defined by applicable rules) unless such institution enters into an agreement with
the U.S. government to withhold on certain payments and to collect and provide to the U.S. tax authorities substantial information regarding
U.S. account holders of such institution (which includes certain equity holders of such institution, as well as certain account holders
that are foreign entities with U.S. owners). FATCA also generally imposes a federal withholding tax of 30% on certain payments to a non-financial
foreign entity unless such entity provides the withholding agent with either a certification that it does not have any substantial direct
or indirect U.S. owners or provides information regarding substantial direct and indirect U.S. owners of the entity. An intergovernmental
agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements. The withholding tax described above
will not apply if the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity otherwise qualifies for an exemption from the rules.
FATCA withholding currently applies to payments
of dividends. The U.S. Treasury Department has released proposed regulations which, if finalized in their present form, would eliminate
the federal withholding tax of 30% applicable to the gross proceeds of a disposition of our securities. In its preamble to such proposed
regulations, the U.S. Treasury Department stated that taxpayers may generally rely on the proposed regulations until final regulations
are issued. Non-U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the possible implications of FATCA on their
investment in our securities.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
Information returns will be filed with the IRS
in connection with payments of distributions and the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our securities. A non-U.S. Holder may
have to comply with certification procedures to establish that it is not a United States person in order to avoid information reporting
and backup withholding requirements. The certification procedures required to claim a reduced rate of withholding under a treaty generally
will satisfy the certification requirements necessary to avoid the backup withholding as well. Backup withholding is not an additional
tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a non-U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against such holder’s
U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle such holder to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished
to the IRS.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
We are registering the resale by the selling
securityholders named in this prospectus, or their permitted transferees, of up to 80,217,968 shares of our common stock consisting of:
(a) up to 57,400,000 shares of our common stock issued to AEG based on a value of $10.00 per share; (b) up to 7,666,667 shares of our
common stock (2,555,556 of which are subject to vesting upon the occurrence of certain events) issued to the Sponsor, purchased at a
price of $0.01 per share; (c) up to 1,320,000 shares of common stock to be issued to Wissam Anastas, at an effective price of $0.73 per
share; (d) up to 890,000 shares of common stock issued to the Sponsor in a private placement as part of the Sponsor Units, at a price
of $10.00 per share; (e) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock issued to Moneta Advisory Partners, LLC at an equity consideration
value of $0.50 per share; (f) up to 225,000 shares of our common stock issued to SPAC Sponsor Capital Access at an equity consideration
value of $0.52 per share; and (g) up to 81,301 shares of our common stock issued to Outside the Box Capital Inc. at an equity consideration
value of $1.32 per share; (h) up to 100,000 shares of our common stock transferred to Jones Trading Institutional Services LLC from AEG
as compensation for services at a price per share value of $0.44 per share; (i) up to 11,500,000 shares of common stock issuable upon
the exercise of our 11,500,000 Public Warrants, with an exercise price of $11.50 per share; (j) up to 445,000 shares of common stock
issuable upon the exercise of the Sponsor Warrants with an exercise price of $11.50 issued to the Sponsor as part of the Sponsor Units
valued at $10.00 per share; (k) up to 300,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 1 Warrants, exercisable
at a purchase price of $0.01; (l) up to 100,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 2 Warrants, exercisable
at a purchase price of $11.50; and (m) up to 90,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of the SCM Tech 3 Warrants, exercisable
at a purchase price of $0.01 per share.
At the closing price of $0.3526 per share
for our common stock on July 17, 2024, no profit will be earned from the sale of our common stock by any of the selling shareholders
except for the Sponsor, who would earn $2,226,000 in profit if it sold its 7,666,667 Founders Shares and SCM Tech, LLC, who would earn
$136,614 if it exercised in full the SCM Tech 1 Warrant and SCM Tech 3 Warrant and sold all 390,000 shares issued to it from such exercises.
We are required to pay all fees and expenses incident
to the registration of the securities to be offered and sold pursuant to this prospectus. The selling securityholders will bear all commissions
and discounts, if any, attributable to their sale of securities.
We will not receive any of the proceeds from the
sale of the shares of common stock or the Warrants by the selling securityholders. We will receive proceeds from Warrants exercised in
the event that such Warrants are exercised for cash. The aggregate proceeds to the selling securityholders will be the purchase price
of the securities less any discounts and commissions borne by the selling securityholders.
The shares of common stock beneficially owned
by the selling securityholders covered by this prospectus may be offered and sold from time to time by the selling securityholders. The
term “selling securityholders” includes donees, pledgees, transferees or other successors in interest selling securities received
after the date of this prospectus from a selling securityholder as a gift, pledge, partnership distribution or other transfer. The selling
securityholders will act independently of us in making decisions with respect to the timing, manner and size of each sale. Such sales
may be made on one or more exchanges or in the over-the-counter market or otherwise, at prices and under terms then prevailing or at prices
related to the then current market price or in negotiated transactions. The selling securityholders may sell their securities by one or
more of, or a combination of, the following methods:
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purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by such broker-dealer for its own account pursuant to this prospectus; |
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ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker solicits purchasers; |
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block trades in which the broker-dealer so engaged will attempt to sell the shares as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the transaction; |
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an over-the-counter distribution in accordance with the rules of Nasdaq; |
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through trading plans entered into by a selling securityholder pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, that are in place at the time of an offering pursuant to this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement hereto that provide for periodic sales of their securities on the basis of parameters described in such trading plans; |
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short sales; |
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distribution to employees, members, limited partners or stockholders of the selling securityholders; through the writing or settlement of options or other hedging transaction, whether through an options exchange or otherwise; |
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by pledge to secured debts and other obligations; |
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delayed delivery arrangements; |
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to or through underwriters or broker-dealers; |
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in “at the market” offerings, as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act, at negotiated prices, at prices prevailing at the time of sale or at prices related to such prevailing market prices, including sales made directly on a national securities exchange or sales made through a market maker other than on an exchange or other similar offerings through sales agents; |
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in privately negotiated transactions; |
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in options transactions; |
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through a combination of any of the above methods of sale; or |
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any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law. |
In addition, any securities that qualify for sale pursuant to Rule
144 may be sold under Rule 144 rather than pursuant to this prospectus.
In addition, a selling securityholder that is
an entity may elect to make a pro rata in-kind distribution of securities to its members, partners or stockholders pursuant
to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part by delivering a prospectus with a plan of distribution. Such members,
partners or stockholders would thereby receive freely tradeable securities pursuant to the distribution through a registration statement.
To the extent a distributee is an affiliate of ours (or to the extent otherwise required by law), we may, at our option, file a prospectus
supplement in order to permit the distributees to use the prospectus to resell the securities acquired in the distribution.
To the extent required, this prospectus may be
amended or supplemented from time to time to describe a specific plan of distribution. In connection with distributions of the securities
or otherwise, the selling securityholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions. In
connection with such transactions, broker-dealers or other financial institutions may engage in short sales of the securities in the course
of hedging the positions they assume with selling securityholders. The selling securityholders may also sell the securities short and
redeliver the securities to close out such short positions. The selling securityholders may also enter into option or other transactions
with broker-dealers or other financial institutions which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other financial institution of
securities offered by this prospectus, which securities such broker-dealer or other financial institution may resell pursuant to this
prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction). The selling securityholders may also pledge securities to a broker-dealer
or other financial institution, and, upon a default, such broker- dealer or other financial institution, may effect sales of the pledged
securities pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).
In effecting sales, broker-dealers or agents engaged
by the selling securityholders may arrange for other broker-dealers to participate. Broker-dealers or agents may receive commissions,
discounts or concessions from the selling securityholders in amounts to be negotiated immediately prior to the sale.
In offering the securities covered by this prospectus,
the selling securityholders and any broker-dealers who execute sales for the selling securityholders may be deemed to be “underwriters”
within the meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. Any profits realized by the selling securityholders
and the compensation of any broker-dealer may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions.
In order to comply with the securities laws of
certain states, if applicable, the securities must be sold in such jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers.
In addition, in certain states the securities may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the applicable
state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and is complied with.
We have advised the selling securityholders that
the anti-manipulation rules of Regulation M under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of securities in the market
and to the activities of the selling securityholders and their affiliates. In addition, we will make copies of this prospectus available
to the selling securityholders for the purpose of satisfying the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act. The selling
securityholders may indemnify any broker-dealer that participates in transactions involving the sale of the securities against certain
liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.
At the time a particular offer of securities is
made, if required, a prospectus supplement will be distributed that will set forth the number of securities being offered and the terms
of the offering, including the name of any underwriter, dealer or agent, the purchase price paid by any underwriter, any discount, commission
and other item constituting compensation, any discount, commission or concession allowed or reallowed or paid to any dealer, and the proposed
selling price to the public.
A holder of Warrants may exercise its Warrant in accordance with the
warrant agreement on or before the expiration date set forth therein by surrendering, at the office of the warrant agent, Equiniti Trust
Company, LLC (formerly known as American Stock Transfer & Trust Company), the certificate evidencing such Warrant, with the form of
election to purchase set forth thereon, properly completed and duly executed, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price and any
and all applicable taxes due in connection with the exercise of the Warrant, subject to any applicable provisions relating to cashless
exercises in accordance with the warrant agreement.
LEGAL MATTERS
The validity of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus
will be passed upon by Sichenzia Ross Ference Carmel LLP.
EXPERTS
The financial statements
of the Company as of December 31, 2023, included in this prospectus and in the Registration Statement have been so included in reliance
on the report of Mazars USA LLP an independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere herein and in the Registration
Statement, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The report on the financial statements contains
an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The financial statements
of the Company as of December 31, 2022, included in this prospectus and in the Registration Statement have been so included in reliance
on the report of Forvis Mazars (then known as “Mazars”) an independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere
herein and in the Registration Statement, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The report on the
financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE
INFORMATION
We have filed with the
SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act with respect to the shares of common stock and warrants offered hereby.
This prospectus, which constitutes part of the registration statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration
statement and the exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with respect to our company and our common stock and warrants,
reference is made to the registration statement and the exhibits and any schedules filed therewith. Statements contained in this prospectus
as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you
to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified
in all respects by this reference.
You can read our SEC
filings, including the registration statement, over the internet at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
We are subject to the
information reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and we are required to file reports, proxy statements and other information with
the SEC. These reports, proxy statements, and other information are available for inspection and copying at the SEC’s website referred
to above. We also maintain a website at https://alternusce.com/ at which you may access these materials free of charge
as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Information contained on or accessible
through our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual
reference only.
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2023 and 2022
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_009.jpg) |
Mazars USA
LLP 135 West 50th Street New York, New York 10020
Tel: 212.812.7000
www.mazars.us |
REPORT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and
Shareholders of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated
balance sheet of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc (the Company) as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations,
comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively
referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial
position of the Company as of December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity
with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph Regarding Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements
have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements,
the Company has incurred operating losses since inception, has insufficient cash flows from its operating activities, has an accumulated
deficit and its assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured creditors. These conditions raise
substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters also are described
in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility
of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our
audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are
required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the
standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged
to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding
of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s
internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess
the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond
to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well
as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Mazars USA LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.
New York, NY
April 15, 2024
Mazars USA LLP is an independent member
firm of Mazars Group.
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_008a.jpg) |
Block 3 Harcourt Centre
Harcourt Road
Dublin 2
DO2 A339
Ireland
Tel: +353 1 449 4400
www.mazars.ie |
REPORT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To
the Board of Directors and
Shareholders of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance
sheet of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc (the Company) as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive
loss, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial
statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company
as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Explanatory Paragraph Regarding Going Concern
The accompanying consolidated financial statements
have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements,
the Company has incurred operating losses since inception, has insufficient cash flows from its operating activities, has an accumulated
deficit and its assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured creditors. These conditions raise
substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans regarding those matters also are described
in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility
of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our
audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are
required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and
regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards
of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements
are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform,
an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal
control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audit included performing procedures to assess
the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond
to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well
as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_011.jpg)
/s/ Mazars Ireland
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2022.
Dublin, Ireland
April 15, 2024
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| |
As of December 31, | | |
As of December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
ASSETS | |
| | |
| |
Current Assets | |
| | |
| |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | 4,618 | | |
$ | 705 | |
Accounts receivable, net | |
| 651 | | |
| 3,335 | |
Unbilled energy incentives earned | |
| 5,607 | | |
| 4,954 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |
| 3,344 | | |
| 1,482 | |
Taxes recoverable | |
| 631 | | |
| 1,388 | |
Restricted Cash | |
| 19,161 | | |
| - | |
Current discontinued assets held for sale | |
| 80,943 | | |
| - | |
Total Current Assets | |
| 114,955 | | |
| 11,864 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Property and equipment, net | |
| 61,302 | | |
| 68,953 | |
Right of use asset | |
| 1,330 | | |
| 1,004 | |
Restricted cash | |
| - | | |
| 6,598 | |
Other receivable | |
| 1,483 | | |
| - | |
Capitalized development cost and other long-term assets, net | |
| 6,216 | | |
| 2,146 | |
Non-current discontinued assets held for sale | |
| - | | |
| 87,750 | |
Total Assets | |
$ | 185,286 | | |
$ | 178,315 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) | |
| | | |
| | |
Current Liabilities | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 5,084 | | |
$ | 1,138 | |
Accrued liabilities | |
| 24,410 | | |
| 3,471 | |
Taxes payable | |
| 14 | | |
| 616 | |
Deferred income | |
| 5,607 | | |
| 4,954 | |
Operating lease liability | |
| 175 | | |
| 75 | |
Green bonds | |
| 166,122 | | |
| - | |
Convertible and non-convertible promissory notes, net of debt issuance costs | |
| 31,420 | | |
| - | |
Current discontinued liabilities held for sale | |
| 14,259 | | |
| - | |
Total Current Liabilities | |
| 247,091 | | |
| 10,254 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Green bonds | |
| - | | |
| 149,481 | |
Convertible and non-convertible promissory notes, net of debt issuance costs | |
| - | | |
| 9,214 | |
Operating lease liability, net of current portion | |
| 1,252 | | |
| 960 | |
Asset retirement obligations | |
| 197 | | |
| 397 | |
Non-current discontinued liabilities held for sale | |
| - | | |
| 10,591 | |
Total Liabilities | |
| 248,540 | | |
| 180,897 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Shareholders’ Deficit | |
| | | |
| | |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000,000 authorized as of December 31, 2023.
0 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023. | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, 150,000,000 authorized as of December 31, 2023;
71,905,363 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 57,500,000 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2022. | |
| 7 | | |
| 6 | |
Additional paid in capital | |
| 27,874 | | |
| 19,797 | |
Foreign Currency Translation Reserve | |
| (2,924 | ) | |
| (3,638 | ) |
Accumulated deficit | |
| (88,211 | ) | |
| (18,747 | ) |
Total Shareholders’ Deficit | |
| (63,254 | ) | |
| (2,582 | ) |
Total Liabilities and Shareholder’ Deficit | |
$ | 185,286 | | |
$ | 178,315 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE
LOSS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| |
Year Ended December 31 | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (4,468 | ) | |
| (4,439 | ) |
Selling, general and administrative | |
| (11,228 | ) | |
| (5,720 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (3,657 | ) | |
| (3,677 | ) |
Development Costs | |
| (798 | ) | |
| (11,372 | ) |
Loss on disposal of assets | |
| (5,501 | ) | |
| (79 | ) |
Total operating expenses | |
| (25,652 | ) | |
| (25,287 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Loss from operations | |
| (5,568 | ) | |
| (8,198 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (18,562 | ) | |
| (10,256 | ) |
Fair value movement of FPA Asset | |
| (16,642 | ) | |
| - | |
Solis bond waiver fee | |
| (11,232 | ) | |
| - | |
Other expense | |
| (1,642 | ) | |
| (684 | ) |
Other income | |
| 9 | | |
| 569 | |
Total other expenses | |
| (48,069 | ) | |
| (10,371 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
| (53,637 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| (15 | ) | |
| - | |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
| (53,652 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from operations of discontinued business component | |
| (3,885 | ) | |
| 141 | |
Impairment loss recognized on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | |
| (11,766 | ) | |
| - | |
Income tax | |
| (161 | ) | |
| (21 | ) |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
| (15,812 | ) | |
| 120 | |
Net loss | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,449 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (53,652 | ) | |
| (18,569 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (0.93 | ) | |
| (0.32 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.93 | ) | |
| (0.32 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Comprehensive loss: | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,449 | ) |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | |
| 714 | | |
| (991 | ) |
Comprehensive loss | |
$ | (68,750 | ) | |
$ | (19,440 | ) |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’
EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in thousands, except share amounts)
|
|
Preferred Stock |
|
|
Common Stock |
|
|
Additional Paid-In |
|
|
Foreign Currency Translation |
|
|
Accumulated |
|
|
Total Shareholders’ |
|
|
|
Shares |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
Shares |
|
|
Amount |
|
|
Capital |
|
|
Reserve |
|
|
Deficit |
|
|
Equity |
|
Balance at January 1, 2022, as recast |
|
|
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
29,220 |
|
|
$ |
(2,647 |
) |
|
$ |
(298 |
) |
|
$ |
26,275 |
|
Retroactive application of Merger |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
57,500,000 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
(6 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Adjusted balance, beginning of period* |
|
|
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
|
57,500,000 |
|
|
$ |
6 |
|
|
$ |
29,214 |
|
|
$ |
(2,647 |
) |
|
$ |
(298 |
) |
|
$ |
26,275 |
|
Distribution to stockholder |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(15,063 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(15,063 |
) |
Contribution from stockholder |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
5,646 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
5,646 |
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(991 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(991 |
) |
Net Loss |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(18,449 |
) |
|
|
(18,449 |
) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |
|
|
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
|
57,500,000 |
|
|
$ |
6 |
|
|
$ |
19,797 |
|
|
$ |
(3,638 |
) |
|
$ |
(18,747 |
) |
|
$ |
(2,582 |
) |
Distribution to stockholder |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(25,195 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(25,195 |
) |
Contribution from stockholder |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
15,295 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15,295 |
|
Merger, net of transaction costs |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
11,383,809 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
(2,341 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(2,340 |
) |
Fair Value of penny warrants |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
1,820 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
1,820 |
|
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock to
Meteora parties subject to FPA |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
2,796,554 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
16,493 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
16,493 |
|
Conversion of promissory note payable to related party
for common stock in connection with the Merger |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
225,000 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
2,005 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
2,005 |
|
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
714 |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
714 |
|
Net Loss |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
(69,464 |
) |
|
|
(69,464 |
) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |
|
|
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
|
71,905,363 |
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
27,874 |
|
|
$ |
(2,924 |
) |
|
$ |
(88,211 |
) |
|
$ |
(63,254 |
) |
Note: as a result of the business combination
as recast, the shares of the Company’s common stock prior to the Business Combination (refer to Note 4) have been retrospectively
recast to reflect the change in the capital structure as a result of the Business Combination.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities | |
| | |
| |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
$ | (53,652 | ) | |
$ | (18,569 | ) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss) to net cash provided
used in operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | |
| 3,657 | | |
| 3,677 | |
Amortization of debt discount | |
| 4,859 | | |
| 3,871 | |
Credit loss expense | |
| 8 | | |
| - | |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange rates | |
| (187 | ) | |
| 288 | |
Fair value movement of FPA Asset | |
| 16,642 | | |
| - | |
Solis Bond waiver fee | |
| 11,232 | | |
| - | |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| 3,889 | | |
| - | |
Non-cash operating lease assets | |
| (299 | ) | |
| (1,049 | ) |
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts receivable and other short-term receivables | |
| 4,047 | | |
| (2,752 | ) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | |
| (2,776 | ) | |
| 2,496 | |
Accounts payable | |
| 3,673 | | |
| (1,225 | ) |
Accrued liabilities | |
| 18,964 | | |
| 3,584 | |
Operating lease liabilities | |
| 381 | | |
| 1,034 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Operating Activities | |
$ | 10,438 | | |
$ | (8,645 | ) |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Operating Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| 2,774 | | |
| 1,255 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Purchases of property and equipment | |
| (4,737 | ) | |
| (1,154 | ) |
Sales of property and equipment | |
| 17,364 | | |
| - | |
Capitalized Cost | |
| (5,857 | ) | |
| (655 | ) |
Construction in Process | |
| (7,445 | ) | |
| (3,164 | ) |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Investing Activities | |
$ | (675 | ) | |
$ | (4,973 | ) |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Investing Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| (83 | ) | |
| (12,429 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Proceeds from debt | |
| 15,468 | | |
| 23,961 | |
Payments of debt principal | |
| (210 | ) | |
| - | |
Debt Issuance Cost | |
| 292 | | |
| (1,407 | ) |
Merger proceeds net of transaction costs | |
| (500 | ) | |
| - | |
Repayment of shareholder loans | |
| - | | |
| (9,282 | ) |
Distributions to parent | |
| (21,908 | ) | |
| (29,997 | ) |
Contributions from parent | |
| 15,855 | | |
| 21,731 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Financing Activities | |
$ | 8,997 | | |
$ | 5,006 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Financing Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| (5,067 | ) | |
| 7,325 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Effect of exchange rate on cash | |
| 433 | | |
| (558 | ) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted
cash | |
$ | 16,817 | | |
$ | (13,019 | ) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash beginning of the year | |
| 7,747 | | |
| 20,766 | |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of the year | |
$ | 24,564 | | |
$ | 7,747 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Reconciliation | |
| | | |
| | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
| 5,403 | | |
| 1,149 | |
Restricted cash | |
| 19,161 | | |
| 6,598 | |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of the year | |
$ | 24,564 | | |
$ | 7,747 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED SUPPLEMENTAL STATEMENTS OF CASH
FLOW
| |
Year Ended December 30, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure | |
| |
Cash paid during the period for: | |
| | |
| |
Interest (net of capitalized interest of 397 and 87 respectively) | |
| 7,321 | | |
| 3,828 | |
Taxes | |
| 2,488 | | |
| 2,015 | |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of
these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS CLEAN ENERGY,
INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| 1. | Organization and Formation |
Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
(the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on May 14, 2021 and was originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“Clean
Earth”).
On October 12, 2022, Clean
Earth entered into a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement,
dated as of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business
Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated
as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R
BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”) and the
Sponsor. Following the approval of the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special
meeting of the stockholders of Clean Earth held on December 4, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination on December 22,
2023. In accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, Clean Earth issued and transferred 57,500,000 shares of common stock of
Clean Earth, par value $0.0001 per share, to AEG, and AEG transferred to Clean Earth, and Clean Earth received from AEG, all of the issued
and outstanding equity interests in the Acquired Subsidiaries (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (the “Equity Exchange,”
and together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”).
In connection with the Closing, the Company changed its name from Clean Earth Acquisition Corp. to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
Clean Earth’s only precombination
assets were cash and investments and the SPAC did not meet the definition of a business in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Therefore, the
substance of the transaction was a recapitalization of the target (AEG) rather than a business combination or an asset acquisition. In
such a situation, the transaction is accounted for as though the target issued its equity for the net assets of the SPAC and, since a
business combination has not occurred, no goodwill or intangible assets would be recorded. As such, AEG is considered the accounting
acquirer and these consolidated financial statements represent a continuation of AEG’s financial statements. Assets and liabilities
of AEG are presented at their historical carrying values.
Alternus Clean Energy Inc.
is a holding company that operates through the following forty-seven operating subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023:
Subsidiary |
|
Principal
Activity |
|
Date
Acquired /
Established |
|
ALTN
Ownership |
|
Country
of
Operations |
Power
Clouds S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
31
March 2015 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
F.R.A.N.
Energy Investment S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
31
March 2015 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
PC-Italia-01
S.r.l. |
|
Sub-Holding
SPV |
|
15
May 2015 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Zonnepark
Rilland B.V. |
|
SPV |
|
20
December 2019 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Netherlands |
PC-Italia-03
S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
1 July
2020 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
PC-Italia-04
S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
15
July 2020 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
16
October 2020 |
|
AEG
JD 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
ALT
US 03, LLC
(Walking Horse Solar, LLC) |
|
LLC |
|
Acquired
15 December 2020
(Est. 30 March 2023) |
|
ALT
US 03 LLC |
|
USA |
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
Holding
Company |
|
10
May 2021 |
|
Alternus
Energy Group Pl |
|
USA |
LJG
Green Source Energy Beta S.r.l |
|
SPV |
|
29
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Ecosfer
Energy S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
30
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Lucas
EST S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
30
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Risorse
Solari I S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
28
September 2019 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Risorse
Solari III S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
3 August
2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Alternus
Iberia S.L. |
|
SPV |
|
4 August
2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Spain |
Solarpark
Samas Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
31
August 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
AED
Italia-01 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-02 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-03 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-04 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-05 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
ALT
US 01 LLC |
|
SPV |
|
6 December
2021 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
Elektrownia
PV Komorowo Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
22
December 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
PV
Zachod Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
22
December 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
AEG
MH 01 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8 March
2022 |
|
Alternus
Lux 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Ireland |
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8 March
2022 |
|
AEG
JD 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
ALT
US 02 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8 March
2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
AEG
JD 01 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
16
March 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
AEG
JD 03 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
21
March 2022 |
|
Alternus
Lux 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Ireland |
RA01
Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
24
March 2022 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
Gardno
Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
24
March 2022 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
Gardno2
Sp. z o.o. |
|
SPV |
|
24
March 2022 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Poland |
ALT
US 03 LLC |
|
SPV |
|
4 May
2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
Alt
Spain 03, S.L.U. |
|
SPV |
|
31
May 2022 |
|
Alt
Spain Holdco S.L. |
|
Spain |
AEG
MH 03 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
10
June 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 01 Limited |
|
Ireland |
Lightwave
Renewables, LLC |
|
SPV |
|
Acquired
29 June 2022
(Est. 17 December 2020) |
|
ALT
US 02 LLC |
|
USA |
Alt
Spain Holdco, S.L.U. (NF Projects S.L) |
|
Holding
Company |
|
Acquired
14 July 2022
(Est. 31 July 2023) |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Spain |
AED
Italia-06 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
2 August
2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-07 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
2 August
2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-08 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
5 August
2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
ALT
US 04 LLC
(Dancing Horse, LLC) |
|
Holding
Company |
|
14
September 2022
(Est. 31 July 2023) |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
Alternus
LUX 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Holding
Company |
|
5 October
2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Group Plc |
|
Luxembourg |
Alt
Spain 04, S.L.U. |
|
SPV |
|
May
2022 |
|
Alt
Spain Holdco, S.L.U. |
|
Spain |
Alt
Alliance LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
September
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Amercias Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US 05 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
September
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US 06 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
October
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT US 07 LLC
(River Song Solar LLC) |
|
Holding
Company |
|
November
2023
(Est. December 2022) |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
| 2. | Going Concern
and Management’s Plans |
Our consolidated financial
statements for the year ended December 31, 2023, identifies the existence of certain conditions that raise substantial doubt about our
ability to continue as a going concern for twelve months from the issuance of this report:
The accompanying consolidated
financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of
liabilities in the normal course of business. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements during the period ended
December 31, 2023, the Company had net loss from continuing operations of ($53.7) million and a net loss of ($18.6) million for the year
ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company had total shareholders’ equity/(deficit) of ($63.3) million as of December 31, 2023
and ($2.6) million at December 31, 2022. The Company had $4.6 million of unrestricted cash on hand as of December 31, 2023.
Our operating revenues are
insufficient to fund our operations and our assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured creditors,
respectively. The unavailability of additional financing could require us to delay, scale back or terminate our acquisition efforts as
well as our own business activities, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects.
The terms of our indebtedness,
including the covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we
will be unable to continue as a going concern. To continue as a going concern over the next twelve months, we must make payments on our
debt as they come due and comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness or, if we fail to do so, to (i) negotiate
and obtain waivers of or forbearances with respect to any defaults that occur with respect to our indebtedness, (ii) amend, replace,
refinance or restructure any or all of the agreements governing our indebtedness, and/or (iii) otherwise secure additional capital. However,
we cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing any of these plans.
As of December 31, 2022, Solis
was in breach of the three financial covenants under Solis’ Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires the higher
of €5.5 million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount, (ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the Leverage Ratio
of NIBD/EBITDA to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 5.5
times for the period ending on the maturity date of the Bond, January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per
annum interest rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with a bullet payment to be paid on January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond is senior
secured through a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc,
and a first priority assignment over any intercompany loans.
In April 2023 the bondholders
approved a temporary waiver and an amendment to the bond terms to allow for a change of control in Solis (which allows for the transfer
of Solis and its subsidiaries underneath Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. on Business Combination Closing). In addition, bondholders received
a preference share in an Alternus holding company, AEG JD 02 Limited, which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The
shares will have preference on any distribution up to €10 million, and AEG JD 02 will divest assets to ensure repayment of the €10
million should the bonds not have been fully repaid at maturity (January 6, 2024). Finally, bondholders will receive a 1% amendment fee,
which equates to €1.4 million.
On June 5, 2023 the bondholders
approved an extension to the waiver to September 30, 2023 and the bond trustee was granted certain additional information rights and
the right to appoint half of the members of the board of directors of Solis, in addition to the members of the board appointed by the
Company. Under the waiver agreement, as extended, Solis must fully repay the Bonds by September 30, 2023. If Solis is unable to fully
repay the Solis Bonds by September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer ownership of Solis and all
of its subsidiaries to the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed to the bondholders, which
as of September 30, 2023 is currently €150,000,000 (approximately $159,000,000). If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries
were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of the Company’s operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA
would be eliminated.
On October 16 2023, bondholders
approved to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the bondholders
approved an extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further
extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority of the bondholders
on January 3, 2024. On March 12, 2024, the bondholders approved an additional extension to April 30, 2024. As such, the Solis bond debt
is currently recorded as short-term debt.
On December 28, 2023, Solis
sold 100% of the share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.5 million).
Subsequently, on January 18,
2024, Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4
million (approximately $59.1 million), and on February 21, 2024 Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for
approximately €6.5 million (approximately $7 million). Additionally,
on February 14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options to repay €59,100,000
million (approximately $68.5 million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds (See Footnote 26).
The Company is currently
working on several processes to address the going concern issue. In January of 2024, ALCE filed an S1 with the SEC in order to raise
additional funds in the first half of 2024. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary project financing
to execute on our transatlantic business plan.
| 3. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Basis of Presentation
The Company prepares its consolidated
financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).
Basis of Consolidation
The consolidated financial
statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been
eliminated in consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the respective periods are included in the consolidated
financial statements from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate.
Related Party Transactions
A Related Party transaction
is any transaction, arrangement or relationship, or any series of similar transactions, arrangements or relationships, in which (i) the
Company or any of its subsidiaries is or will be a participant, and (ii) any Related Party has or will have a direct or indirect interest.
A Related Party is any person who is or was (since the beginning of the last fiscal year even if such person does not presently serve
in that role) an executive officer or director of the Company, any shareholder owning more than 5% of any class of the Company’s
voting securities, or an immediate family member of any such person. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized when the
Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Refer to Footnote 25 for more details.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated
financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts
of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements
and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the periods presented. Significant items subject to such estimates include, but
are not limited to, the assumptions utilized in the valuation of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, determination of a business
combination or asset acquisition, impairment of long-lived assets, measurement of level 3 fair value assets, and recovery of capitalized
cost. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including
the current economic environment, and makes adjustment when facts and circumstance dictate. These estimates are based on information
available as of the date of financial statements; therefore, actual results could differ from these estimates.
Segments
The Company has two operating
segments, U.S. Operations and European Operations, and the decision-making group is the CEO and CFO of the Company (as a group). The
CODM regularly review the Reporting Packs that contain financial and operational results aggregated by geography as well as consolidated
income statement, balance sheet, and equity of the overall company.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers cash
and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains
cash and cash equivalents with major financial institutions, the largest concentration in JP Morgan in the U.S, Ireland, and Italy, Unicredit
in Romania, and with ING in Poland and the Netherlands. The Company may at times exceed federally insured limits or statutorily insured
limits in a foreign jurisdiction. The Company periodically assesses the financial condition and due to the size and stability of the
institutions believes the risk of loss to be remote.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash relates to
balances that are in the bank accounts for specific defined purposes and cannot be used for any other undefined purposes. Restricted
cash is primarily restricted stemming from requirements under the Green Bond terms. The balance has a debt service reserve account, per
the requirements from the Bond Trustee, that issues quarterly coupons to the Bond holders.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are uncollateralized
customer obligations due under normal trade terms requiring payment within that period. Accounts receivables are presented net of allowance
for doubtful accounts. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful customer accounts, through a review of historical losses, customer
balances, and industry economic conditions. Under the expected loss model, a loss (or allowance) is recognized upon initial recognition
of the asset that reflects all future events that may lead to a loss being realized, regardless of whether it is probable that the future
event will occur. The Company extends credit based on an evaluation of customers’ financial condition and determines any additional
collateral requirements. Exposure to losses on receivables is principally dependent on each customer’s financial condition. The
Company considers invoices past due when they are outstanding longer than the stated term. Under the expected loss model, a loss (or
allowance) is recognized upon initial recognition of the asset that reflects all future events that may lead to a loss being realized,
regardless of whether it is probable that the future event will occur. Management considers the carrying value of accounts receivable
to be fully collectible. If amounts become uncollectible, they are charged to operations in the period in which that determination is
made.
The allowance for credit losses
was $7 thousand an $0 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
Concentration of Credit Risk
At times, the Company maintains
cash balances in financial institutions which may exceed federally insured limits. The Company maintains cash balances in all countries
in which it operates and in Ireland where the Company is headquartered. Government coverage for the Company’s cash balances are
as follows:
| ● | European
Union - $105,841 (€100,000) per account is covered for operations in Romania, Poland,
Italy, the Netherlands, and the Company’s headquarters in Ireland. |
| ● | United
States - $250,000 |
The Company has four cash accounts
across the European countries and a net of $18.8 million above government insurance amounts. The Company has six cash accounts across
the United States and a net of $2.5 million above the government insurance amounts. The Company has not experienced any losses relating
to such accounts and believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk on its cash and cash equivalents or restricted cash.
Additionally, one customer
represented 35% of continuing operational revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 and three customers represented 61% of the
Company’s continuing operational accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023. These concentrations represent a risk
to revenues and cash flows should these customers face financial difficulties.
Economic Concentrations
The Company and its subsidiaries
own and operate solar generating facilities installed on buildings and land located across Europe and the US. Future operations could
be affected by changes in the economy, other conditions in those geographic areas or by changes in the demand for renewable energy.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are
stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, amortization and impairment. The cost of an asset comprises its purchase price and any
directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to its present working condition and location for its intended use. Depreciation is
computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives. The useful lives per asset class are as follows:
| ● | Solar Energy Facilities carry a useful
life of the lesser of 35 years from the original placed in-service date or the lease term
of the land on which they are built. |
| ● | Leasehold improvements are amortized
over the shorter of the lease term or their estimated useful file. |
| ● | Furniture and fixtures carry a useful
life of 3 years. |
| ● | Software and computer equipment carry
a useful life of 3 and 5 years respectively. |
Expenditures for major renewals
and betterments which substantially extend the useful life of assets are capitalized. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs, which
do not materially extend the useful lives of assets, are charged to expense as incurred. Upon retirement, sale or other disposition of
equipment, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts and a gain or loss, if any, is recognized in
income/(loss) from operations in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss during the year of disposal. When the
Company abandons the anticipated construction of a new solar energy facility during the development phase, costs previously capitalized
to development in progress are written off at the parent company.
Capitalized Development Cost
Capitalized development cost
relates to various projects that are under development for the period. As management determines to proceed with the development of a
new solar park, or purchase an existing construction project of a solar park, cost toward the final value of that project are recorded
in Capitalized Development Cost on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Cost can include, but are not limited to, financial, technical and
legal due diligence costs.
As the Company closes either
the purchase or development of new solar parks and begins construction in process and then are added to the final asset displayed in
Property, and Equipment. If the Company does not close on the prospective project, these costs are written off to Development Cost on
the Consolidated Statement Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Impairment of Solar Energy Facilities
The
Company reviews its investments in property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the
carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. Impairment is evaluated at the asset group level, which is determined based upon the
lowest level of separately identifiable cash flows. When evaluating for impairment, if the estimated undiscounted cash flows from the
use of the asset group are less than the asset group’s carrying amount, then the asset group is deemed to be impaired and is written
down to its fair value. Fair value is determined by net realizable value of the assets using ASC 820. The amount of the impairment loss
is equal to the excess of the asset group’s carrying value over its estimated fair value.
During the year ended December
31, 2023, the Company recorded an impairment loss of $11.8 million in the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
related to the Polish assets held for sale to reduce the carrying amount of the assets in the disposal group to their fair value less
costs to sell. This was recognized in discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Deferred Financing Costs and Debt Discount Amortization
The Company incurs expenses
related to debt arrangements. These deferred financing costs and debt discount costs are capitalized and amortized over the term of the
related debt or revolving credit facilities and netted against the related debt.
Asset Retirement Obligations
In connection with the acquisition
or development of solar energy facilities, the Company may have the legal requirement to remove long-lived assets constructed on leased
property and to restore the leased property to its condition prior to the construction of the long-lived assets. This legal requirement
is referred to as an asset retirement obligation (ARO). If the Company determines that an ARO is required for a specific solar energy
facility, the Company records the present value of the estimated future liability when the solar energy facility is placed in service
as an ARO liability. The discount rate used to estimate the present value of the expected future cash flows for the year ended December
31, 2023 and 2022 was 7.3% and 7.1% respectively. The Company accretes the ARO liability to its future value over the solar energy facility’s
useful life and records the related interest expense to amortization expense on the consolidated statement of operations. Solar facilities
that require AROs are recorded as part of the carrying value of property and depreciated over the solar energy facility’s useful
life.
Leases
In February 2016, the FASB
established Topic 842, Leases, by issuing Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, which requires lessees to recognize leases on-balance
sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. Topic 842 was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-01, Land Easement Practical
Expedient for Transition to Topic 842; ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases; and ASU No. 2018-11, Targeted
Improvements. The new standard establishes a right-of-use model (ROU) that requires a lessee to recognize a ROU asset and lease liability
on the balance sheet for all leases with a term longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as finance or operating, with classification
affecting the pattern and classification of expense recognition in the income statement. A modified retrospective transition approach
is required, applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application. The Company adopted the new standard
on January 1, 2022 and used the effective date as our date of initial application. Consequently, financial information will not be updated
and the disclosures required under the new standard will not be provided for dates and periods before January 1, 2022. The new standard
provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the ‘package of practical expedients’, which
permits us not to reassess under the new standard our prior conclusions about lease identification, lease classification and initial
direct costs. Upon adoption the company recognized $8.8 million of Right of Use Assets and $8.7 million of associated liabilities.
Lease assets and liabilities
are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date and are presented
on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based on information available
at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. For additional information, see Footnote 16 - Leases.
Operating lease expense attributable
to site leases is reported within cost of revenues in the Company’s Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss; whereas lease
expense attributable to all other operating leases is reported within selling, general, and administrative expense in the Company’s
Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Revenue Recognition
The Company follows the guidance
of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue
from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The core principle underlying revenue recognition under ASC 606 is that revenue
should be recognized as goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company
expects to be entitled. ASC 606 defines a five-step process to achieve this core principle. ASC 606 also mandates additional
disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant
judgments, and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract.
The Company derives revenues
through its subsidiaries from the sale of electricity and the sale of solar renewable energy credits (RECs) in Romania and guarantees
of origin certificates (GoOs) in Poland. The Company receives Green Certificates based on the amount of energy produced in Romania. Energy
generation revenue and solar renewable energy credits revenue are recognized as electricity generated by the Company’s solar energy
facilities is delivered to the grid, at which time all performance obligations have been delivered. Revenues are based on actual output
and contractual sale prices set forth its customer contracts.
The Company’s current
portfolio of renewable energy facilities is generally contracted under long-term Country Renewable Programs (FIT programs) in Italy or
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPAs/VPPAs) with creditworthy counterparties in Poland, Romania and the United States. Pricing of the electricity
sold under these FITs and PPAs is generally fixed for the duration of the contract, although some of its PPAs have price escalators based
on an index (such as the consumer price index) or other rates specified in the applicable PPA.
One solar park in the Netherlands
receives pre-payments calculated at the beginning of the year and based on the previous years’ production (MWhs produced) multiplied
by a calculated average price per MWh for the year and divided by twelve. The Company books revenue monthly by multiplying actual production
per the Company’s meters by the average price provided by the Offtaker at the beginning of the year to estimate revenue for the
month. There is a true-up performed in June of the following year using actual power produced for the previous year multiplied by the
average EPEX price (average actual market price per KWh for the year) less the prepayment for the year. If the true-up calculation is
positive, The Offtaker settles with a payment to the Company. If the true-up is negative, the Company settles with a payment to Offtaker.
Disaggregated Revenues
The following table shows the Company’s
revenues disaggregated by country and contract type:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Country | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Italy | |
$ | 3,360 | | |
$ | 3,354 | |
Romania | |
| 16,608 | | |
| 13,710 | |
United States | |
| 116 | | |
| 25 | |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Netherlands | |
$ | 2,840 | | |
$ | 1,596 | |
Poland | |
| 7,593 | | |
| 10,709 | |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 10,433 | | |
$ | 12,305 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 30,517 | | |
$ | 29,394 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Offtake Type | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Country Renewable Programs | |
$ | 2,972 | | |
$ | 2,885 | |
Green Certificates | |
| 10,548 | | |
| 9,409 | |
Energy Offtake Agreements | |
| 6,560 | | |
| 4,795 | |
Other Revenue | |
| 4 | | |
| - | |
Total for continuing operations | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued Operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Country Renewable Programs | |
$ | 5,499 | | |
$ | 6,994 | |
Guarantees of Origin | |
| 129 | | |
| 44 | |
Energy Offtake Agreements | |
| 4,805 | | |
| 5,267 | |
Total for discontinued operations | |
$ | 10,433 | | |
$ | 12,305 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 30,517 | | |
$ | 29,394 | |
One customer represented 35%
of continuing operational revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to two customers that represented 29% for the year
ended December 31, 2022. The revenues from these customers accounted for $11.4 million and $9.7 million of revenue for the year ended
December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
Two customers represented 34%
of the discontinued operational revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to two customers that represented 42% for the
year ended December 31, 2022. The revenues from these customers accounted for $11.2 million and $14.2 million of revenue for the year
ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
Three customers represented
61% of the Company’s continuing operational accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023. One customer represented
23% of the Company’s discontinued operational accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023. The company did not have
any customers who represented more than 10% of accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Unbilled Energy Incentives Earned
The Company derives revenues
from the sale of green certificates for the Romania projects. The green certificates revenues are recognized in the month they are generated
by the solar project and registered with the local authority. The Company considers them unbilled at the end of the period if they have
not been invoiced to a third-party customer.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue primarily consists
of operations and maintenance expense, insurance premiums, property taxes and other miscellaneous costs associated with the operations
of solar energy facilities. Costs are charged to expense as incurred.
Taxes Recoverable and Payable
The Company records taxes recoverable
when there has been an overpayment of taxes due to timing of the Value Added Tax (VAT) between vendors and customers. The VAT tax can
also be offset against a Country’s income taxes where the VAT was registered.
Development Cost
Development costs are incurred
when the Company abandons the development or acquisition of renewable energy projects. The Company depends heavily on government policies
that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects in regions in which
we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project if it becomes uneconomic
due to various factors, for example, a change in market conditions leading to higher costs of construction, lower energy rates,
or other factors that change the expected returns on the project. In addition, political factors or otherwise where governments from
time to time may review their laws and policies that support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies
less conducive to the development and operation of renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination
of, governmental incentives or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable
energy, could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy
projects, our abandoning the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects and reduced project
returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.
At the time The Company decides to abandon a project, Development Cost are recognized on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and
Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company’s operations
are subject to significant risks and uncertainties including financial, operational, technological, and regulatory risks and the potential
risk of business failure. See Note 2 regarding going concern matters.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Company measures its financial
instruments at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
U.S. GAAP establishes a fair
value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three (3) broad levels. The fair
value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the
lowest priority to unobservable inputs. The three (3) levels of fair value hierarchy are described below:
Level 1 – Quoted market prices
available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.
Level 2 – Pricing inputs other
than quoted prices in active markets included in Level 1 that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date.
Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical
or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable
market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities.
Level 3 – Pricing inputs that
are unobservable. Financial assets are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash
flow methodologies or similar techniques, and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable.
The Company holds various financial
instruments that are not required to be measured at fair value. For cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable,
various debt instruments, prepayments and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities,
the carrying value approximated their fair values due to the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company’s forward purchase
agreement asset is considered a Level 3 financial instrument at fair value and is described below (see Note 5).
Business Combinations and Acquisition of Assets
The Company applies the definition
of a business in ASC 805, Business Combinations, to determine whether it is acquiring a business or a group of assets. When the
Company acquires a business, the purchase price is allocated to; (i) the acquired tangible assets and liabilities assumed, primarily
consisting of solar energy facilities and land, (ii) the identified intangible assets and liabilities, primarily consisting of favorable
and unfavorable rate Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Renewable Energy Credit (REC) agreements, (iii) asset retirement obligations,
(iv) non-controlling interest, and (v) other working capital items based in each case on their estimated fair values. The excess of the
purchase price, if any, over the estimated fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The fair value measurements of
the assets acquired, and liabilities assumed were derived utilizing an income approach and based, in part, on significant inputs not
observable in the market. These inputs include, but are not limited to, estimates of future power generation, commodity prices, operating
costs, and appropriate discount rates. These inputs required significant judgments and estimates at the time of the valuation. In addition,
acquisition costs related to business combinations are expensed as incurred.
When an acquired group of assets
does not constitute a business, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. The cost of assets acquired, and liabilities
assumed in asset acquisitions is allocated based upon relative fair value. The fair value measurements of the solar facilities acquired,
and asset retirement obligations assumed were derived utilizing an income approach and based, in part, on significant inputs not observable
in the market. These inputs include, but are not limited to, estimates of future power generation, commodity prices, operating costs,
and appropriate discount rates. These inputs require significant judgments and estimates at the time of the valuation. Transaction costs,
including legal and financing fees directly related to the acquisition, incurred are capitalized as a component of the assets acquired.
The allocation of the purchase
price directly affects the following items in the Company’s consolidated financial statements:
| ● | The amount of purchase price allocated
to the various tangible and intangible assets and liabilities on the Company Balance Sheet, |
| ● | The amounts allocated to all other
tangible assets and intangibles are amortized to depreciation or amortization expense, with
the exception of favorable and unfavorable rate land leases and unfavorable rate Operation
and Maintenance (O&M) contracts which are amortized to cost of revenue; and |
The period of time over which
tangible and intangible assets and liabilities are depreciated or amortized varies, and thus, changes in the amounts allocated to these
assets and liabilities will have a direct impact on the Company’s results of operations.
Income Taxes
Deferred taxes are determined
using the asset and liability method; whereby, deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences, operating loss
and tax credit carry forwards, and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are
the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. Valuation allowances are established when
necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the
effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.
The Company evaluated the provisions
of ASC 740 related to the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a comprehensive
model for how a company should recognize, present, and disclose uncertain positions that the company has taken or expects to take in
its return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination by taxing
authorities. Differences between the positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return and the benefit recognized and measured
pursuant to the interpretation are referred to as “unrecognized benefits”. A liability is recognized for an unrecognized
tax benefit because it represents an enterprise’s potential future obligation to the taxing-authority for a tax position that was
not recognized as a result of applying the provisions of ASC 740.
As a result of the Tax Cuts
and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, the Company analyzed if a liability needed to be recorded for the deemed repatriation of undistributed earnings.
It was determined that there is no outstanding liability associated with this based on overall negative undistributed earnings (accumulated
deficit) in the consolidated foreign group. An additional provision of the TCJA is the implementation of the Global Intangible-Low Taxed
Income Tax, or “GILTI.” The Company has elected to account for the impact of GILTI in the period in which the tax actually
applies to the Company.
Penalties and interest assessed
by income tax authorities would be included in income tax expense. For the period ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not incur
any penalties or interest.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for stock-based
compensation in accordance with ASC 718. Stock-based compensation expense for equity instruments issued to employees and non-employees
is measured based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. The fair value of each stock unit is determined based on the valuation
of the Company’s stock on the date of grant. The fair value of each stock option is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton
stock option pricing valuation model. The Company uses the simplified method for calculating the expected term of their options. The
Company recognizes compensation costs using the straight-line method for equity compensation awards over the requisite service period
of the awards, which is generally the awards’ vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures of awards in the period they
occur.
Use of the Black-Scholes-Merton
option-pricing model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including (1) the expected terms of the option, (2) the expected
volatility of the price of the Company’s common stock, and (3) the expected dividend yield of our common stock. The assumptions
used in the option-pricing model represent management’s best estimates. These estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the
application of management’s judgments. If factors change and different assumptions are used, the Company’s stock-based compensation
expense could be materially different in the future. Additional inputs to the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model include the risk-free
interest rate and the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The Company determines the risk-free interest rate by using the
U.S. Treasury Rates of the same period as the expected term of the stock-option.
Net Loss Per Share
Net loss per share is computed
pursuant to ASC 260, Earnings per Share. Basic net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing
net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss
per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average
number of common stock outstanding for the period plus the number of common stock that would have been outstanding if all potentially
dilutive common stock had been issued, using the treasury stock method or if-converted method, as applicable. Potentially dilutive shares
related to stock options, warrants, and convertible notes were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share due to their
anti-dilutive effect due to losses in each period. The following table sets forth the outstanding potentially dilutive securities that
have been excluded in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive:
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Warrants | |
| 12,345 | | |
| 11,945 | |
Total | |
| 12,345 | | |
| 11,945 | |
Foreign Currency Transactions and Other Comprehensive
Loss
Foreign currency transactions
are those transactions whose terms are denominated in a currency other than the currency of the primary economic environment in which
the Company operates, which is referred to as the functional currency. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries
is typically the applicable local currency which is Romanian Lei (RON), Polish Zloty (PLN) or European Union Euros (EUR). Transactions
denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured to the functional currency using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date
for balance sheet accounts and using an average exchange rate during the period, which approximates the daily exchange rate, for income
statement accounts. Foreign currency gains or losses resulting from such remeasurement are included in the Consolidated Statement of
Operations in the period in which they arise.
Transaction gains and losses
are recognized in the Company’s Results of Operations based on the difference between the foreign exchange rates on the transaction
date and on the reporting date. The Company had an immaterial net foreign exchange loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
The translation from functional
foreign currency to United States Dollars (U.S. Dollar) is performed for balance sheet accounts using current exchange rates in effect
at the balance sheet date and using an average exchange rate during the period, which approximates the daily exchange rate, for income
statement accounts. The effects of translating financial statements from functional currency to reporting currency are recorded in other
comprehensive income. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the increase/(decrease) in comprehensive loss related to foreign
currency translation gains was $0.7 million and ($1.0) million, respectively.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the FASB issued
Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit losses (Topic 326), subsequently amended by ASU 2020-2. This
new guidance will change how entities account for credit impairment for trade and other receivables, as well as for certain financial
assets and other instruments held at amortized cost. The update will replace the current incurred loss model with an expected loss model.
Under the incurred loss model, a loss (or allowance) is recognized only when an event has occurred (such as a payment delinquency) that
causes the entity to believe that a loss is probable (that is has been “incurred”). Under the expected loss model, a loss
(or allowance) is recognized upon initial recognition of the asset that reflects all future events that may lead to a loss being realized,
regardless of whether it is probable that the future event will occur. The incurred loss model considers past events and conditions,
while the expected loss model includes expectations for the future which have yet to occur. ASU 2018-19 was issued in November 2018 and
excludes operating leases from the new guidance. The standard will require entities to record a cumulative-effect adjustment to the balance
sheet as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. For public business entities that meet the
definition of a U.S. Securities and Exchange (SEC) filer, the update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022,
including interim periods within those fiscal years. As an Emerging Growth Company, the standard is effective for the Company’s
annual reporting period and interim periods beginning first quarter of 2023. The Company has adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023
and the adoption did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In August 2020, the FASB issued
Accounting Standards Update 2020-06, Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging –
Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40). The ASU simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics
of liabilities and equity. The FASB reduced the number of accounting models for convertible debt and convertible preferred stock instruments
and made certain disclosure amendments to improve the information provided to users. In addition, the FASB amended the derivative guidance
for the “own stock” scope exception and certain aspects of EPS guidance. For public business entities that meet the definition
of a SEC filer, excluding entities eligible to be a smaller reporting company as defined by the SEC, the guidance is effective for fiscal
years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other entities, the guidance is
effective for fiscal years, including interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is
permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The
Company has adopted this standard as of January 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the condensed consolidated
financial statements.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial
Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740):
Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency of income tax disclosures relating to the rate reconciliation, disclosure
of income taxes paid, and certain other disclosures. The ASU should be applied prospectively and is effective for annual periods beginning
after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the related disclosures; however,
it does not expect this update to have an impact on its financial condition or results of operations.
In November 2023, the FASB
issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve the disclosures about reportable
segments and include more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. This ASU also requires that a public entity
with a single reportable segment, provide all of the disclosures required as part of the amendments and all existing disclosures required
by Topic 280. The ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements and is effective for
fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption
is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the financial statements and related disclosures.
As discussed in Note 1 –
Organization and Formation, on December 22, 2023, Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“CLIN”), Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”)
and Clean Earth Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”) completed the Business Combination. Upon the Closing of the Business
Combination, the following occurred:
| ● | In connection with the Business Combination,
AEG transferred to CLIN all issued and outstanding AEG interests in certain of its subsidiaries
(the “Acquired Subsidiaries”) in exchange for the issuance by CLIN at the Closing
of 57,500,000 shares of common stock of CLIN. At Closing, CLIN changed its name to Alternus
Clean Energy, Inc. (“ALCE” or the “Company”). |
| ● | In connection with the Business Combination,
23,000,000 rights to receive one-tenth (1/10) of one share of Class A common stock was exchanged
for 2,300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. |
| ● | In addition to shares issued to AEG
noted above, 225,000 shares of Common Stock were issued at Closing to the Sponsor to settle
a CLIN convertible promissory note held by the Sponsor at Closing. |
| ● | Each share of CLIN Class A common
stock held by the CLIN Sponsor prior to the closing of the Business Combination, which totaled
8,556,667 shares, was exchanged for, on a one-for-one basis for shares of the Company’s
Common Stock. |
| ● | Each share of CLIN common stock subject
to possible redemption that was not redeemed prior to the closing of the Business Combination,
which totaled 127,142 shares, was exchanged for, on a one-for-one basis for shares of the
Company’s Common Stock. |
| ● | In connection with the Business Combination,
an investor that provided the Company funding through a promissory note, was due to receive
warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share
and warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per
share pursuant to the Secured Promissory Note Agreement dated October 3, 2023. Upon closing
of the Business Combination, the investor received those warrants. |
| ● | In connection with the Business Combination,
CLIN entered into a Forward Purchase Agreement (the “FPA”) with certain accredited
investors (the “FPA Investors”) that gave the FPA Investors the right, but not
an obligation, to purchase up to 2,796,554 shares of CLIN’s common stock. Of the 2,796,554
shares, the FPA Investors purchased 1,300,320 shares of Common Stock and the Company issued
an aggregate of 1,496,234 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the FPA. |
| ● | The proceeds received by the Company
from the Business Combination, net of the FPA and transaction costs, totaled $5.1 million. |
The following table presents
the total Common Stock outstanding immediately after the closing of the Business Combination:
| |
Number of Shares | |
Exchange of CLIN common stock subject to possible
redemption that was not redeemed for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 127,142 | |
Exchange of public share rights held by CLIN shareholders
for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 2,300,000 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. common stock to
promissory note holders | |
| 400,000 | |
Exchange of CLIN Class A common
stock held by CLIN Sponsor for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 8,556,667 | |
Subtotal - Business Combination,
net of redemptions | |
| 11,383,809 | |
Issuance of shares under the FPA | |
| 1,496,234 | |
Shares purchased by the accredited
investor under the FPA | |
| 1,300,320 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock to Alternus Energy Group Plc. on the Closing Date | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock to the CLIN Sponsor as a holder of CLIN convertible notes on the Closing Date | |
| 225,000 | |
Total – Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock outstanding as a result of the Business Combination, FPA, exchange of Acquired Subsidiaries’ shares for shares
of Alternus Clean Energy Inc. and issuance of Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock the holder of CLIN convertible notes. | |
| 71,905,363 | |
| 5. | Fair Value Measurements |
Fair value is defined as the
exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous
market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure
fair value are prioritized within a three-level fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable
inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices in active
markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs other
than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for
identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated
by observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs
that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes
certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.
On December 3, 2023,
the Company entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP, (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master,
LP, and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (collectively “Meteora”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions (the
“FPA”). The purpose of the FPA was to decrease the amount of redemptions in connection with the Company’s Special Meeting
and potentially increase the working capital available to the Company following the Business Combination.
Pursuant to the terms of
the FPA, Meteora purchased 2,796,554 (the “Purchased Amount”) shares of common stock concurrently with the Business Combination
Closing pursuant to Meteora’s FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement, less the 1,300,320 shares of common stock separately
purchased from third parties through a broker in the open market (“Recycled Shares”). Following the consummation of the Business
Combination, Meteora delivered a Pricing Date Notice dated December 10, 2023 which included 1,300,320 Recycled Shares, 1,496,234 additional
shares and 2,796,554 total number of shares. The FPA provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to $500,000.
Meteora in its sole discretion may sell Recycled Shares at any time following the Trade Date at prices (i) at or above $10.00 during
the first three months following the Closing Date and (ii) at any sales price thereafter, without payment by Meteora of any Early
Termination Obligation until such time as the proceeds from such sales equal 100% of the Prepayment Shortfall The number of shares subject
to the Forward Purchase Agreement is subject to reduction following a termination of the FPA with respect to such shares as described
under “Optional Early Termination” in the FPA. The reset price is set at $10.00. Commencing June 22, 2024 the reset price
will be subject to reduction upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering.
The Company holds various
financial instruments that are not required to be recorded at fair value. For cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable,
and short-term debt the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
The
fair value of the Company’s recorded forward purchase agreement (“FPA”) is determined based on unobservable inputs
that are not corroborated by market data, which require a Level 3 classification. A Monte Carlo simulation model was used to determine
the fair value. The Company records the forward purchase agreement at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair
value recorded in the consolidated statements of operation.
The following table presents
balances of the forward purchase agreement with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of December 31, 2023, in thousand:
| |
Fair Value Measurement | |
| |
Level 1 | | |
Level 2 | | |
Level 3 | | |
Total | |
Forward Purchase Agreement | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 483 | | |
| 483 | |
Total | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 483 | | |
$ | 483 | |
The following table presents changes of the forward
purchase agreement with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2023, in thousand:
| |
Forward Purchase Agreement Asset | |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | |
$ | - | |
Recognition of Forward Purchase Agreement Asset | |
| 17,125 | |
Change in fair value | |
| (16,642 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | |
$ | 483 | |
The
Company measures the forward purchase agreement using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using the following assumptions:
| |
Forward Purchase Agreement Asset |
Rik-free rate | |
4% |
Underlying stock price | |
$1.50 |
Expected volatility | |
75% |
Term | |
2.98 years |
Dividend yield | |
0% |
6. | Business Combination and Acquisitions of Assets |
The Company applies the definition
of a business in ASC 805, Business Combinations, to determine whether it is acquiring a business or a group of assets. When the
Company acquires a business, the purchase price is allocated to (I) the acquired tangible assets and liabilities assumed, primarily consisting
of solar energy facilities and land, (ii) the identified intangible assets and liabilities, primarily consisting of favorable and unfavorable
rate PPAs and REC agreements, (iii) asset retirement obligations, (iv) non-controlling interests, and (v) other working capital items
based in each case on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price, if any, over the estimated fair value of net assets
acquired is recorded as goodwill. The fair value measurements of the assets acquired, and liabilities assumed were derived utilizing
an income approach and based, in part, on significant inputs not observable in the market. These inputs include, but are not limited
to, estimates of future power generation, commodity prices, operating costs, and appropriate discount rates. These inputs required significant
judgments and estimates at the time of the valuation. In addition, acquisition costs related to business combinations are expensed as
incurred.
Acquisition of RA01 Sp. Z.O.O.
On March 24, 2022, the Company
acquired a solar park portfolio located in Poland from a third party for a total purchase price, net of cash received, of $1.1 million.
The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of assets, whereby the Company acquired $1.0 million of property and equipment and
$0.1 million of other assets. These assets have been moved to discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for
more details.
Acquisition of Gardno Sp. Z.O.O.
On March 24, 2022, the Company
acquired a solar park portfolio located in Poland from a third party for a total purchase price, net of cash received, of $6.6 million.
The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of assets, whereby the Company acquired $6.4 million of property and equipment, and
$0.2 million of other assets. These assets have been moved to discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for
more details.
Acquisition of Gardno 2 Sp. Z.O.O.
On March 24, 2022, the Company
acquired a solar park portfolio located in Poland from a third party for a total purchase price, net of cash received, of $4.4 million.
The transaction was accounted for as an acquisition of assets, whereby the Company acquired $4.3 million of property and equipment, and
$0.1 million of other assets. These assets have been moved to discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for
more details.
Accounts receivable relate
to amounts due from customers for services that have been performed and invoices that have been sent. Unbilled energy incentives relate
to services that have been performed for the customer but have yet to be invoiced. Accounts receivables, and unbilled energy incentives
consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Accounts receivable | |
$ | 651 | | |
$ | 3,335 | |
Unbilled energy incentives earned | |
| 5,607 | | |
| 4,954 | |
Total | |
$ | 6,258 | | |
$ | 8,289 | |
8. | Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets |
Prepaid and other current expenses
generally consist of amounts paid to vendors for services that have not yet been performed. Other receivable, prepaid expenses and other
current assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |
$ | 2,602 | | |
$ | 328 | |
Accrued revenue | |
| 6 | | |
| 294 | |
Other receivable | |
| 736 | | |
| 860 | |
Total | |
$ | 3,344 | | |
$ | 1,482 | |
9. | Property and Equipment, Net |
The components of property
and equipment, net were as follows at December 31 (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Solar energy facilities | |
$ | 55,318 | | |
$ | 75,009 | |
Building | |
| - | | |
| 107 | |
Land | |
| 511 | | |
| 497 | |
Furniture and fixtures | |
| 210 | | |
| 49 | |
Asset retirement | |
| 168 | | |
| 341 | |
Construction in progress | |
| 12,421 | | |
| 3,093 | |
Total property and equipment | |
| 68,628 | | |
| 79,096 | |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | |
| (7,326 | ) | |
| (10,143 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 61,302 | | |
$ | 68,953 | |
There was $5.1 million transferred
from construction in progress to solar energy facilities during the twelve-month period through December 31, 2023 and $0.6 million during
the twelve-month period through December 31, 2022.
| 10. | Capitalized development cost and other long-term assets |
Capitalized development costs
are amounts paid to vendors that are related to the purchase and construction of solar energy facilities. Notes receivable and prepaids
consist of amounts owed to the Company as well as amounts paid to vendors for services that have yet to be received by the Company. Capitalized
cost and other long-term assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Capitalized development cost | |
$ | 6,216 | | |
$ | 2,146 | |
Other receivables | |
| 1,483 | | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | 7,699 | | |
$ | 2,146 | |
Capitalized development cost
relates to various projects that are under development for the period. As the Company closes either a purchase or development of new
solar parks, these development costs are added to the final asset displayed in Property, and Equipment. If the Company does not close
on the prospective project, these costs are written off to Development Cost on the Consolidated Statement Operations and Comprehensive
Loss.
Capitalized Development Cost
consist of $2.1 million of active development in the U.S. and $4.1 million across Europe.
Other Receivables relates to,
security deposits of $1.0 million in relation to the Power Purchase Agreement for a development project in Tennessee and $483 thousand
related to the Forward Purchase Agreement.
Accounts payable represent
amounts owed to suppliers of goods and services that the Group has consumed through operations. Accounts payable consist of the following
(in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 5,084 | | |
$ | 1,138 | |
Total | |
$ | 5,084 | | |
$ | 1,138 | |
Deferred income relates to
income related to Green Certificates from Romania that have been received but not sold. Deferred income consists of the following (in
thousands):
| |
Activity | |
Deferred income – Balance January 1, 2022 | |
$ | 3,139 | |
Green certificates received | |
| 10,729 | |
Green certificates sold | |
| (8,849 | ) |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| (65 | ) |
Deferred income – Balance December 1, 2022 | |
$ | 4,954 | |
Green certificates received | |
| 10,663 | |
Green certificates sold | |
| (10,169 | ) |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| 159 | |
Deferred income – Balance December 31, 2023 | |
$ | 5,607 | |
Accrued expenses relate to
various accruals for the Company. Accrued interest represents the interest in debt not paid in the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Accrued legal | |
$ | 8,684 | | |
$ | - | |
Accrued interest | |
| 5,516 | | |
| 1,992 | |
Accrued financing cost | |
| 3,537 | | |
| - | |
Accrued construction expense | |
| 2,134 | | |
| - | |
Accrued transaction cost - business combination | |
| 1,527 | | |
| - | |
Accrued audit fees | |
| 800 | | |
| - | |
Accrued payroll | |
| 148 | | |
| 501 | |
Other accrued expenses | |
| 2,064 | | |
| 978 | |
Total | |
$ | 24,410 | | |
$ | 3,471 | |
14. | Taxes Recoverable and Payable |
Taxes recoverable and payable
consist of VAT taxes payable and receivable from various European governments through group transactions in these countries. Taxes recoverable
consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Taxes recoverable | |
$ | 631 | | |
$ | 1,388 | |
Less: Taxes payable | |
| (14 | ) | |
| (616 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 617 | | |
$ | 772 | |
15. | Green Bonds, Convertible and Non-convertible Promissory Notes |
The following table reflects
the total debt balances of the Company as December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Senior Secured Green Bonds | |
$ | 166,122 | | |
$ | 149,481 | |
Senior Secured debt and promissory notes secured | |
| 32,312 | | |
| 13,486 | |
Total debt | |
| 198,434 | | |
| 162,967 | |
Less current maturities | |
| (198,434 | ) | |
| - | |
Long term debt, net of current maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 162,967 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Current Maturities | |
$ | 198,434 | | |
$ | - | |
Less current debt discount | |
| (892 | ) | |
| - | |
Current Maturities net of debt discount | |
$ | 197,542 | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Long-term maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 162,967 | |
Less long-term debt discount | |
| - | | |
| (4,272 | ) |
Long-term maturities net of debt discount | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 158,695 | |
During the period ended December
31, 2022, the Company incurred approximately $200 thousand of debt issuance cost related to the green bonds discussed below. The Company
incurred debt issuance costs of $4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2023. Debt issuance costs are recorded as a debt discount
and are amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt, upon the close of the related debt transaction, in the Consolidated
Balance Sheet. Interest expense stemming from amortization of debt discounts for continuing operations for the twelve-months ended December
31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively.
There was no interest expense
stemming from amortization of debt discounts for discontinued operations for the twelve-months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
All outstanding debt for the
company is considered short-term based on their respective maturity dates and are to be repaid within the year 2024.
Senior secured debt:
In May 2022, AEG MH02 entered
into a loan agreement with a group of private lenders of approximately $10.8 million with an initial stated interest rate of 8% and a
maturity date of May 31, 2023. In February 2023, the loan agreement was amended stating a new interest rate of 16% retroactive to the
date of the first draw in June 2022. In May 2023, the loan was extended and the interest rate was revised to 18% from June 1, 2023. In
July 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to October 31, 2023. In November 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to
May 31, 2024. Due to these addendums, $2.4 million of interest was recognized in the period ended December 31, 2023. The Company had
principal outstanding of $11.0 million and $10.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
In June 2022, Alt US 02, a
subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part of the
transaction with Lightwave Renewables, LLC to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. The Company entered into a construction
promissory note of $5.9 million with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and an original maturity date of June 29, 2023. On January
26, 2024 the loan was extended to June 29, 2024 due to logistical issues that caused construction delays. The Company had principal outstanding
of $4.3 million and $2.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
On February 28, 2023, Alt US
03, a subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part
of the transaction to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. Alt US 03 entered into a construction promissory note of $920
thousand with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and due May 31, 2024. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $717
thousand as of December 31, 2023.
In July 2023, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries acquired a
32 MWp solar PV project in Tennessee for $2.4 million financed through a bank loan having a six-month term, 24% APY, and an extended maturity
date of February 29, 2024. The project is expected to start operating in Q1 2025. 100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power
purchase agreements with two regional utilities. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $7.0 million as of December 31, 2023.
As of the date of this report this loan is currently in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate
the terms.
In July 2023, Alt Spain Holdco,
one of the Company’s Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights to construct a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects in Valencia,
Spain, with an initial payment of $1.9 million, financed through a bank loan having a six-month term and accruing ’Six Month Euribor’
plus 2% margin, currently 5.9% interest. On January 24, 2024, the maturity date was extended to July 28, 2024. The portfolio consists
of six projects totaling 24.4 MWp. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $3.3 million as of December 31, 2023.
In October 2023, Alternus
Energy Americas, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries secured a working capital loan in the amount of $3.2 million with a 0% interest
until a specified date and a maturity date of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, the loan was further extended to February 28, 2025 and
the principal amount was increased to $3.6 million. In March 2024, the Company began accruing interest at a rate of 10%. Additionally,
the Company issued the noteholder warrants to purchase up to 90,000 shares of restricted common stock, exercisable at $0.01 per share
having a 5 year term and fair value of $86 thousand. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $3.2 million as of December 31,
2023. As of the date of this report this loan is currently in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate
the terms.
In December 2023, Alt US 07,
one of the Company’s US subsidiaries acquired the project rights to a 14 MWp solar PV project in Alabama for $1.1 million financed
through a bank loan having a six-month term, 24% APY, and a maturity date of May 28, 2024. The project is expected to start operating
in Q2 2025. 100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. This note had a principal
outstanding balance of $1.1 million as of December 31, 2023.
In December 2023, the Company assumed an existing loan to the Sponsors
of Clean Earth with a balance of $1.6 million with a 0% interest rate until perpetuity as part of the Business Combination with Clean
Earth. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023.
Convertible Promissory Notes:
There was convertible debt
outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2022.
For the year ended December
31, 2023, 225,000 shares of Common Stock were issued at Closing to the Sponsor of Clean Earth to settle CLIN promissory notes of $1.6
million. The shares were issued at the closing price of $5 per share for $1.1 million. The difference of $0.5 million was recognized
as an addition to Additional Paid in Capital. Management determined
the extinguishment of this note is the result of a Troubled Debt Restructuring.
Other Debt:
In January 2021, the Company
approved the issuance by one of its subsidiaries, Solis, of a series of 3-year senior secured green bonds in the maximum amount of $242.0
million (€200.0 million) with a stated coupon rate of 6.5% + EURIBOR and quarterly interest payments. The bond agreement is for
repaying existing facilities of approximately $40.0 million (€33 million), and funding acquisitions of approximately $87.2 million
(€72.0 million). The bonds are secured by the Solis Bond Company’s underlying assets. The Company raised approximately $125.0
million (€110.0 million) in the initial funding. In November 2021, Solis Bond Company DAC, completed an additional issue of $24.0
million (€20.0 million). The additional issue was completed at an issue price of 102% of par value, corresponding to a yield of
5.5%. The Company raised $11.1 million (€10.0 million) in March 2022 at 97% for an effective yield of 9.5%. In connection with the
bond agreement the Company incurred approximately $11.8 million in debt issuance costs. The Company recorded these as a discount on the
debt and they are being amortized as interest expense over the contractual period of the bond agreement. As of December 31, 2022 and
2021, there was $149.5 million and $147.2 million outstanding on the Bond, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 there was $166.1
million and $149.4 million outstanding on the Bond, respectively.
As of December 31, 2022,
the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary, Solis Bond Company DAC, was in breach of the three financial covenants under Solis’
Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires the higher of €5.5 million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount,
(ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the Leverage Ratio of NIBD/EBITDA to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year
ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 5.5 times for the period ending on the maturity date of the Bond,
January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per annum interest rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with
a bullet payment to be paid on January 6, 2024. The Solis Bond is senior secured through a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis
and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc, and a first priority assignment over any intercompany loans.
In April 2023 the bond holders
approved a temporary waiver and an amendment to the bond terms to allow for a change of control in Solis (which allows for the transfer
of Solis and its subsidiaries underneath Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. on Closing). In addition, bondholders received a preference share
in an Alternus Midco, which will hold certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The shares will have preference on any distribution
from Midco to Alternus up to €10.0 million, and Midco will divest assets to ensure repayment of the €10.0 million should the
bonds not have been fully repaid at maturity (January 6, 2024). Finally, bondholders will receive a 1% amendment fee, which equates to
€1.4 million.
On June 5, 2023, the bondholders
approved an extension to the waiver to September 30, 2023 and the bond trustee was granted certain additional information rights and
the right to appoint half of the members of the board of directors of Solis, in addition to the members of the board appointed by Alternus.
Under the waiver agreement, as extended, Solis must fully repay the Solid Bond by September 30, 2023. If Solis is unable to fully repay
the Solis Bond by September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer ownership of Solis and all of its
subsidiaries to the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed to the bondholders, which as of
September 30, 2023 is currently €150,000,000 (approximately $159,000,000). If the ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries
were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of Alternus’ operating assets and related revenues and EBIDTA would
be eliminated.
On October 16 2023, bondholders
approved to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term
debt. In consideration for the extension the Company agreed to repay the bonds at 107.5 of par value. This incremental par value amount
of $11.1 million is recognized as the “Solis bond waiver fee” on the Company’s Statement of Operations and Comprehensive
Loss and is an increase to the Green Bonds in Current Liabilities in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. This was a non-cash
transaction that resulted in an increase to the Company’s debt balance, and is treated as reconciling item to Net Loss on the Company’s
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
On December 18, 2023, a representative
group of the bondholders approved an extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024,
with the right to further extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by
a majority of the bondholders on January 3, 2024. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term debt.
On December 28, 2023, Solis
sold 100% of the share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.3 million).
Subsequently, on January
18, 2024, Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4
million (approximately $59.1 million), and on February 21, 2024, Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for
approximately €6.5 million (approximately $7 million). The proceeds
from the sale of these parks were used to pay the €59,100,000 million (approximately
$68.5 million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds (See Footnote 26).
Management determined the
amendments for the Bond represented a troubled debt restructuring under ASC 470-60. The result of the amendments noted above was an $11.1
million expense recorded as Solis Bond Waiver Fee on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income/(Loss).
On December 21, 2022, Alternus
Clean Energy’s wholly owned Irish subsidiaries, AEG JD 01 LTD and AEG MH 03 LTD entered in a financing facility with Deutsche Bank
AG (“Lender”). This is a committed revolving debt financing of €80,000,000 to finance eligible project costs for the
acquisition, construction, and operation of installation/ready to build solar PV plants across Europe, including the capacity for the
financing to be upsized via a €420,000,000 uncommitted accordion facility to finance a pipeline of further projects across Europe
with a total combined capacity of 600 MWp (the “Warehouse Facility”). The Warehouse Facility, which matures on the third
anniversary of the closing date of the Credit Agreement (the “Maturity Date”), bears interest at Euribor plus an aggregate
margin at a market rate for such facilities, which steps down by 0.5% once the underlying non-Euro costs financed reduces below 33.33%
of the overall costs financed. The Warehouse Facility is not currently drawn upon, but a total of approximately €1,800,000 in arrangement
and commitment fees is currently owed to the Lender. Once drawn, the Warehouse Facility capitalizes interest payments until projects
reach their commercial operations dates through to the Maturity Date; it also provides for mandatory prepayments in certain situations.
The Company determines if an
arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception, or acquisition when the Company acquires a new park. The Company has operating
leases for corporate offices and land with remaining lease terms of 4 to 28 years.
Operating lease assets and
operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at the commencement
date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based
on information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease expense related to the net
present value of payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The key components of the company’s operating
leases were as follows (in thousands):
| |
December 31, | | |
December 31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
Operating Lease - Operating Cash Flows (Fixed Payments) | |
| 189 | | |
| 99 | |
Operating Lease - Operating Cash Flows (Liability Reduction) | |
| 129 | | |
| 54 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
New ROU Assets - Operating Leases | |
| 409 | | |
| 8,482 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Weighted Average Lease Term - Operating Leases (years) | |
| 13.24 | | |
| 7.05 | |
Weighted Average Discount Rate - Operating Leases | |
| 7.65 | % | |
| 7.10 | % |
The Company’s operating
leases generally relate to the rent of office building space, as well as land and rooftops upon which the Company’s solar parks
are built. These leases include those that have been assumed in connection with the Company’s asset acquisitions and business combinations.
The Company’s leases are for varying terms and expire between 2027 and 2051.
In April 2022, the Company
entered a new lease for office space in the US with a term of 7.5 years. The estimated annual cost of the lease is $147 thousand.
In October 2023, the Company
entered a new lease for land in Madrid, Spain where solar parks are planned to be built. The lease term is 35 years with an estimated
annual cost of $32 thousand.
In March 2022, the Company
bought the Gardno and Gardno 2 parks in Poland, acquiring two operating leases to the land where the solar parks are located. The combined
estimated annual cost of the leases is $69 thousand. The leases commenced in 2021 and run through 2046. These assets have been moved
to discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for more details.
In March 2022, the Company
bought the Rakowic park in Poland, acquiring an operating lease for the land where the solar parks are located. The combined estimated
annual cost of the leases is $7 thousand. The leases commenced in 2022 and run through 2046. These assets have been moved to discontinued
operations as of December 31, 2023. Refer to Footnote 20 for more details.
Maturities of lease liabilities as of December
31, 2023 were as follows:
| |
(in thousands) | |
Five-year lease schedule: | |
| |
2024 | |
$ | 231 | |
2025 | |
| 237 | |
2026 | |
| 242 | |
2027 | |
| 248 | |
2028 | |
| 216 | |
Thereafter | |
| 2,064 | |
Total lease payments | |
| 3,238 | |
Less imputed interest | |
| (1,811 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 1,427 | |
The Company had no finance
leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.
17. | Commitments and Contingencies |
Litigation
The Company recognizes a liability
for loss contingencies when it believes it is probable a liability has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. If some amount
within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the Company accrues that amount.
When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount in the range. The
Company has established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable and the amount
can be reasonably estimated.
On May 4, 2023 Alternus received
notice that Solartechnik, an international group specializing in solar installations, filed an arbitration claim against Alternus Energy
Group PLC, Solis Bond Company DAC and ALT POL HC 01 SP. Z.o.o. in the Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Commerce, claiming
that PLN 24,980,589 (approximately $5.8 million) is due and owed to Solartechnik pursuant to a preliminary share purchase agreement by
and among the parties that did not ultimately close, plus costs, expenses, legal fees and interest. The Company has accrued a liability
for this loss contingency in the amount of approximately $6.8 million, which represents the contractual amount allegedly owed. It is
reasonably possible that the potential loss may exceed our accrued liability due to costs, expenses, legal fees and interest that are
also alleged by Solartechnik as owed, but at the time of filing this report we are unable to determine an estimate of that possible additional
loss in excess of the amount accrued. The arbitration is in its early stages, and the Company intends to vigorously defend this action.
Amendment to Agreement with Hover Energy,
LLC
On October 31, 2023, the Company
amended its agreement with Hover Energy, LLC to extend the remaining $500,000 of Prepaid Development Fees to June 30, 2024.
| 18. | Asset Retirement Obligations |
The Company’s AROs mostly
relate to the retirement of solar park land or buildings. The discount rate used to estimate the present value of the expected future
cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was 7.5% and 7.1%, respectively.
| |
Activity | |
ARO Liability - Balance January 1, 2022 | |
$ | 411 | |
Additional obligations incurred | |
| - | |
Accretion expense | |
| 20 | |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| (34 | ) |
ARO Liability - Balance December 31, 2022 | |
$ | 397 | |
Additional obligations incurred | |
| - | |
Disposals | |
| (235 | ) |
Accretion expense | |
| 24 | |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| 11 | |
ARO Liability -- December 31, 2023 | |
$ | 197 | |
The Company depends heavily
on government policies that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects
in regions in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project
if it becomes uneconomic due to various factors, for example, a change in market conditions leading to higher costs of construction,
lower energy rates, or other factors that change the expected returns on the project. In addition, political factors or otherwise where
governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that support renewable energy and consider actions that would make the
laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of renewable energy facilities. Any reductions or modifications to,
or the elimination of, governmental incentives or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other
assessments on renewable energy, could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing
of new renewable energy projects, our abandoning the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects
and reduced project returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations
and prospects.
Development cost was $11.4
million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to primarily to abandoning of development of renewable energy projects in Poland. The
table below summarizes the development cost:
Project 1 | |
$ | 10,162 | |
Miscellaneous development cost | |
| 1,210 | |
Total | |
$ | 11,372 | |
These costs were primarily
driven by Project 1 in Poland as a 45 million PLN (approximately $9.6 million) “breakup fee” applied when the Company did
not close on the project. Of the $9.6 million due to the seller, $4.2 million has been paid and approximately $5.4 million is in Accrued
Liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Miscellaneous development cost
relates to cost associated with projects abandoned during various phases, due to lack of technical, legal, or financial feasibility.
20. | Discontinued Operations – Assets Held for Sale |
In July 2023, the Company engaged
multiple parties to market the Polish and Netherlands assets to potential buyers. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company decided
to proceed with the sales of the 6 PV parks in Poland and 1 park in the Netherlands. As the exit of these two markets represented a strategic
shift for the Company, the assets were classified as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. As of December 31, 2023,
the Polish and Netherlands assets were classified as disposal groups held for sale. The Company sold the Polish assets on January 18,
2024 and the Netherland assets on February 21, 2024. The balances and results of the Polish and Netherlands disposal groups are presented
below:
| |
As of December 31 | |
Poland | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 630 | | |
$ | 431 | |
Other current assets | |
| 443 | | |
| 1,105 | |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | |
| 63,107 | | |
| 69,656 | |
Operating leases, non-current - assets | |
| 5,923 | | |
| 5,378 | |
Total assets held for sale | |
$ | 70,103 | | |
$ | 76,570 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 2,935 | | |
$ | 1,760 | |
Operating leases, current – liabilities | |
| 281 | | |
| 233 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 1,549 | | |
| 1,157 | |
Operating leases, non-current - liabilities | |
| 5,798 | | |
| 4,995 | |
Other non-current liabilities | |
| 985 | | |
| 824 | |
Total liabilities to be disposed of | |
$ | 11,548 | | |
$ | 8,969 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets held for sale | |
$ | 58,555 | | |
$ | 67,601 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Poland | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 7,593 | | |
$ | 10,709 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (3,768 | ) | |
| (4,104 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (2,563 | ) | |
| (2,482 | ) |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| (130 | ) | |
| - | |
Total operating expenses | |
| (6,461 | ) | |
| (6,586 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income from discontinued operations | |
| 1,132 | | |
| 4,123 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Impairment loss recognized on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | |
| (11,766 | ) | |
| - | |
Interest expense | |
| (5,650 | ) | |
| (3,893 | ) |
Other expense | |
| (157 | ) | |
| (30 | ) |
Total other expenses | |
$ | (17,573 | ) | |
$ | (3,923 | ) |
Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | |
$ | (16,441 | ) | |
| 200 | |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| (21 | ) |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
$ | (16,441 | ) | |
$ | 179 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact of discontinued operations on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (16,441 | ) | |
$ | 179 | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (16,441 | ) | |
| 179 | |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (0.28 | ) | |
$ | 0.00 | |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| 0.00 | | |
| 0.00 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Immediately before the classification
of the disposal groups as discontinued operations, the recoverable amount was estimated for certain items of property, plant and equipment
and impairment loss was identified. Following the classification, a write-down of ($11.8) million was recognized on December 31, 2023
to reduce the carrying amount of the assets in the disposal group to their fair value less costs to sell. This was recognized in discontinued
operations in the statement of profit or loss. Fair value measurement disclosures are provided in Footnote 5.
| |
As of December 31, | |
Netherlands | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 155 | | |
$ | 13 | |
Accounts receivable, net | |
| 99 | | |
| 487 | |
Other current assets | |
| 58 | | |
| 82 | |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | |
| 7,845 | | |
| 7,984 | |
Operating leases, non-current – assets | |
| 1,469 | | |
| 1,438 | |
Other non-current assets | |
| 1,214 | | |
| 1,176 | |
Total assets held for sale | |
$ | 10,840 | | |
$ | 11,180 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 925 | | |
$ | 23 | |
Operating leases, current – liabilities | |
| 55 | | |
| 52 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 430 | | |
| 235 | |
Operating leases, non-current – liabilities | |
| 1,301 | | |
| 1,312 | |
Total liabilities to be disposed of | |
$ | 2,711 | | |
$ | 1,622 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets held for sale | |
$ | 8,129 | | |
$ | 9,558 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Netherlands | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 2,840 | | |
$ | 1,596 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (450 | ) | |
| (368 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (400 | ) | |
| (500 | ) |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| (7 | ) | |
| - | |
Total operating expenses | |
| (857 | ) | |
| (868 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income from discontinued operations | |
| 1,983 | | |
| 728 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (1,131 | ) | |
| (787 | ) |
Other expense | |
| (62 | ) | |
| - | |
Total other expenses | |
$ | (1,193 | ) | |
$ | (787 | ) |
Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | |
$ | 790 | | |
$ | (59 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| (161 | ) | |
| - | |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
$ | 629 | | |
$ | (59 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact of discontinued operations on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | 629 | | |
$ | (59 | ) |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| 629 | | |
| (59 | ) |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | 0.01 | | |
$ | (0.00 | ) |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| 0.01 | | |
| (0.00 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Immediately before the classification
of the disposal groups as discontinued operations, the recoverable amount was estimated for certain items of property, plant and equipment
and no impairment loss was identified. As of December 31, 2023, there were no further write-downs as the carrying amounts of the disposal
groups did not fall below its fair value less costs to sell.
In June 2023 the Company engaged
an Italian firm to market the Company’s operating assets in Italy. During the fourth quarter of 2023 a buyer was identified, and
the sale of the assets was finalized on December 28, 2023. The Company received a cash consideration of $17.5 million for all operating
assets. In accordance with ASC 360, the Company removed the disposal group and recognized a loss of $5.5 million upon sale on December
28, 2023, of which $0.6 million were cost associated with the sale. The balances and results of the Italian disposal group are presented
below:
| |
As of December 28, | | |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Italy | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 100 | | |
$ | 295 | |
Accounts receivable, net | |
| - | | |
| 932 | |
Other current assets | |
| 338 | | |
| 1,030 | |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | |
| - | | |
| 21,735 | |
Operating leases, non-current - assets | |
| - | | |
| 4 | |
Other non-current assets | |
| 3,819 | | |
| 800 | |
Total assets held for sale | |
$ | 4,257 | | |
$ | 24,796 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 21 | | |
$ | 109 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 578 | | |
| 1,080 | |
Other non-current liabilities | |
| - | | |
| 216 | |
Total liabilities to be disposed of | |
$ | 599 | | |
$ | 1,405 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets held for sale | |
$ | 3,658 | | |
$ | 23,391 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Italy | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 3,360 | | |
$ | 3,354 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (1,204 | ) | |
| (812 | ) |
Selling, general, and administrative | |
| (69 | ) | |
| (77 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (1,638 | ) | |
| (1,614 | ) |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| (5,501 | ) | |
| - | |
Total operating expenses | |
| (8,412 | ) | |
| (2,503 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(Loss) from discontinued operations | |
| (5,052 | ) | |
| 851 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Other expense | |
| (15 | ) | |
| - | |
Other income | |
| - | | |
| 22 | |
Total other expenses | |
$ | (15 | ) | |
$ | 22 | |
Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | |
$ | (5,067 | ) | |
$ | 873 | |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
$ | (5,067 | ) | |
$ | 873 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (5,067 | ) | |
$ | 873 | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (5,067 | ) | |
| 873 | |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (0.09 | ) | |
$ | 0.02 | |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.09 | ) | |
| 0.02 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 57,862,598 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2022, the
Company had a total of 100,000,000 shares of Class A common stock authorized and 10,000,000 shares of Class B common stock authorized.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a total of 150,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with 71,905,363 shares issued and outstanding.
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2023 and
2022, the Company also had a total of 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized. There were no preferred shares issued or outstanding
as of December 31, 2023, and 2022. The board of directors of the Company has the authority to establish one or more series of preferred
stock, fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences and any other rights, if any, of each such series and any qualifications,
limitations and restrictions thereof.
Warrants
As of December 31, 2022, warrants
to purchase up to 11,945,000 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding. These warrants were related to financing activities.
The Company issued additional warrants to purchase up to 400,000 shares of common stock in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, warrants to
purchase up to 12,345,000 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding.
| |
Warrants | | |
Weighted
Average Exercise
Price | | |
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years) | |
| |
| | |
| | |
| |
Outstanding - January 31, 2022 | |
| 11,945,000 | | |
$ | 11.50 | | |
| 5.98 | |
Issued during the year | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Expired during the year | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Outstanding - December 31, 2022 | |
| 11,945,000 | | |
$ | 11.50 | | |
| 5.98 | |
Issued during the year | |
| 400,000 | | |
| 0.35 | | |
| 0.16 | |
Expired during the year | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Outstanding – December 31, 2023 | |
| 12,345,000 | | |
| 11.22 | | |
| 4.93 | |
Exercisable – December 31, 2023 | |
| 12,345,000 | | |
$ | 11.22 | | |
| 4.93 | |
Convertible Note
As of December 31, 2022 and
2023, no convertible notes were issued or outstanding.
23. | Segment and Geographic Information |
The Company has two reportable
segments that consist of PV operations by geographical region, U.S. Operations and European Operations. European operations represent
our most significant business. The Chief Operating Decision-Maker (CODM) is the CEO and CFO of the Company (as a group).
The European Segment derives
revenues from three sources, Country Renewable Programs, Green Certificates and Long-term Offtake Agreements. The US Segment revenues
are derived from Long-term Offtake Agreements.
In evaluating financial performance,
we focus on EBITDA, as a segment’s measure of profit or loss. EBITDA is earnings before interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation
and amortization. As a trans-Atlantic independent solar power provider, we evaluate many of our capital expenditure decisions at a regional
level. Accordingly, expenditures on property, plant and equipment and associated debt by segment are presented. The following tables
present information related to the Company’s reportable segments.
The Company did not report
segments in 2022 but are retrospectively reporting segments for 2022.
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | 30,401 | | |
$ | 29,368 | |
Europe – Discontinued Operations | |
| (10,433 | ) | |
| (12,305 | ) |
United States | |
| 116 | | |
| 26 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 20,084 | | |
$ | 17,089 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Operating Loss by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | (46,301 | ) | |
$ | (14,978 | ) |
United States | |
| (23,163 | ) | |
| (3,470 | ) |
Total for the period | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,448 | ) |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Assets by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
Fixed Assets | |
$ | 125,600 | | |
$ | 141,862 | |
Other Assets | |
| 36,728 | | |
| 31,218 | |
Total for Europe | |
$ | 162,328 | | |
$ | 173,080 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
United States | |
| | | |
| | |
Fixed Assets | |
$ | 5,119 | | |
$ | 599 | |
Other Assets | |
| 17,839 | | |
| 4,636 | |
Total for US | |
$ | 22,958 | | |
$ | 5,235 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Liabilities by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
Debt | |
$ | 180,294 | | |
$ | 155,896 | |
Other Liabilities | |
| 39,378 | | |
| 19,221 | |
Total for Europe | |
$ | 219,672 | | |
$ | 175,117 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
United States | |
| | | |
| | |
Debt | |
$ | 17,247 | | |
$ | 2,793 | |
Other Liabilities | |
| 11,621 | | |
| 2,987 | |
Total for US | |
$ | 28,868 | | |
$ | 5,780 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Revenue by Product Type | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
| | |
| |
Europe | |
$ | 8,356 | | |
$ | 9,854 | |
US | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 8,356 | | |
$ | 9,854 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Green Certificates (FIT) | |
| | | |
| | |
Europe | |
$ | 10,677 | | |
$ | 9,452 | |
US | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 10,677 | | |
$ | 9,452 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| | | |
| | |
Europe | |
$ | 11,368 | | |
$ | 10,062 | |
United States | |
| 116 | | |
| 26 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 11,484 | | |
$ | 10,088 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Geographic Information by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
Revenue | |
$ | 30,401 | | |
$ | 29,368 | |
Revenue – Discontinued Operations | |
$ | (10,433 | ) | |
$ | (12,305 | ) |
Long-lived assets | |
$ | 162,328 | | |
$ | 173,080 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
United States | |
| | | |
| | |
Revenue | |
$ | 116 | | |
$ | 26 | |
Long-lived assets | |
$ | 22,958 | | |
$ | 5,235 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Consolidated | |
| | | |
| | |
Revenue | |
$ | 30,517 | | |
$ | 29,394 | |
Revenue – Discontinued Operations | |
$ | (10,433 | ) | |
$ | (12,305 | ) |
Long-lived assets | |
$ | 185,286 | | |
$ | 178,315 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
EBITDA by Segment | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | 6,874 | | |
$ | 6,537 | |
US | |
| (4,560 | ) | |
| (3,370 | ) |
Total for the period | |
$ | 2,314 | | |
$ | 3,167 | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
EBITDA Reconciliation to Net Loss | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
EBITDA | |
$ | 6,874 | | |
$ | 6,537 | |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (6,563 | ) | |
| (6,617 | ) |
Interest expense | |
| (23,453 | ) | |
| (14,876 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| (161 | ) | |
| (21 | ) |
Solis Bond Waiver | |
| (11,766 | ) | |
| - | |
Impairment loss recognized on the remeasurement to fair value less costs to sell | |
| (11,232 | ) | |
| - | |
Net Loss | |
$ | (46,301 | ) | |
$ | (14,977 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
US | |
| | | |
| | |
EBITDA | |
$ | (4,560 | ) | |
$ | (3,370 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (57 | ) | |
| (42 | ) |
Interest expense | |
| (1,889 | ) | |
| (59 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| (15 | ) | |
| - | |
Valuation on FPA Asset | |
| (16,642 | ) | |
| - | |
Net Loss | |
$ | (23,163 | ) | |
$ | (3,471 | ) |
Consolidated Net Loss | |
$ | (69,464 | ) | |
$ | (18,448 | ) |
One customer represented 35%
of continuing operational revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to two customers that represented 29% for the year
ended December 31, 2022. The revenues from these customers accounted for $11.4 million and $9.7 million of revenue for the year ended
December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
Two customers represented 34%
of the discontinued operational revenues during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to two customers that represented 42% for the
year ended December 31, 2022. The revenues from these customers accounted for $11.2 million and $14.2 million of revenue for the year
ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively.
Three customers represented
61% of the Company’s continuing operational accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023. One customer represented
23% of the Company’s discontinued operational accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2023. The company did not have
any customers who represented more than 10% of accounts receivable for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Explanation of the relationship
between tax expense and accounting profit:
| |
Year Ended December
31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Income before taxes | |
$ | (53,637 | ) | |
$ | (18,569 | ) |
Tax at the applicable rate of 21% | |
| (11,263 | ) | |
| (3,899 | ) |
State income taxes, net of federal benefit | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Permanent items | |
| 5,852 | | |
| 1,439 | |
Tax effect of differences in foreign tax rates | |
| 2,622 | | |
| 2,046 | |
Other | |
| 302 | | |
| (140 | ) |
Change in valuation allowance | |
| 2,502 | | |
| 554 | |
Actual income tax expense (benefit) | |
$ | 15 | | |
$ | - | |
The tax effects of temporary
difference and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of the net deferred tax assets were as follows:
| |
Year Ended December
31, | |
| |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Deferred tax assets: | |
| | |
| |
Net operating losses | |
$ | 1,329 | | |
$ | 1,249 | |
Interest expense carryforward | |
| 4,343 | | |
| 1,948 | |
Lease liabilities | |
| 312 | | |
| 207 | |
Total deferred tax assets | |
| 5,984 | | |
| 3,404 | |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance | |
| (5,693 | ) | |
| (3,203 | ) |
Net deferred tax assets | |
| 291 | | |
| 201 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Deferred tax liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Other | |
| - | | |
| (1 | ) |
Right-of-use asset | |
| (291 | ) | |
| (200 | ) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | |
| (291 | ) | |
| (201 | ) |
Net deferred taxes | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
The Company’s valuation
allowance increased during 2023 by $2.5 million, primarily due to the generation of net operating losses. Future realization of the tax
benefits of existing temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable
income within the carryforward period.
Deferred tax assets have not
been recognized in respect of these losses as they may not be used to offset taxable profits elsewhere in the Company and there are no
other tax planning opportunities or other evidence of recoverability in the near future. Pursuant to US Internal Revenue Code Section
382, the Company’s US net operating losses may be limited to a statutorily determined annual amount if the Company experienced
an ownership change. The Company is in the process of analyzing whether any changes to its capital structure resulted in an ownership
change, and whether US net operating losses would be restricted in use as a result thereof.
The Company also had foreign
net operating loss carryovers of $3.9 million, which includes net operating loss carryovers of $2.4 million and $51 thousand in Ireland
and Luxembourg, respectively. The net operating loss carryover in Luxembourg $42 thousand expires in 2040. The remaining foreign net
operating loss carryovers have unlimited carryforward periods. The Company is in the process of analyzing whether any changes to its
capital structure resulted in an ownership change, and whether US net operating losses would be restricted in use as a result thereof.
Future realization of the tax
benefits of existing temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable
income within the carryforward period. As of December 31, 2023, the Company performed an evaluation to determine whether a valuation
allowance was needed. The Company considered all available evidence, both positive and negative, which included the results of operations
for the current and preceding years. The Company determined that it was not possible to reasonably quantify future taxable income and
determined that it is more likely than not that all of it deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the Company maintained
a full valuation allowance as of December 31, 2023.
Financial assets and financial
liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
AEG:
Alternus Energy Group Plc
(“AEG”) was an eighty percent (80%) shareholder of the Company as of December 22, 2023 and as of December 31, 2023. On
October 12, 2022 AEG entered into the Business Combination Agreement with the Company and Clean Earth Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the
“Sponsor”) which closed on December 22, 2023 (See FN 1). In conjunction with the Business Combination Agreement, AEG
also entered into an Investor Rights Agreement. The Investor Rights Agreement provides for certain governance requirements,
registration rights and a lockup agreement under which AEG is restricted from selling its shares in the Company for one year, or
until December 22, 2024, other than 1,437,500 shares after March 22, 2024 and an additional 1,437,500 after June 22, 2024, provided
the shares are registered under a registration statement on SEC Form S-1.
Sponsor:
Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor
LLC (“Sponsor”) was the founder and controlling shareholder of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 and up
to the Business Combination Closing Date, December 22, 2023, when Sponsor became an 11% shareholder of the Company. The Sponsor entered
into the Business Combination Agreement with the Company and AEG, and also entered into the Investor Rights Agreement and the Sponsor
Support Agreement, The Sponsor agreed, pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, to vote all of their shares of capital stock (and any
securities convertible or exercisable into capital stock) in favor of the approval of the Business Combination and against any other
transactions, as well as to waive its redemption rights, agree to not transfer securities of the Company, and waive any anti-dilution
or similar protections with respect to founder shares.
In order to fund working capital
deficiencies or finance transaction costs in connection with a business combination, the Sponsor initially loaned $350,000 to the Company,
in accordance with an unsecured promissory note (the “WC Note”) issued on September 26, 2022, under which up to $850,000
may be advanced. On August 8, 2023, the Company issued an additional $650,000 promissory note to the Sponsor to fund the Second WC Note.
The Second WC Note is non-interest bearing and payable on the date which the Company consummates its initial Business Combination. Both
of these notes were settled on the Business Combination closing date in exchange for 225,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.
On December 18, 2023, the Sponsor
entered into a non-redemption agreement (the “NRA”) with the Company and the investor named therein (the “Investor”).
Pursuant to the terms of the NRA, among other things, the Investor agreed to withdraw redemptions in connection with the Business Combination
on any Common Stock, held by the Investor and to purchase additional Common Stock from redeeming stockholders of the Company such that
the Investor will be the holder of no fewer than 277,778 shares of Common Stock.
D&O:
In connection with the Business
Combination Closing, the Company entered into indemnification agreements (each, an “Indemnification Agreement”) with its
directors and executive officers. Each Indemnification Agreement provides for indemnification and advancements by the Company of certain
expenses and costs if the basis of the indemnitee’s involvement in a matter was by reason of the fact that the indemnitee is or
was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or was serving at the Company’s request in
an official capacity for another entity, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Delaware.
Consulting Agreements:
On May 15, 2021 VestCo Corp.,
a company owned and controlled by our Chairman and CEO, Vincent Browne, entered into a Professional Consulting Agreement with one of
our US subsidiaries under which it pays VestCo a monthly fee of $16,000. This agreement has a five year initial term and automatically
extends for additional one year terms unless otherwise unilaterally terminated.
In July of 2023, John Thomas,
one of our directors, entered into a Consulting Services Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries under which it pays Mr. Thomas a monthly
fee of $11,000. This agreement has a five year initial term and automatically extends for additional one year terms unless otherwise
unilaterally terminated.
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Transactions with Directors | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Loan from Vestco, a related party to Board member and CEO Vincent Browne | |
$ | 210 | | |
$ | - | |
Final payment made to Vestco on November 16, 2023 | |
| (210 | ) | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Director’s remuneration | |
2023 | | |
2022 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Remuneration in respect of services as directors | |
$ | 606 | | |
$ | 315 | |
Remuneration in respect to long term incentive schemes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | 606 | | |
$ | 315 | |
Management has evaluated subsequent
events that have occurred through April 10, 2024, which is the date the financial statements were available to be issued and has determined
that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the financial statements as of and for the year ended
December 31, 2023, except as disclosed below.
On January 3, 2024, Solis’,
an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and related party, bondholders formally approved an extension of the temporary waivers
and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond
trustee’s discretion. On January 30, 2024, the Bond Trustee exercised its right to extend the waivers and the maturity date of
the Bond Terms to February 29, 2024. On January 31, 2024, Solis provided notice to the trustee of the Solis Bonds of its intent to exercise
call options to repay €59.1 million (approximately $69.5 million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds. On February
14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options. On February 26, 2024, the Solis Bond Trustee granted a technical extension to the Solis Bond
in order for Solis to exercise its call option, and Solis provided notice to the trustee of its intent to exercise call options to repay
€5.7 million (approximately $6.2 million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds. The repayment was completed on March 12, 2024.
Also on February 26, 2024,
Solis and a representative group of the bondholders agreed to an additional extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date
of the Solis Bond until April 30, 2024, with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion, and
thereafter on a month to month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from a majority of bondholders.
This was formally approved by the bondholders on March 12, 2024.
On January 3, 2024, ALT US
08 LLC was incorporated in Delaware as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas Inc.
Also on January 3, 2024, a
convertible note holder converted all of the principal and accrued interest owed under the note, equal to $1.0 million, into 1,320,000
shares of restricted common stock.
On January 11, 2024, we
issued 7,765,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $1.23 per share to Nordic ESG and Impact Fund SCSp (“Nordic ESG”)
has settlement of AEG’s €8m note. This resulted in Nordic ESG becoming a related party and resulted in a decrease of AEG’s
ownership of the Company from 80% to 71%.
On January 16, 2024 Solis entered
into a sale and purchase agreement to sell one operating park in the Netherlands, Rilland. The sale closed on February 21, 2024 and Solis
received EUR 6.5 million (approximately $7 million). The proceeds were used to pay down the Solis Bond.
Also on January 16, 2024, AEG
MH 04 Limited was incorporated in Ireland as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alternus Lux 01 S.a.r.l.
On January 17, 2024, a subsidiary
of the Company known as AEG JD 03 Limited changed its name to Alternus Europe Limited.
On January 19, 2024, all operating
parks in Poland were sold by Solis in exchange for EUR 54.4 million (approximately $59.1 million). The proceeds were used to pay down
the Solis Bond.
On January 23, 2024 we issued
81,301 shares of restricted common stock valued at $1.01 per share to a third party consultant in exchange for services.
On February 5, 2024 we amended
and restated a promissory note originally issued October 3, 2023, such that the outstanding amount owed was increased from $3.2 million
to $3.55 million and the maturity date was extended to February 28, 2025; we also issued to the noteholder warrants to purchase up to
90,000 shares of restricted common stock, exercisable at $0.01 per share having a 5 year term and fair value of $86 thousand.
On February 20, 2024 we issued
100,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.35 per share to a third party consultant in exchange for services.
On March 19, 2024 we entered
into a settlement agreement with Clean Earth Acquisitions Sponsor, LLC , a related party, and SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCA”)
pursuant to which, among other things, we agreed to repay Sponsor’s debt to SCA, related to the CLIN SPAC entity extensions, in
the amount of $1.4 million and issue 225,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.47 per share to SCA.
On March 20, 2024, we received
a letter from The Nasdaq Stock Market notifying us that, because the closing bid price for our common stock has been below $1.00 per
share for 30 consecutive business days, our common stock no longer complies with the minimum bid price requirement for continued listing
on The Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor the bid price for our common stock between now and September 16, 2024 and
will consider available options to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement.
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED
BALANCE SHEETS
(in
thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
| |
As of March 31 | | |
As of December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
ASSETS | |
| | |
| |
Current Assets | |
| | |
| |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
$ | 1,381 | | |
$ | 4,618 | |
Accounts receivable, net | |
| 2,119 | | |
| 651 | |
Unbilled energy incentives earned | |
| 6,048 | | |
| 5,607 | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |
| 3,023 | | |
| 3,344 | |
Taxes recoverable | |
| 683 | | |
| 631 | |
Restricted cash | |
| 841 | | |
| 19,161 | |
Current discontinued assets
held for sale | |
| - | | |
| 80,943 | |
Total Current Assets | |
| 14,095 | | |
| 114,955 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Property and equipment, net | |
| 61,605 | | |
| 61,302 | |
Right of use asset | |
| 1,303 | | |
| 1,330 | |
Other receivable | |
| 1,000 | | |
| 1,483 | |
Capitalized development cost
and other long-term assets, net | |
| 6,351 | | |
| 6,216 | |
Total Assets | |
$ | 84,354 | | |
$ | 185,286 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’’
EQUITY (DEFICIT) | |
| | | |
| | |
Current Liabilities | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 10,494 | | |
$ | 5,084 | |
Accrued liabilities | |
| 19,032 | | |
| 24,410 | |
Taxes payable | |
| 13 | | |
| 14 | |
Deferred income | |
| 6,048 | | |
| 5,607 | |
Operating lease liability | |
| 177 | | |
| 175 | |
Green bonds | |
| 87,264 | | |
| 166,122 | |
Convertible and non-convertible promissory notes, net
of debt issuance costs | |
| 30,615 | | |
| 31,420 | |
Due to affiliate | |
| 1,046 | | |
| - | |
Current discontinued liabilities
held for sale | |
| - | | |
| 14,259 | |
Total Current Liabilities | |
| 154,689 | | |
| 247,091 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating lease liability, net of current portion | |
| 1,188 | | |
| 1,252 | |
Asset retirement obligations | |
| 196 | | |
| 197 | |
Total Liabilities | |
| 156,073 | | |
| 248,540 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Shareholders’ Deficit | |
| | | |
| | |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value, 1,000,000 authorized as of March
31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. 0 issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value, 150,000,000 authorized as of March 31,
2024 and December 31, 2023; 81,396,664 issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and 71,905,363 issued and outstanding as of December
31, 2023. | |
| 8 | | |
| 7 | |
Additional paid in capital | |
| 28,223 | | |
| 27,874 | |
Foreign Currency Translation Reserve | |
| (4,156 | ) | |
| (2,924 | ) |
Accumulated deficit | |
| (95,794 | ) | |
| (88,211 | ) |
Total Shareholders’
Deficit | |
| (71,719 | ) | |
| (63,254 | ) |
Total Liabilities
and Shareholders’ Deficit | |
$ | 84,354 | | |
$ | 185,286 | |
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in
thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 2,180 | | |
$ | 3,846 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (834 | ) | |
| (1,015 | ) |
Selling, general and administrative | |
| (3,747 | ) | |
| (1,725 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (568 | ) | |
| (842 | ) |
Development Costs | |
| (7 | ) | |
| (111 | ) |
Total operating expenses | |
| (5,156 | ) | |
| (3,693 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from operations | |
| (2,976 | ) | |
| 153 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (4,984 | ) | |
| (3,468 | ) |
Fair value movement of FPA Asset | |
| (483 | ) | |
| - | |
Other expense | |
| (223 | ) | |
| (40 | ) |
Other income | |
| 7 | | |
| - | |
Total other expenses | |
| (5,683 | ) | |
| (3,508 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Discontinued operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Loss from operations of discontinued business component | |
| (1,074 | ) | |
| (1,897 | ) |
Gain on sale of discontinued
business components | |
| 2,150 | | |
| - | |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued
operations | |
| 1,076 | | |
| (1,897 | ) |
Net loss for
the period | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
| (8,659 | ) | |
| (3,355 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders,
basic | |
| (0.13 | ) | |
| (0.06 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders,
diluted | |
| (0.13 | ) | |
| (0.06 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Comprehensive loss: | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
Foreign currency translation
adjustment | |
| (1,232 | ) | |
| (104 | ) |
Comprehensive
loss | |
$ | (8,815 | ) | |
$ | (5,356 | ) |
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)
(in
thousands, except share amounts)
(Unaudited)
| |
Preferred Stock | | |
Common Stock | | |
Additional Paid-In | | |
Foreign Currency Translation | | |
Accumulated | | |
Total Shareholders’ | |
| |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Capital | | |
Reserve | | |
Deficit | | |
Equity | |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | |
| - | | |
$ | - | | |
| 57,500,000 | | |
$ | 6 | | |
$ | 19,797 | | |
$ | (3,638 | ) | |
$ | (18,747 | ) | |
$ | (2,582 | ) |
Distribution to stockholder | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (1,853 | ) | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (1,853 | ) |
Contribution from stockholder | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 2,015 | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 2,015 | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (104 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (104 | ) |
Net Loss | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (5,252 | ) | |
| (5,252 | ) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | |
| - | | |
$ | - | | |
| 57,500,000 | | |
$ | 6 | | |
$ | 19,959 | | |
$ | (3,742 | ) | |
$ | (23,999 | ) | |
$ | (7,776 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | |
| |
Preferred Stock | | |
Common Stock | | |
Additional Paid-In | | |
Foreign Currency Translation | | |
Accumulated | | |
Total Shareholders’ | |
| |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Shares | | |
Amount | | |
Capital | | |
Reserve | | |
Deficit | | |
Equity | |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | |
| - | | |
$ | - | | |
| 71,905,363 | | |
$ | 7 | | |
$ | 27,874 | | |
$ | (2,924 | ) | |
$ | (88,211 | ) | |
$ | (63,254 | ) |
Settlement of Related Party Debt for Shares | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 7,990,000 | | |
| 1 | | |
| 9,836 | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 9,837 | |
Conversion of Debt | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 1,320,000 | | |
| - | | |
| 1,029 | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 1,029 | |
Merger Costs – Settlement of Related Party Debt
and Conversion of Debt | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (10,633 | ) | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (10,633 | ) |
Stock Compensation for Third Party Services | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 181,301 | | |
| - | | |
| 117 | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| 117 | |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (1,232 | ) | |
| - | | |
| (1,232 | ) |
Net Loss | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| (7,583 | ) | |
| (7,583 | ) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | |
| - | | |
$ | - | | |
| 81,396,664 | | |
$ | 8 | | |
$ | 28,223 | | |
$ | (4,156 | ) | |
$ | (95,794 | ) | |
$ | (71,719 | ) |
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in
thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31, | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
Cash Flows from Operating Activities | |
| | |
| |
Net loss from continuing operations | |
$ | (8,659 | ) | |
$ | (3,355 | ) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income/(loss)
to net cash provided used in operations: | |
| | | |
| | |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion | |
| 568 | | |
| 842 | |
Amortization of debt discount | |
| 698 | | |
| 1,117 | |
Credit loss expense | |
| (3 | ) | |
| - | |
Share-based compensation to third parties | |
| 117 | | |
| - | |
Gain (loss) on foreign currency exchange rates | |
| 64 | | |
| 113 | |
Fair value movement of FPA Asset | |
| 483 | | |
| - | |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| 1,348 | | |
| - | |
Non-cash operating lease assets | |
| (8 | ) | |
| 31 | |
Changes in assets and liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts receivable and other short-term receivables | |
| (89 | ) | |
| 2,056 | |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | |
| 199 | | |
| (491 | ) |
Accounts payable | |
| 2,155 | | |
| 278 | |
Accrued liabilities | |
| (3,292 | ) | |
| 599 | |
Operating lease liabilities | |
| (48 | ) | |
| (11 | ) |
Payable to affiliate | |
| 1,039 | | |
| - | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Operating
Activities | |
$ | (5,428 | ) | |
$ | 1,179 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Operating
Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| (2,085 | ) | |
| (805 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Purchases of property and equipment | |
| (1,486 | ) | |
| (124 | ) |
Sales of property and equipment | |
| 67,540 | | |
| 107 | |
Capitalized Cost | |
| (228 | ) | |
| (241 | ) |
Construction in Process | |
| (340 | ) | |
| (770 | ) |
Net Cash
provided by (used in) Investing Activities | |
$ | 65,486 | | |
$ | (1,028 | ) |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Investing
Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| - | | |
| (52 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Proceeds from debt | |
| 1,109 | | |
| 1,396 | |
Debt Issuance Cost | |
| (315 | ) | |
| (130 | ) |
Payments of debt principal | |
| (77,682 | ) | |
| - | |
Distributions to parent | |
| - | | |
| (403 | ) |
Contributions from parent | |
| 253 | | |
| 1,074 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Financing
Activities | |
$ | (76,635 | ) | |
$ | 1,937 | |
Net Cash provided by (used in) Financing
Activities - Discontinued Operations | |
| (3,151 | ) | |
| (325 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Effect of exchange rate on cash | |
| (528 | ) | |
| 215 | |
Net increase
(decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | |
$ | (22,341 | ) | |
$ | 1,121 | |
Cash, cash equivalents, and
restricted cash beginning of the year | |
| 24,563 | | |
| 7,747 | |
Cash, cash
equivalents, and restricted cash end of the year | |
$ | 2,222 | | |
$ | 8,868 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Cash Reconciliation | |
| | | |
| | |
Cash and cash equivalents | |
| 1,381 | | |
| 2,090 | |
Restricted cash | |
| 841 | | |
| 6,778 | |
Cash, cash
equivalents, and restricted cash end of the year | |
$ | 2,222 | | |
$ | 8,868 | |
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED
SUPPLEMENTAL STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW
(Unaudited)
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31, | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure | |
| |
Cash paid during the period for: | |
| | |
| |
Interest (net of capitalized interest of 47 and 64 respectively) | |
| 5,287 | | |
| 1,920 | |
Taxes | |
| 526 | | |
| 777 | |
Non-cash financing activities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Shares issued for settlement of debt | |
| 9,836 | | |
| - | |
Shares issued for conversion of debt | |
| 1,029 | | |
| - | |
Shares issued for stock compensation to third parties | |
| 117 | | |
| - | |
The
accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
ALTERNUS
CLEAN ENERGY, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1.
Organization and Formation
Alternus Clean Energy,
Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on May 14, 2021 and was originally known as Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp.
(“Clean Earth”).
On October 12, 2022, Clean
Earth entered into a Business Combination Agreement, as amended by that certain First Amendment to the Business Combination Agreement,
dated as of April 12, 2023 (the “First BCA Amendment”) (as amended by the First BCA Amendment, the “Initial Business
Combination Agreement”), and as amended and restated by that certain Amended and Restated Business Combination Agreement, dated
as of December 22, 2023 (the “A&R BCA”) (the Initial Business Combination Agreement, as amended and restated by the A&R
BCA, the “Business Combination Agreement”), by and among Clean Earth, Alternus Energy Group Plc (“AEG”) and the
Sponsor. Following the approval of the Initial Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby at the special
meeting of the stockholders of Clean Earth held on December 4, 2023, the Company consummated the Business Combination on December 22,
2023. In accordance with the Business Combination Agreement, Clean Earth issued and transferred 57,500,000 shares of common stock of
Clean Earth, par value $0.0001 per share, to AEG, and AEG transferred to Clean Earth, and Clean Earth received from AEG, all of the issued
and outstanding equity interests in the Acquired Subsidiaries (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) (the “Equity Exchange,”
and together with the other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”).
In connection with the Closing, the Company changed its name from Clean Earth Acquisition Corp. to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc.
Clean Earth’s only
pre-combination assets were cash and investments and the SPAC did not meet the definition of a business in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
Therefore, the substance of the transaction was a recapitalization of the target (AEG) rather than a business combination or an asset
acquisition. In such a situation, the transaction is accounted for as though the target issued its equity for the net assets of the SPAC
and, since a business combination has not occurred, no goodwill or intangible assets would be recorded. As such, AEG is considered the
accounting acquirer and these consolidated financial statements represent a continuation of AEG’s financial statements. Assets
and liabilities of AEG are presented at their historical carrying values.
Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. is a holding company that operates through the following forty-two operating subsidiaries as of March 31, 2024:
Subsidiary |
|
Principal
Activity |
|
Date
Acquired /
Established |
|
ALCE
Ownership |
|
Country
of
Operations |
Power
Clouds S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
31
March 2015 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
F.R.A.N.
Energy Investment S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
31
March 2015 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
PC-Italia-01
S.r.l. |
|
Sub-Holding
SPV |
|
15
May 2015 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
PC-Italia-03
S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
1
July 2020 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
PC-Italia-04
S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
15
July 2020 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
16
October 2020 |
|
AEG
JD 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
ALT
US 03, LLC |
|
LLC |
|
4
May 2022 |
|
ALT
US 03 LLC |
|
USA |
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
Holding
Company |
|
10
May 2021 |
|
Alternus
Energy Group Pl |
|
USA |
LJG
Green Source Energy Beta S.r.l |
|
SPV |
|
29
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Ecosfer
Energy S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
30
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Lucas
EST S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
30
July 2021 |
|
Solis
Bond Company DAC |
|
Romania |
Risorse
Solari I S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
28
September 2019 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Risorse
Solari III S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
3
August 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
Alternus
Iberia S.L. |
|
SPV |
|
4
August 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Spain |
AED
Italia-01 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-02 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-03 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-04 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-05 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
22
October 2021 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
ALT
US 01 LLC |
|
SPV |
|
6
December 2021 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
AEG
MH 01 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8
March 2022 |
|
Alternus
Lux 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Ireland |
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8
March 2022 |
|
AEG
JD 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
ALT
US 02 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
8
March 2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
AEG
JD 01 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
16
March 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 03 Limited |
|
Ireland |
Alternus Europe Limited
(f/k/a AEG JD 03 Limited) |
|
Holding
Company |
|
21
March 2022 |
|
Alternus
Lux 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Ireland |
Alt
Spain 03, S.L.U. |
|
SPV |
|
31
May 2022 |
|
Alt
Spain Holdco S.L. |
|
Spain |
AEG
MH 03 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
10
June 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 01 Limited |
|
Ireland |
Lightwave
Renewables, LLC |
|
SPV |
|
29
June 2022 |
|
ALT
US 02 LLC |
|
USA |
Alt
Spain Holdco, S.L.U. |
|
Holding
Company |
|
Acquired
14 July 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Spain |
AED
Italia-06 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
2
August 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-07 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
2
August 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
AED
Italia-08 S.r.l. |
|
SPV |
|
5
August 2022 |
|
AEG
MH 02 Limited |
|
Italy |
ALT
US 04 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
14
September 2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
Alternus
LUX 01 S.a.r.l. |
|
Holding
Company |
|
5
October 2022 |
|
Alternus
Energy Group Plc |
|
Luxembourg |
Alt
Spain 04, S.L.U. |
|
SPV |
|
May
2022 |
|
Alt
Spain Holdco, S.L.U. |
|
Spain |
Alt
Alliance LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
September
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Amercias Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US 05 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
September
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US 06 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
October
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US 07 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
November
2023 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
AEG
MH 04 Limited |
|
Holding
Company |
|
January
2024 |
|
AEG
MH 04 Limited |
|
Ireland |
ALT
US 08 LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
January
2024 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
ALT
US AM LLC |
|
Holding
Company |
|
March
2024 |
|
Alternus
Energy Americas Inc. |
|
USA |
2.
Going Concern and Management’s Plans
The Company has evaluated
whether there are certain conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability
to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are issued. Based
on its recurring losses from operations since inception and continued cash outflows from operating activities (all as described below),
the Company has concluded that there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from
the date that these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements were issued.
The accompanying consolidated
financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of
liabilities in the normal course of business. As shown in the accompanying consolidated financial statements during the period ended
March 31, 2024, the Company had net loss from continuing operations of ($8.7) million and a net loss of ($3.4) million for the three
months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company had total shareholders’ equity/(deficit) of ($71.7) million as of March 31, 2024
and ($63.3) million at December 31, 2023. The Company had $1.4 million of unrestricted cash on hand as of March 31, 2024.
Our operating revenues
are insufficient to fund our operations and our assets already are pledged to secure our indebtedness to various third party secured
creditors, respectively. The unavailability of additional financing could require us to delay, scale back, or terminate our acquisition
efforts as well as our own business activities, which would have a material adverse effect on the Company and its viability and prospects.
The terms of our indebtedness,
including the covenants and the dates on which principal and interest payments on our indebtedness are due, increases the risk that we
will be unable to continue as a going concern. To continue as a going concern over the next twelve months, we must make payments on our
debt as they come due and comply with the covenants in the agreements governing our indebtedness or, if we fail to do so, to (i) negotiate
and obtain waivers of or forbearances with respect to any defaults that occur with respect to our indebtedness, (ii) amend, replace,
refinance, or restructure any or all of the agreements governing our indebtedness, and/or (iii) otherwise secure additional capital.
However, we cannot provide any assurances that we will be successful in accomplishing any of these plans.
As of March 31, 2024,
Solis was in breach of the three financial covenants under Solis’ Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires
the higher of €5.5 million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount, (ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the
Leverage Ratio of NIBD/EBITDA to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December
31, 2022 and 5.5 times for the period ending on the maturity date of the Bond. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per
annum interest rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with a bullet payment to be paid on the Maturity Date. The Solis Bond is senior
secured through a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc,
and a first priority assignment over any intercompany loans. Additionally, Solis bondholders hold a preference share in an Alternus holding
company which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The preference share gives the bondholders the right on any distributions
up to EUR 10 million, and such assets will be divested to ensure repayment of up to EUR. 10 million should it not be fully repaid by
the Maturity Date.
Additionally, because
Solis was unable to fully repay the Solis Bonds by September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer
ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed
to the bondholders which as of March 31, 2024 is currently €80.8 million (approximately $87.3 million). If the ownership of Solis
and all of its subsidiaries were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of the Company’s operating assets and
related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated, and debt would be reduced by $87.3 million.
On October 16 2023, bondholders
approved to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the bondholders
approved an extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further
extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority of the bondholders
on January 3, 2024. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers and the maturity
date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion, which it granted,
and thereafter on a month-to-month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from a majority of
Bondholders. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term debt.
On December 28, 2023,
Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.5 million).
On January 18, 2024, Solis
sold 100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4 million (approximately $59.1 million), and on
February 21, 2024 Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for approximately €6.5 million (approximately
$7 million). Additionally, on February 14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options to repay €59,100,000 million (approximately $68.5
million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds. Subsequently, on May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest payment of €1,000,000 (approx.
$1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter of 2024. The remaining
interest amount is expected to be paid alongside, and in addition to, the next interest payment due July 6, 2024 from Solis’ ongoing
business operations. Solis will incur a late payment penalty in accordance with the Bond Terms, which will also be paid in July 2024.
On March 20, 2024, we
received a letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC therein stating that for the 32 consecutive
business day period between February 2, 2024 through March 19, 2024, the Common Stock had not maintained a minimum closing bid price
of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Bid
Price Rule”). Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), the Company was provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or
until September 16, 2024 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule. If the Company does not
regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule by September 16, 2024, the Company may be eligible for an additional 180-day period to regain
compliance. If the Company cannot regain compliance during the Compliance Period or any subsequently granted compliance period, the Common
Stock will be subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Nasdaq hearings panel. The
notice from Nasdaq has no immediate effect on the listing of the Common Stock and the Common Stock will continue to be listed on The
Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” The Company is currently evaluating its options for regaining compliance.
There can be no assurance that the Company will regain compliance with the Bid Price Rule or maintain compliance with any of the other
Nasdaq continued listing requirements.
On May 6, 2024, the Company
received a letter from the listing qualifications department staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company
that for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) was
below the minimum of $35 million required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq listing rule 5550(b)(2).
The notice has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock, and the Company’s common stock continues
to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” In accordance with Nasdaq listing rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the
Company has 180 calendar days, or until November 4, 2024, to regain compliance. The notice states that to regain compliance, the Company’s
MVLS must close at $35 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days (or such longer period of time as the Nasdaq staff
may require in some circumstances, but generally not more than 20 consecutive business days) during the compliance period ending November
4, 2024. If the Company does not regain compliance by November 4, 2024, Nasdaq staff will provide written notice to the Company that
its securities are subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal any such delisting determination to a Hearings Panel. The
Company intends to actively monitor the Company’s MVLS between now and November 4, 2024 and may, if appropriate, evaluate available
options to resolve the deficiency and regain compliance with the MVLS rule. While the Company is exercising diligent efforts to maintain
the listing of its common stock on Nasdaq, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain or maintain compliance with
Nasdaq listing standards.
The Company is currently
working on several processes to address the going concern issue. We are working with multiple global banks and funds to secure the necessary
project financing to execute on our transatlantic business plan.
3.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Company prepares its
consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S.
GAAP”).
Basis of Consolidation
The consolidated financial
statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been
eliminated in consolidation. The results of subsidiaries acquired or disposed of during the respective periods are included in the consolidated
financial statements from the effective date of acquisition or up to the effective date of disposal, as appropriate. The consolidated
financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and the related
notes for the year ended December 31, 2023, contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-k
as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes
(Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to enhance the transparency of income tax disclosures relating to the rate reconciliation,
disclosure of income taxes paid, and certain other disclosures. The ASU should be applied prospectively and is effective for annual periods
beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the related disclosures;
however, it does not expect this update to have an impact on its financial condition or results of operations.
In November 2023, the
FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve the disclosures about
reportable segments and include more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. This ASU also requires that a
public entity with a single reportable segment, provide all of the disclosures required as part of the amendments and all existing disclosures
required by Topic 280. The ASU should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements and is effective
for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption
is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on the financial statements and related disclosures.
4.
Business Combination
As discussed in Note 1
– Organization and Formation, on December 22, 2023, Clean Earth Acquisitions Corp. (“CLIN”), Alternus Energy Group
Plc (“AEG”) and Clean Earth Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”) completed the Business Combination. Upon
the Closing of the Business Combination, the following occurred:
| ● | In
connection with the Business Combination, AEG transferred to CLIN all issued and outstanding
AEG interests in certain of its subsidiaries (the “Acquired Subsidiaries”) in
exchange for the issuance by CLIN at the Closing of 57,500,000 shares of common stock of
CLIN. At Closing, CLIN changed its name to Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (“ALCE”
or the “Company”). |
| ● | In
connection with the Business Combination, 23,000,000 rights to receive one-tenth (1/10) of
one share of Class A common stock was exchanged for 2,300,000 shares of the Company’s
common stock. |
| ● | In
addition to shares issued to AEG noted above, 225,000 shares of Common Stock were issued
at Closing to the Sponsor to settle a CLIN convertible promissory note held by the Sponsor
at Closing. |
| ● | Each
share of CLIN Class A common stock held by the CLIN Sponsor prior to the closing of the Business
Combination, which totaled 8,556,667 shares, was exchanged for, on a one-for-one basis for
shares of the Company’s Common Stock. |
| ● | Each
share of CLIN common stock subject to possible redemption that was not redeemed prior to
the closing of the Business Combination, which totaled 127,142 shares, was exchanged for,
on a one-for-one basis for shares of the Company’s Common Stock. |
| ● | In
connection with the Business Combination, an investor that provided the Company funding through
a promissory note, was due to receive warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of Common Stock
at an exercise price of $0.01 per share and warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of Common
Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share pursuant to the Secured Promissory Note Agreement
dated October 3, 2023. Upon closing of the Business Combination, the investor received those
warrants. |
|
● |
In connection with the
Business Combination, CLIN entered into a Forward Purchase Agreement (the “FPA”) with certain accredited investors (the
“FPA Investors”) that gave the FPA Investors the right, but not an obligation, to purchase up to 2,796,554 shares of
CLIN’s common stock. Of the 2,796,554 shares, the FPA Investors purchased 1,300,320 shares of Common Stock and the Company
issued an aggregate of 1,496,234 shares of the Company’s common stock pursuant to the FPA. |
|
● |
The proceeds received
by the Company from the Business Combination, net of the FPA and transaction costs, totaled $5.1 million. |
The following table presents
the total Common Stock outstanding immediately after the closing of the Business Combination:
| |
Number of Shares | |
Exchange of CLIN common stock subject to
possible redemption that was not redeemed for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 127,142 | |
Exchange of public share rights held by CLIN shareholders
for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 2,300,000 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. common stock
to promissory note holders | |
| 400,000 | |
Exchange of CLIN Class A common
stock held by CLIN Sponsor for Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock | |
| 8,556,667 | |
Subtotal - Business Combination,
net of redemptions | |
| 11,383,809 | |
Issuance of shares under the
FPA | |
| 1,496,234 | |
Shares purchased by the accredited
investor under the FPA | |
| 1,300,320 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock to Alternus Energy Group Plc. on the Closing Date | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Issuance of Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock to the CLIN Sponsor as a holder of CLIN convertible notes on the Closing Date | |
| 225,000 | |
Total – Alternus Clean Energy
Inc. common stock outstanding as a result of the Business Combination, FPA, exchange of Acquired Subsidiaries’ shares for shares
of Alternus Clean Energy Inc. and issuance of Alternus Clean Energy Inc. common stock the holder of CLIN convertible notes. | |
| 71,905,363 | |
5.
Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined
as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous
market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure
fair value are prioritized within a three-level fair value hierarchy. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable
inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1 — Quoted prices in
active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 — Observable inputs
other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices
for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated
by observable market data.
Level 3 — Unobservable inputs
that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes
certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.
On December 3, 2023,
the Company entered into an agreement with (i) Meteora Capital Partners, LP, (ii) Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master,
LP, and (iii) Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (collectively “Meteora”) for OTC Equity Prepaid Forward Transactions (the
“FPA”). The purpose of the FPA was to decrease the amount of redemptions in connection with the Company’s Special Meeting
and potentially increase the working capital available to the Company following the Business Combination.
Pursuant to the terms
of the FPA, Meteora purchased 2,796,554 (the “Purchased Amount”) shares of common stock concurrently with the Business Combination
Closing pursuant to Meteora’s FPA Funding Amount PIPE Subscription Agreement, less the 1,300,320 shares of common stock separately
purchased from third parties through a broker in the open market (“Recycled Shares”). Following the consummation of the Business
Combination, Meteora delivered a Pricing Date Notice dated December 10, 2023 which included 1,300,320 Recycled Shares, 1,496,234 additional
shares and 2,796,554 total number of shares. The FPA provides for a prepayment shortfall in an amount in U.S. dollars equal to $500,000.
Meteora in its sole discretion may sell Recycled Shares at any time following the Trade Date at prices (i) at or above $10.00 during
the first three months following the Closing Date and (ii) at any sales price thereafter, without payment by Meteora of any Early
Termination Obligation until such time as the proceeds from such sales equal 100% of the Prepayment Shortfall The number of shares subject
to the Forward Purchase Agreement is subject to reduction following a termination of the FPA with respect to such shares as described
under “Optional Early Termination” in the FPA. The reset price is set at $10.00. Commencing June 22, 2024 the reset price
will be subject to reduction upon the occurrence of a Dilutive Offering.
The Company holds various
financial instruments that are not required to be recorded at fair value. For cash, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable,
and short-term debt the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
The
fair value of the Company’s recorded forward purchase agreement (“FPA”) is determined based on unobservable inputs
that are not corroborated by market data, which require a Level 3 classification. A Monte Carlo simulation model was used to determine
the fair value. The Company records the forward purchase agreement at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair
value recorded in the consolidated statements of operation.
As
of March 31, 2024, the Forward Purchase Agreement value was $0, as presented below:
| |
| Fair
Value Measurement | |
| |
| Level
1 | | |
| Level
2 | | |
| Level
3 | | |
| Total | |
Forward Purchase Agreement | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
The following
table presents changes of the forward purchase agreement with significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as of March 31, 2024, in thousand:
| |
Forward Purchase Agreement | |
Balance at January 1, 2023 | |
$ | - | |
Recognition of Forward Purchase Agreement Asset | |
| 17,125 | |
Change in fair value | |
| (16,642 | ) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | |
| 483 | |
Change in fair value | |
| (483 | ) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | |
$ | - | |
The
Company measures the forward purchase agreement using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using the following assumptions:
| |
Forward Purchase Agreement | |
Risk-free rate | |
| 4.5 | % |
Underlying stock price | |
$ | 0.43 | |
Expected volatility | |
| 92.7 | % |
Term | |
| 2.73
years | |
Dividend yield | |
| 0 | % |
6.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable relate
to amounts due from customers for services that have been performed and invoices that have been sent. Unbilled energy incentives relate
to services that have been performed for the customer but have yet to be invoiced. Accounts receivables and unbilled energy incentives
consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Accounts receivable | |
$ | 2,119 | | |
$ | 651 | |
Unbilled energy incentives earned | |
| 6,048 | | |
| 5,607 | |
Total | |
$ | 8,167 | | |
$ | 6,258 | |
7.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid and other current
expenses generally consist of amounts paid to vendors for services that have not yet been performed. Other receivable, prepaid expenses,
and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | |
$ | 2,501 | | |
$ | 2,602 | |
Accrued revenue | |
| - | | |
| 6 | |
Other receivable | |
| 522 | | |
| 736 | |
Total | |
$ | 3,023 | | |
$ | 3,344 | |
8.
Property and Equipment, Net
The components of property
and equipment, net were as follows at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Solar energy facilities | |
$ | 55,737 | | |
$ | 55,318 | |
Land | |
| 500 | | |
| 511 | |
Software and computers | |
| 6 | | |
| - | |
Furniture and fixtures | |
| 207 | | |
| 210 | |
Asset retirement | |
| 164 | | |
| 168 | |
Construction in progress | |
| 12,705 | | |
| 12,421 | |
Total property and equipment | |
| 69,319 | | |
| 68,628 | |
Less: Accumulated depreciation | |
| (7,714 | ) | |
| (7,326 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 61,605 | | |
$ | 61,302 | |
9.
Capitalized development cost and other long-term assets
Capitalized development
costs are amounts paid to vendors that are related to the purchase and construction of solar energy facilities. Notes receivable and
prepaids consist of amounts owed to the Company as well as amounts paid to vendors for services that have yet to be received by the Company.
Capitalized cost and other long-term assets consisted of the following (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Capitalized development cost | |
$ | 6,351 | | |
$ | 6,216 | |
Other receivables | |
| 1,000 | | |
| 1,483 | |
Total | |
$ | 7,351 | | |
$ | 7,699 | |
Capitalized development
cost relates to various projects that are under development for the period. As the Company closes either a purchase or development of
new solar parks, these development costs are added to the final asset displayed in Property and Equipment. If the Company does not close
on the prospective project, these costs are written off to Development Cost on the Consolidated Statement Operations and Comprehensive
Loss.
Capitalized Development
Cost consist of $2.1 million of active development in the U.S. and $4.3 million across Europe.
Other Receivables as of
March 31, 2024 relates to a security deposit of $1.0 million in relation to the Power Purchase Agreement for a development project in
Tennessee.
10.
Deferred Income
Deferred income relates
to income related to Green Certificates from Romania that have been received but not sold. Deferred income consists of the following
(in thousands):
| |
Activity | |
Deferred income – Balance January 1, 2023 | |
$ | 4,954 | |
Green certificates received | |
| 10,663 | |
Green certificates sold | |
| (10,169 | ) |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| 159 | |
Deferred income – Balance December 1, 2023 | |
$ | 5,607 | |
Green certificates received | |
| 2,030 | |
Green certificates sold | |
| (1,468 | ) |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| (121 | ) |
Deferred income – Balance March 31, 2024 | |
$ | 6,048 | |
11.
Accrued Liabilities
Accrued expenses relate
to various accruals for the Company. Accrued interest represents the interest in debt not paid in the three months ended March 31, 2024
and in the year ended December 31, 2023. Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Accrued legal | |
$ | 7,258 | | |
$ | 8,684 | |
Accrued interest | |
| 6,294 | | |
| 5,516 | |
Accrued financing cost | |
| 2,397 | | |
| 3,537 | |
Accrued construction expense | |
| 363 | | |
| 2,134 | |
Accrued transaction cost - business combination | |
| 261 | | |
| 1,527 | |
Accrued audit fees | |
| 150 | | |
| 800 | |
Accrued payroll | |
| 215 | | |
| 148 | |
Other accrued expenses | |
| 2,094 | | |
| 2,064 | |
Total | |
$ | 19,032 | | |
$ | 24,410 | |
12.
Taxes Recoverable and Payable
Taxes recoverable and
payable consist of VAT taxes payable and receivable from various European governments through group transactions in these countries.
Taxes recoverable consist of the following (in thousands):
| |
March 31 | | |
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Taxes recoverable | |
$ | 683 | | |
$ | 631 | |
Less: Taxes payable | |
| (13 | ) | |
| (14 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 670 | | |
$ | 617 | |
13.
Green Bonds, Convertible and Non-convertible Promissory Notes
The following table reflects
the total debt balances of the Company as March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (in thousands):
| |
As of
March 31 | | |
As of
December 31 | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Senior Secured Green Bonds | |
$ | 87,264 | | |
$ | 166,122 | |
Senior Secured debt and promissory notes secured | |
| 31,523 | | |
| 32,312 | |
Total debt | |
| 118,787 | | |
| 198,434 | |
Less current maturities | |
| (118,787 | ) | |
| (198,434 | ) |
Long term debt, net of current maturities | |
$ | - | | |
$ | - | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Current Maturities | |
$ | 118,787 | | |
$ | 198,434 | |
Less current debt discount | |
| (908 | ) | |
| (892 | ) |
Current Maturities net of debt discount | |
$ | 117,879 | | |
$ | 197,542 | |
The Company incurred debt
issuance costs of $0.9 million during the three month period ended March 31, 2024. Debt issuance costs are recorded as a debt discount
and are amortized to interest expense over the life of the debt, upon the close of the related debt transaction, in the Consolidated
Balance Sheet. Interest expense stemming from amortization of debt discounts for continuing operations for the three months ended March
31, 2024 was $0.7 million and for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $4.9 million.
There was no interest
expense stemming from amortization of debt discounts for discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023,
respectively.
All outstanding debt for
the company is considered short-term based on their respective maturity dates and are to be repaid within the year 2024.
Senior secured debt:
In May 2022, AEG MH02
entered into a loan agreement with a group of private lenders of approximately $10.8 million with an initial stated interest rate of
8% and a maturity date of May 31, 2023. In February 2023, the loan agreement was amended stating a new interest rate of 16% retroactive
to the date of the first draw in June 2022. In May 2023, the loan was extended and the interest rate was revised to 18% from June 1,
2023. In July 2023, the loan agreement was further extended to October 31, 2023. In November 2023, the loan agreement was further extended
to May 31, 2024. Due to these addendums, $0.9 million of interest was recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2024. The Company
had principal outstanding of $10.8 million and $11.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In June 2022, Alt US 02,
a subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as part of the
transaction with Lightwave Renewables, LLC to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. The Company entered into a construction
promissory note of $5.9 million with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and an original maturity date of June 29, 2023. On January
26, 2024 the loan was extended to June 29, 2024 due to logistical issues that caused construction delays. The Company had principal outstanding
of $5.4 million and $4.3 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
On February 28, 2023,
Alt US 03, a subsidiary of Alternus Energy Americas, and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into an agreement as
part of the transaction to acquire rights to develop a solar park in Tennessee. Alt US 03 entered into a construction promissory note
of $920 thousand with a variable interest rate of prime plus 2.5% and due May 31, 2024. This note had a principal outstanding balance
of $717 thousand as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
In July 2023, one of the
Company’s US subsidiaries acquired a 32 MWp solar PV project in Tennessee for $2.4 million financed through a bank loan having
a six-month term, 24% APY, and an extended maturity date of February 29, 2024. The project is expected to start operating in Q1 2025.
100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. The Company had a principal outstanding
balance of $7.0 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. As of the date of this report this loan is currently
in default, but management is in active discussions with the lender to renegotiate the terms.
In July 2023, Alt Spain
Holdco, one of the Company’s Spanish subsidiaries acquired the project rights for a 32 MWp portfolio of Solar PV projects in Valencia,
Spain, with an initial payment of $1.9 million, financed through a bank loan having a six-month term and accruing ’Six Month Euribor’
plus 2% margin, currently 5.9% interest. On January 24, 2024, the maturity date was extended to July 28, 2024. The portfolio consists
of six projects totaling 24.4 MWp. This note had a principal outstanding balance of $3.2 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31,
2023, respectively.
In October 2023, Alternus
Energy Americas, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries secured a working capital loan in the amount of $3.2 million with a 0% interest
until a specified date and a maturity date of March 31, 2024. In February 2024, the loan was further extended to February 28, 2025 and
the principal amount was increased to $3.6 million. In March 2024, the Company began accruing interest at a rate of 10%. Additionally,
the Company issued the noteholder warrants to purchase up to 90,000 shares of restricted common stock, exercisable at $0.01 per share
having a 5 year term and fair value of $86 thousand. The Company had a principal outstanding balance of $1.8 million as of March 31,
2024 and $3.2 million as of December 31, 2023. As of the date of this report this loan is currently in default, but management is in
active discussions with the lender to renegotiate the terms and expects a resolution in a timely manner.
In December 2023, Alt
US 07, one of the Company’s US subsidiaries acquired the project rights to a 14 MWp solar PV project in Alabama for $1.1 million
financed through a bank loan having a six-month term, 24% APY, and a maturity date of May 28, 2024. The project is expected to start
operating in Q2 2025. 100% of offtake is already secured by 30-year power purchase agreements with two regional utilities. This note
had a principal outstanding balance of $1.1 million as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
For the year ended December
31, 2023, 225,000 shares of Common Stock were issued at Closing to the Sponsor of Clean Earth to settle CLIN promissory notes of $1.6
million. The note has a 0% interest rate until perpetuity. The shares were issued at the closing price of $5 per share for $1.1 million.
The difference of $0.5 million was recognized as an addition to Additional Paid in Capital. The Company had a principal outstanding balance
of $1.4 million as of March 31, 2024 and $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023. Management determined the extinguishment of this note
is the result of a Troubled Debt Restructuring.
Convertible Promissory Notes:
In January 2024, the Company
assumed a $938 thousand (€850 thousand) convertible promissory note from AEG PLC, a related party. The note had a 10% interest maturing
in March 2025. The note was assumed as part of the Business Combination that was completed in December 2023. On January 3, 2024, the
noteholder converted all of the principal and accrued interest owed under the note, equal to $1.0 million, into 1,320,000 shares of restricted
common stock.
Other Debt:
In January 2021, the Company
approved the issuance by one of its subsidiaries, Solis, of a series of 3-year senior secured green bonds in the maximum amount of $242.0
million (€200.0 million) with a stated coupon rate of 6.5% + EURIBOR and quarterly interest payments. The bond agreement is for
repaying existing facilities of approximately $40.0 million (€33 million), and funding acquisitions of approximately $87.2 million
(€72.0 million). The bonds are secured by the Solis Bond Company’s underlying assets. The Company raised approximately $125.0
million (€110.0 million) in the initial funding. In November 2021, Solis Bond Company DAC, completed an additional issue of $24.0
million (€20.0 million). The additional issue was completed at an issue price of 102% of par value, corresponding to a yield of
5.5%. The Company raised $11.1 million (€10.0 million) in March 2022 at 97% for an effective yield of 9.5%. In connection with the
bond agreement the Company incurred approximately $11.8 million in debt issuance costs. The Company recorded these as a discount on the
debt and they are being amortized as interest expense over the contractual period of the bond agreement. As of March 31, 2024 and December
31, 2023, there was $87.3 million and $166.1 million outstanding on the Bond, respectively.
As of March 31, 2024,
Solis was in breach of the three financial covenants under Solis’ Bond terms: (i) the minimum Liquidity Covenant that requires
the higher of €5.5 million or 5% of the outstanding Nominal Amount, (ii) the minimum Equity Ratio covenant of 25%, and (iii) the
Leverage Ratio of NIBD/EBITDA to not be higher than 6.5 times for the year ended December 2021, 6.0 times for the year ended December
31, 2022 and 5.5 times for the period ending on the maturity date of the Bond. The Solis Bond carries a 3 months EURIBOR plus 6.5% per
annum interest rate, and has quarterly interest payments, with a bullet payment to be paid on the Maturity Date. The Solis Bond is senior
secured through a first priority pledge on the shares of Solis and its subsidiaries, a parent guarantee from Alternus Energy Group Plc,
and a first priority assignment over any intercompany loans. Additionally, Solis bondholders hold a preference share in an Alternus holding
company which holds certain development projects in Spain and Italy. The preference share gives the bondholders the right on any distributions
up to EUR 10 million, and such assets will be divested to ensure repayment of up to EUR. 10 million should ts not be fully repaid by
the Maturity Date.
Additionally, because
Solis was unable to fully repay the Solis Bonds by September 30, 2023, Solis’ bondholders have the right to immediately transfer
ownership of Solis and all of its subsidiaries to the bondholders and proceed to sell Solis’ assets to recoup the full amount owed
to the bondholders which as of March 31, 2024 is currently €80.8 million (approximately $87.3 million). If the ownership of Solis
and all of its subsidiaries were to be transferred to the Solis bondholders, the majority of the Company’s operating assets and
related revenues and EBIDTA would be eliminated.
On October 16 2023, bondholders
approved to further extend the temporary waiver to December 16, 2023. On December 18, 2023, a representative group of the bondholders
approved an extension of the temporary waivers and the maturity date of the Solis Bonds until January 31, 2024, with the right to further
extend to February 29, 2024 at the Solis Bond trustee’s discretion, which was subsequently approved by a majority of the bondholders
on January 3, 2024. On March 12, 2024, the Solis Bondholders approved resolutions to further extend the temporary waivers and the maturity
date until April 30, 2024 with the right to further extend to May 31, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion, which it granted,
and thereafter on a month-to-month basis to November 29, 2024 at the Bond Trustee’s discretion and approval from a majority of
Bondholders. As such, the Solis bond debt is currently recorded as short-term debt.
On December 28, 2023,
Solis sold 100% of the share capital in its Italian subsidiaries for approximately €15.8 million (approximately $17.5 million).
On January 18, 2024, Solis
sold 100% of the share capital in its Polish subsidiaries for approximately €54.4 million (approximately $59.1 million), and on
February 21, 2024 Solis sold 100% of the share capital of its Netherlands subsidiary for approximately €6.5 million (approximately
$7 million). Additionally, on February 14, 2024, Solis exercised its call options to repay €59,100,000 million (approximately $68.5
million) of amounts outstanding under the bonds. Subsequently, on May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest payment of €1,000,000 (approx.
$1,069,985.00) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter of 2024. The remaining
interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, the next interest payment due July 6, 2024 from Solis’ ongoing business
operations. Solis will incur a late payment penalty in accordance with the Bond Terms, which will also be paid in July 2024.
On December 21, 2022,
the Company’s wholly owned Irish subsidiaries, AEG JD 01 LTD and AEG MH 03 LTD entered in a financing facility with Deutsche Bank
AG (“Lender”). This is an uncommitted revolving debt financing of €500,000,000 to finance eligible project costs for
the acquisition, construction, and operation of installation/ready to build solar PV plants across Europe (the “Warehouse Facility”).
The Warehouse Facility, which matures on the third anniversary of the closing date of the Credit Agreement (the “Maturity Date”),
bears interest at Euribor plus an aggregate margin at a market rate for such facilities, which steps down by 0.5% once the underlying
non-Euro costs financed reduces below 33.33% of the overall costs financed. The Warehouse Facility is not currently drawn upon, but a
total of approximately €1,800,000 in arrangement and commitment fees is currently owed to the Lender. Once drawn, the Warehouse
Facility capitalizes interest payments until projects reach their commercial operations dates through to the Maturity Date; it also provides
for mandatory prepayments in certain situations.
On March 21, 2024, ALCE
and the Sponsor of Clean Earth (“CLIN”) agreed to a settlement of a $1.2 million note assumed by ALCE as part of the Business
Combination that was completed in December 2023. The note had a maturity date of whenever CLIN closes its Business Combination Agreement
and accrued interest of 25%. ALCE issued 225,000 shares to the Sponsor in March 21, 2024 and a payment plan of the rest of the outstanding
balance was agreed to with payments to commence on July 15, 2024. The closing stock price of the Company was $0.47 on the date of issuance.
14.
Leases
The Company determines
if an arrangement is a lease or contains a lease at inception or acquisition when the Company acquires a new park. The Company has operating
leases for corporate offices and land with remaining lease terms of 4 to 28 years.
Operating lease assets
and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term at the commencement
date. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company estimates its incremental borrowing rate based
on information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Lease expense related to the net
present value of payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The key components of the company’s operating
leases were as follows (in thousands):
| |
March 31, | | |
December 31, | |
| |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
Operating Lease - Operating Cash Flows (Fixed Payments) | |
| 75 | | |
| 189 | |
Operating Lease - Operating Cash Flows (Liability Reduction) | |
| 61 | | |
| 129 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
New ROU Assets - Operating Leases | |
| - | | |
| 409 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Weighted Average Lease Term - Operating Leases (years) | |
| 12.99 | | |
| 13.24 | |
Weighted Average Discount Rate - Operating Leases | |
| 7.65 | % | |
| 7.65 | % |
The Company’s operating
leases generally relate to the rent of office building space as well as land and rooftops upon which the Company’s solar parks
are built. These leases include those that have been assumed in connection with the Company’s asset acquisitions and business combinations.
The Company’s leases are for varying terms and expire between 2027 and 2051.
In October 2023, the Company
entered a new lease for land in Madrid, Spain where solar parks are planned to be built. The lease term is 35 years with an estimated
annual cost of $32 thousand.
Maturities of lease liabilities as of March
31, 2024 were as follows:
| |
(in thousands) | |
Five-year lease schedule: | |
| |
2024 Apr 1 – Dec 31 | |
$ | 154 | |
2025 | |
| 235 | |
2026 | |
| 241 | |
2027 | |
| 247 | |
2028 | |
| 215 | |
Thereafter | |
| 2,021 | |
Total lease payments | |
| 3,113 | |
Less imputed interest | |
| (1,748 | ) |
Total | |
$ | 1,365 | |
The Company had no finance
leases as of March 31, 2024.
15.
Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation
The Company recognizes
a liability for loss contingencies when it believes it is probable a liability has occurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
If some amount within a range of loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the Company
accrues that amount. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the Company accrues the minimum amount
in the range. The Company has established an accrual for those legal proceedings and regulatory matters for which a loss is both probable
and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
On May 4, 2023 Alternus
received notice that Solartechnik, an international group specializing in solar installations, filed an arbitration claim against Alternus
Energy Group PLC, Solis Bond Company DAC, and ALT POL HC 01 SP. Z.o.o. in the Court of Arbitration at the Polish Chamber of Commerce,
claiming that PLN 24,980,589 (approximately $5.8 million) is due and owed to Solartechnik pursuant to a preliminary share purchase agreement
by and among the parties that did not ultimately close, plus costs, expenses, legal fees and interest. The Company has accrued a liability
for this loss contingency in the amount of approximately $6.8 million, which represents the contractual amount allegedly owed. It is
reasonably possible that the potential loss may exceed our accrued liability due to costs, expenses, legal fees, and interest that are
also alleged by Solartechnik as owed, but at the time of filing this report, we are unable to determine an estimate of that possible
additional loss in excess of the amount accrued. The Company intends to vigorously defend this action.
Contingencies
Amendment to Agreement with Hover Energy,
LLC
On October 31, 2023, the
Company amended its agreement with Hover Energy, LLC to extend the remaining $500,000 of Prepaid Development Fees to June 30, 2024.
16.
Asset Retirement Obligations
The Company’s AROs
mostly relate to the retirement of solar park land or buildings. The discount rate used to estimate the present value of the expected
future cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and the year ended December 31, 2023 was 7.7%.
| |
Activity | |
ARO Liability - Balance January 1, 2023 | |
$ | 397 | |
Additional obligations incurred | |
| - | |
Disposals | |
| (235 | ) |
Accretion expense | |
| 24 | |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| 11 | |
ARO Liability - Balance December 31, 2023 | |
$ | 197 | |
Additional obligations incurred | |
| - | |
Disposals | |
| - | |
Accretion expense | |
| 3 | |
Foreign exchange gain/(loss) | |
| (4 | ) |
ARO Liability -- March 31, 2024 | |
$ | 196 | |
17.
Development Cost
The Company depends heavily
on government policies that support our business and enhance the economic feasibility of developing and operating solar energy projects
in regions in which we operate or plan to develop and operate renewable energy facilities. The Company can decide to abandon a project
if it becomes uneconomic due to various factors, for example, a change in market conditions leading to higher costs of construction,
lower energy rates, political factors or otherwise where governments from time to time may review their laws and policies that support
renewable energy and consider actions that would make the laws and policies less conducive to the development and operation of renewable
energy facilities, or other factors that change the expected returns on the project. Any reductions or modifications to, or the elimination
of, governmental incentives or policies that support renewable energy or the imposition of additional taxes or other assessments on renewable
energy could result in, among other items, the lack of a satisfactory market for the development and/or financing of new renewable energy
projects, our abandoning the development of renewable energy projects, a loss of our investments in the projects, and reduced project
returns, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
Miscellaneous development cost | |
$ | 7 | |
Total | |
$ | 7 | |
Miscellaneous development
cost relates to cost associated with projects abandoned during various phases, due to lack of technical, legal, or financial feasibility.
18.
Discontinued Operations Sold
In July 2023, the Company
engaged multiple parties to market the Polish and Netherlands assets to potential buyers. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company
decided to proceed with the sales of the 6 PV parks in Poland and 1 park in the Netherlands. As the exit of these two markets represented
a strategic shift for the Company, the assets were classified as discontinued operations in accordance with ASC 205-20. As of December
31, 2023, the Polish and Netherlands assets were classified as disposal groups held for sale. The balances and results of the Polish
and Netherlands disposal groups are presented below.
The sale of the Polish
assets was finalized January 19, 2024 with a cash consideration of $59.4 million for all operating assets. In accordance with ASC 360,
the company removed the disposal group and recognized a gain of $3.5 million upon the sale, of which $0.8 million were costs associated
with the sale.
The sale of the Netherlands
assets was finalized February 21, 2024 with a cash consideration of $7.1 million for all operating assets. In accordance with ASC 360,
the company removed the disposal group and recognized a loss of $1.3 million upon the sale, of which $0.5 million were costs associated
with the sale.
| |
As of
January 19 | | |
As of
December 31 | |
Poland | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 630 | | |
$ | 630 | |
Other current assets | |
| 442 | | |
| 443 | |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | |
| 63,107 | | |
| 63,107 | |
Operating leases, non-current - assets | |
| 5,923 | | |
| 5,923 | |
Total assets held for sale | |
$ | 70,102 | | |
$ | 70,103 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 2,933 | | |
$ | 2,935 | |
Operating leases, current – liabilities | |
| 281 | | |
| 281 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 25 | | |
| 1,549 | |
Operating leases, non-current - liabilities | |
| 5,798 | | |
| 5,798 | |
Other non-current liabilities | |
| 985 | | |
| 985 | |
Total liabilities to be disposed of | |
$ | 10,022 | | |
$ | 11,548 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets held for sale | |
$ | 60,080 | | |
$ | 58,555 | |
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31 | |
Poland | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 106 | | |
$ | 1,105 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (101 | ) | |
| (936 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (123 | ) | |
| (609 | ) |
Gain on disposal of asset | |
| 3,484 | | |
| - | |
Total operating expenses | |
| 3,260 | | |
| (1,545 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
| 3,366 | | |
| (440 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (688 | ) | |
| (1,224 | ) |
Total other expenses | |
$ | (688 | ) | |
$ | (1,224 | ) |
Income/(Loss) before provision for income taxes | |
$ | 2,678 | | |
| (1,664 | ) |
Net income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
$ | 2,678 | | |
$ | (1,664 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact of discontinued operations on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | 2,678 | | |
$ | (1,664 | ) |
Net income/(loss) attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| 2,678 | | |
| (1,664 | ) |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | 0.04 | | |
$ | (0.03 | ) |
Net income/(loss) per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| 0.04 | | |
| (0.03 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
| |
As of
February 21, | | |
As of
December 31 | |
Netherlands | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 75 | | |
$ | 155 | |
Accounts receivable, net | |
| - | | |
| 99 | |
Other current assets | |
| 178 | | |
| 58 | |
Property, plant, and equipment, net | |
| 7,669 | | |
| 7,845 | |
Operating leases, non-current – assets | |
| 1,441 | | |
| 1,469 | |
Other non-current assets | |
| 1,192 | | |
| 1,214 | |
Total assets held for sale | |
$ | 10,555 | | |
$ | 10,840 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 945 | | |
$ | 925 | |
Operating leases, current – liabilities | |
| 55 | | |
| 55 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 95 | | |
| 430 | |
Operating leases, non-current – liabilities | |
| 1,273 | | |
| 1,301 | |
Total liabilities to be disposed of | |
$ | 2,368 | | |
$ | 2,711 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets held for sale | |
$ | 8,187 | | |
$ | 8,129 | |
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31 | |
Netherlands | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | 16 | | |
$ | 202 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| (115 | ) | |
| (61 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (57 | ) | |
| (126 | ) |
Loss on disposal of asset | |
| (1,334 | ) | |
| - | |
Total operating expenses | |
| (1,506 | ) | |
| (187 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Income/(loss) from discontinued operations | |
| (1,490 | ) | |
| 15 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Interest expense | |
| (113 | ) | |
| (248 | ) |
Total other expenses | |
$ | (113 | ) | |
$ | (248 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
$ | (1,603 | ) | |
$ | (233 | ) |
Net loss from discontinued operations | |
$ | (1,603 | ) | |
$ | (233 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact of discontinued operations on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (1,603 | ) | |
$ | (233 | ) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (1,603 | ) | |
| (233 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (0.02 | ) | |
$ | (0.00 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.02 | ) | |
| (0.00 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
19.
Italy Sale Disclosure
In June 2023 the Company
engaged an Italian firm to market the Company’s operating assets in Italy. During the fourth quarter of 2023 a buyer was identified,
and the sale of the assets was finalized on December 28, 2023. The Company received a cash consideration of $17.5 million for all operating
assets. In accordance with ASC 360, the Company removed the disposal group and recognized a loss of $5.5 million upon sale on December
28, 2023, of which $0.6 million were cost associated with the sale. The remaining balances and results of the Italian assets not disposed
are presented below:
| |
As of March 31, | | |
Year Ended December 31, | |
Italy | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Assets: | |
| | |
| |
Cash & cash equivalents | |
$ | 87 | | |
$ | 100 | |
Other current assets | |
| 330 | | |
| 338 | |
Other non-current assets | |
| 3,966 | | |
| 3,819 | |
Total assets | |
$ | 4,383 | | |
$ | 4,257 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Liabilities: | |
| | | |
| | |
Accounts payable | |
$ | 17 | | |
$ | 21 | |
Other current liabilities | |
| 569 | | |
| 578 | |
Total liabilities | |
$ | 586 | | |
$ | 599 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Net assets | |
$ | 3,797 | | |
$ | 3,658 | |
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31, | |
Italy | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
| |
| | |
| |
Revenues | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 655 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Operating Expenses | |
| | | |
| | |
Cost of revenues | |
| - | | |
| (262 | ) |
Selling, general, and administrative | |
| (8 | ) | |
| (42 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| - | | |
| (410 | ) |
Total operating expenses | |
| (8 | ) | |
| (714 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Loss from discontinued operations | |
| (8 | ) | |
| (59 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Other income/(expense): | |
| | | |
| | |
Other expense | |
| - | | |
| (36 | ) |
Total other expenses | |
$ | - | | |
$ | (36 | ) |
Loss before provision for income taxes | |
$ | (8 | ) | |
$ | (95 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Net loss from discontinued operations | |
$ | (8 | ) | |
$ | (95 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Impact on EPS | |
| | | |
| | |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (8 | ) | |
$ | (95 | ) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (8 | ) | |
| (95 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic | |
$ | (0.00 | ) | |
$ | (0.00 | ) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, diluted | |
| (0.00 | ) | |
| (0.00 | ) |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, basic | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
Weighted-average common stock outstanding, diluted | |
| 65,077,094 | | |
| 57,500,000 | |
20.
Shareholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2023,
the Company had a total of 150,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with 71,905,363 shares issued and outstanding. As of March 31,
2024, the Company had a total of 150,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with 81,396,664 shares issued and outstanding.
On January 23, 2024, the
Company entered into a six-month marketing services agreement. The Company issued 81,301 shares at a market value of $1.01 in exchange
for marketing services provided.
On February 20, 2024,
the Company entered into a two-month marketing services agreement. The Company issued 100,000 shares at a market value of $0.35 for marketing
services provided. This agreement has the potential of renewal for an additional three months upon mutual written consent.
Preferred Stock
As of March 31, 2024 and
December 31, 2023, the Company also had a total of 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized. There were no preferred shares issued
or outstanding as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The board of directors of the Company has the authority to establish one or
more series of preferred stock, fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences and any other rights, if any, of each
such series and any qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof.
Warrants
As of December 31, 2023,
warrants to purchase up to 12,345,000 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding. These warrants were related to financing activities.
As inducement to extend the maturity of an existing note with warrants, the Company issued 90,000 additional penny warrants with a five
year term to the noteholder with a five year term. As of March 31, 2024, warrants to purchase up to 12,435,000 shares of common stock
were issued and outstanding.
| |
Warrants | | |
Weighted Average Exercise
Price | | |
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual Term (Years) | |
Outstanding - December 31, 2022 | |
| 11,945,000 | | |
$ | 11.50 | | |
| 5.98 | |
Issued during the quarter | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Expired during the quarter | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Outstanding – March 31, 2023 | |
| 11,945,000 | | |
| 11.50 | | |
| 5.98 | |
Exercisable – March 31, 2023 | |
| 11,945,000 | | |
$ | 11.50 | | |
| 5.98 | |
| |
Warrants | | |
Weighted Average Exercise
Price | | |
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual Term (Years) | |
Outstanding - December 31, 2023 | |
| 12,345,000 | | |
$ | 11.22 | | |
| 4.93 | |
Issued during the quarter | |
| 90,000 | | |
| 0.01 | | |
| 0.03 | |
Expired during the quarter | |
| - | | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Outstanding – March 31, 2024 | |
| 12,435,000 | | |
| 11.14 | | |
| 4.73 | |
Exercisable – March 31, 2024 | |
| 12,435,000 | | |
$ | 11.14 | | |
| 4.73 | |
21.
Segment and Geographic Information
The Company has two reportable
segments that consist of PV operations by geographical region, U.S. Operations and European Operations. European operations represent
our most significant business. The Chief Operating Decision-Maker (CODM) is the CEO.
The European Segment derives
revenues from three sources, Country Renewable Programs, Green Certificates and Long-term Offtake Agreements. The US Segment revenues
are derived from Long-term Offtake Agreements.
In evaluating financial
performance, we focus on EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, as a segment’s measure of profit or loss. EBITDA is defined as earnings before
interest expense, income tax expense, depreciation and amortization. The Company uses EBITDA because management believes that it can
be a useful financial metric in understanding the Company’s earnings from operations. EBITDA is not a measures of the Company's
financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or any other performance measure derived
in accordance with GAAP. As a trans-Atlantic independent solar power provider, we evaluate many of our capital expenditure decisions
at a regional level. Accordingly, expenditures on property, plant and equipment and associated debt by segment are presented. The following
tables present information related to the Company’s reportable segments.
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31 | |
Revenue by Segment | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | 2,086 | | |
$ | 3,828 | |
Europe – Discontinued Operations | |
| 123 | | |
| 18 | |
United States | |
| 93 | | |
| 1,307 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 2,302 | | |
$ | 5,153 | |
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31 | |
Operating Loss by Segment | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | (2,908 | ) | |
$ | (4,310 | ) |
United States | |
| (4,675 | ) | |
| (942 | ) |
Total for the period | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
| |
As of
March 31, | | |
As of
December 31 | |
Assets by Segment | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
Fixed Assets | |
$ | 42,209 | | |
$ | 125,600 | |
Other Assets | |
| 20,735 | | |
| 36,728 | |
Total for Europe | |
$ | 62,944 | | |
$ | 162,328 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
United States | |
| | | |
| | |
Fixed Assets | |
$ | 6,556 | | |
$ | 5,119 | |
Other Assets | |
| 14,854 | | |
| 17,839 | |
Total for US | |
$ | 21,410 | | |
$ | 22,958 | |
| |
As of
March 31, | | |
As of
December 31, | |
Liabilities by Segment | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
Debt | |
$ | 99,686 | | |
$ | 180,294 | |
Other Liabilities | |
| 28,108 | | |
| 39,378 | |
Total for Europe | |
$ | 127,794 | | |
$ | 219,672 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
United States | |
| | | |
| | |
Debt | |
$ | 16,582 | | |
$ | 17,247 | |
Other Liabilities | |
| 11,697 | | |
| 11,621 | |
Total for US | |
$ | 28,279 | | |
$ | 28,868 | |
| |
Three Months Ended March 31 | |
Revenue by Product Type | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Country Renewable Programs (FIT) | |
| | |
| |
Europe | |
$ | 29 | | |
$ | 1,248 | |
US | |
| 93 | | |
| 18 | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 122 | | |
$ | 1,266 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Green Certificates (FIT) | |
| | | |
| | |
Europe | |
$ | 1,575 | | |
$ | 1,880 | |
US | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 1,575 | | |
$ | 1,880 | |
| |
| | | |
| | |
Energy Offtake Agreements (PPA) | |
| | | |
| | |
Europe | |
$ | 605 | | |
$ | 2,007 | |
United States | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total for the period | |
$ | 605 | | |
$ | 2,007 | |
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31, | |
EBITDA by Segment | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
$ | 2,258 | | |
$ | 2,122 | |
US | |
| (2,827 | ) | |
| (857 | ) |
Total for the period | |
$ | (569 | ) | |
$ | 1,265 | |
Below is a reconciliation of net income to EBITDA and adjusted
EBITDA for the periods presented:
| |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |
EBITDA Reconciliation to Net Loss | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Europe | |
| | |
| |
EBITDA | |
$ | 2,258 | | |
$ | 2,122 | |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (699 | ) | |
| (1,574 | ) |
Interest expense | |
| (4,466 | ) | |
| (4,858 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Net Loss | |
$ | (2,907 | ) | |
$ | (4,310 | ) |
| |
| | | |
| | |
US | |
| | | |
| | |
EBITDA | |
$ | (2,827 | ) | |
$ | (857 | ) |
Depreciation, amortization, and accretion | |
| (49 | ) | |
| (2 | ) |
Interest expense | |
| (1,317 | ) | |
| (83 | ) |
Income taxes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Valuation on FPA Asset | |
| (483 | ) | |
| - | |
Net Loss | |
$ | (4,676 | ) | |
$ | (942 | ) |
Consolidated Net Loss | |
$ | (7,583 | ) | |
$ | (5,252 | ) |
22.
Income Tax Provision
The Company’s provision
from income taxes for interim periods is determined using its effective tax rate expected to be applied for the full year. The Company’s
effective tax rate was 0.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and 0.0%, respectively for the same period in the prior year,
as it maintains a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets.
The Company assesses the
realizability of the deferred tax assets at each reporting date. The Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance for its
net deferred tax assets. If certain substantial changes in the entity’s ownership occur, there may be an annual limitation on the
amount of the carryforwards that can be utilized. The Company will continue to assess the need for a valuation allowance on its deferred
tax assets.
23.
Related Party
Financial assets and financial
liabilities are recognized when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.
AEG:
Alternus Energy Group
Plc (“AEG”) was an eighty percent (80%) shareholder of the Company as of December 22, 2023 and as of December 31, 2023. On
October 12, 2022 AEG entered into the Business Combination Agreement with the Company and Clean Earth Acquisition Sponsor LLC (the “Sponsor”)
which closed on December 22, 2023 (See FN 1).In conjunction with the Business Combination Agreement, AEG also entered into an Investor
Rights Agreement. The Investor Rights Agreement provides for certain governance requirements, registration rights and a lockup agreement
under which AEG is restricted from selling its shares in the Company for one year, or until December 22, 2024, other than 1,437,500 shares
after March 22, 2024 and an additional 1,437,500 after June 22, 2024, provided the shares are registered under a registration statement
on SEC Form S-1.
In January 2024, the Company
assumed a $938 thousand (€850 thousand) convertible promissory note from AEG. The note had a 10% interest maturing in March 2025.
On January 3, 2024, the noteholder converted all of the principal and accrued interest owed under the note, equal to $1.0 million, into
1,320,000 shares of restricted common stock.
Nordic ESG
In January of 2024, the
Company issued 7,765,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $1.23 per share to Nordic ESG and Impact Fund SCSp (“Nordic
ESG”) as settlement of AEG’s €8m note. This resulted in Nordic ESG becoming a related party and resulted in a decrease
of AEG’s ownership of the Company from 80% to 72%.
Sponsor:
Clean Earth Acquisitions
Sponsor LLC (“Sponsor”) was the founder and controlling shareholder of the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023
and up to the Business Combination Closing Date, December 22, 2023, when Sponsor became an 11% shareholder of the Company. The Sponsor
entered into the Business Combination Agreement with the Company and AEG, and also entered into the Investor Rights Agreement and the
Sponsor Support Agreement, The Sponsor agreed, pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, to vote all of their shares of capital stock
(and any securities convertible or exercisable into capital stock) in favor of the approval of the Business Combination and against any
other transactions, as well as to waive its redemption rights, agree to not transfer securities of the Company, and waive any anti-dilution
or similar protections with respect to founder shares.
In order to fund working
capital deficiencies or finance transaction costs in connection with a business combination, the Sponsor initially loaned $350,000 to
the Company, in accordance with an unsecured promissory note (the “WC Note”) issued on September 26, 2022, under which up
to $850,000 may be advanced. On August 8, 2023, the Company issued an additional $650,000 promissory note to the Sponsor to fund the
Second WC Note. The Second WC Note is non-interest bearing and payable on the date which the Company consummates its initial Business
Combination. Both of these notes were settled on the Business Combination closing date in exchange for 225,000 shares of the Company’s
common stock.
On December 18, 2023,
the Sponsor entered into a non-redemption agreement (the “NRA”) with the Company and the investor named therein (the “Investor”).
Pursuant to the terms of the NRA, among other things, the Investor agreed to withdraw redemptions in connection with the Business Combination
on any Common Stock, held by the Investor and to purchase additional Common Stock from redeeming stockholders of the Company such that
the Investor will be the holder of no fewer than 277,778 shares of Common Stock.
On March 19, 2024 we entered
into a settlement agreement with the Sponsor and SPAC Sponsor Capital Access (“SCA”) pursuant to which, among other things,
we agreed to repay Sponsor’s debt to SCA, related to the CLIN SPAC entity extensions, in the amount of $1.4 million and issue 225,000
shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.47 per share to SCA.
D&O:
In connection with the
Business Combination Closing, the Company entered into indemnification agreements (each, an “Indemnification Agreement”)
with its directors and executive officers. Each Indemnification Agreement provides for indemnification and advancements by the Company
of certain expenses and costs if the basis of the indemnitee’s involvement in a matter was by reason of the fact that the indemnitee
is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or was serving at the Company’s request
in an official capacity for another entity, in each case to the fullest extent permitted by the laws of the State of Delaware.
Consulting Agreements:
On May 15, 2021 VestCo
Corp., a company owned and controlled by our Chairman and CEO, Vincent Browne, entered into a Professional Consulting Agreement with
one of our US subsidiaries under which it pays VestCo a monthly fee of $16,000. This agreement has a five year initial term and automatically
extends for additional one year terms unless otherwise unilaterally terminated.
In July of 2023, John
Thomas, one of our directors, entered into a Consulting Services Agreement with one of our US subsidiaries under which it pays Mr. Thomas
a monthly fee of $11,000. This agreement has a five year initial term and automatically extends for additional one year terms unless
otherwise unilaterally terminated.
| |
Three Months Ended
March 31, | |
Transactions with Directors | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Loan from Vestco, a related party to Board member and CEO Vincent Browne | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 210 | |
Total | |
$ | - | | |
$ | 210 | |
| |
Three Months Ended March 31, | |
Director’s remuneration | |
2024 | | |
2023 | |
| |
(in thousands) | |
Remuneration in respect of services as directors | |
$ | 362 | | |
$ | 74 | |
Remuneration in respect to long term incentive schemes | |
| - | | |
| - | |
Total | |
$ | 362 | | |
$ | 74 | |
24.
Subsequent Events
Management has evaluated
subsequent events that have occurred through May 21, 2024, which is the date the financial statements were available to be issued and
has determined that there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure in the financial statements as of and for
the period ended March 31, 2024, except as disclosed below.
On April 19, 2024, the
Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and between the Company and an institutional
investor (the “Investor”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Investor a senior convertible note in the
principal amount of $2,160,000, issued with an eight percent (8.0%) original issue discount (the “Convertible Note”), and
a warrant (the “Warrant”) to purchase up to 2,411,088 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of
$0.480 per share (the “Exercise Price”). The Company received gross proceeds of $2,000,000, before fees and other expenses
associated with the transaction.
The Convertible Note matures
on April 20, 2025 and bears interest at a rate of seven percent (7%) per annum. The Convertible Note is convertible in whole or in part
at the option of the Investor into shares of Common Stock (the “Conversion Shares”) at the Conversion Price (as defined in
the Convertible Note) at any time following the date of issuance of the Convertible Note. The Convertible Note is payable monthly on
each Installment Date (as defined in the Convertible Note) commencing on the earlier of July 18, 2024 and the effective date of the initial
registration statement in an amount equal the sum of (A) the lesser of (x) $216,000 and (y) the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible
Note, (B) interest due and payable under the Convertible Note and (C) other amounts specified in the Convertible Note (such sum being
the “Installment Amount”); provided, however, if on any Installment Date, no failure to meet the Equity Conditions (as defined
in the Convertible Note) exists pursuant to the Convertible Note, the Company may pay all or a portion of the Installment Amount with
shares of its common stock based on the Installment Conversion Price, which is the lower of (i) the Conversion Price (as defined in the
Convertible Note) and (ii) the greater of (x) 92% of the average of the two (2) lowest daily VWAPs (as defined in the Convertible Note)
in the ten (10) trading days immediately prior to each conversion date and (y) $0.07.
Additionally on April
19, 2024, Maxim Group LLC served as the sole placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) and the Company agreed to issue the
Placement Agent a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 241,109 shares of Common Stock (the “Placement Agent Warrant”)
at an exercise price of $0.527 per share, which Placement Agent Warrant is exercisable at any time on or after the six-month anniversary
of the closing date of the Private Placement and will expire on the third (3rd) anniversary of the effective date if the registration
statement registering the underlying warrant shares. In addition to the Placement Agent Warrant, the Company agreed to (i) pay the Placement
Agent a cash fee of 7.0% of the gross proceeds received by the Company from the Investor, and (ii) reimburse up to $50,000 of Maxim’s
reasonable accountable expenses.
On April 24, 2024, AEG
PLC, a 71.8% shareholder of the Company and related party, transferred 100,000 shares of ALCE common stock to an institutional third
party, resulting in a decrease in AEG’s ownership of the Company by 0.1%.
On
April 25, 2024 Joseph E. Duey, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, resigned, effective as of April 30, 2024. Mr. Duey will be
available to the Company on an as needed basis until May 31, 2024 to provide transitional services and otherwise assist as needed. Mr.
Duey has advised the Company that his decision to step down from the role of Chief Financial Officer was not based on any disagreement
with the Company on any matter relating to its operations, policies or practices. Mr. Duey is pursuing outside interests
not in the renewable energy industry. Vincent Browne, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, will act as interim Chief Financial
Officer. The Company will be seeking a suitable replacement in due course.
On April 30, 2024 AEG
and Solis Bond Company, an indirect wholly owned subsidiary and related party, announced that the Bond Trustee granted a technical extension
of the Maturity Date until 31 May 2024. As was previously disclosed on 26 February 2024, the Bond Trustee, with approval from a majority
of the Bondholders, may further extend the Bonds on a month to month basis to 29 November 2024. On May 1, 2024 Solis made an interest
payment of EUR 1,000,000 (€1 million) to the Bondholders, which is approximately 50% of the total interest due for the first quarter
of 2024. The remaining interest amount will be paid alongside, and in addition to, the next interest payment due 6 July 2024 from Solis’
ongoing business operations. Solis will incur a late payment penalty in accordance with the Bond Terms, which will also be paid on 6
July 2024.
On April 30, 2024, ALT
US 01 LLC (“ALT”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary and related party, entered into a Membership Interest Purchase and
Sale Agreement (the “MIPA”) by and among ALT and C2 Taiyo Fund I, LP (“C2”). Pursuant to the MIPA C2 will sell
to ALT 100% of the membership interests in Taiyo Holding LLC (“Target”). The Target owns a portfolio of special purchase
vehicles (SPVs) which own and operate a portfolio of solar parks across the United States, with a maximum total production capacity of
approximately 80.7 MWp. In exchange, ALT will pay to C2 a Purchase Price (as defined in the MIPA) of approximately $60.2 million,
minus debt, for a net purchase price of approximately $15 million, plus net working capital, and which may be further subject to adjustments
pursuant to the terms and conditions of the MIPA, and subject to meeting all of the conditions precedent and other applicable terms and
conditions of the MIPA. While the MIPA contemplates that closing of the acquisition will take place by no later than June 30, 2024 or
such later date as the Parties to the MIPA may agree in writing, the conditions precedent to closing are such that there can be no assurance
that the acquisition will be completed in that time or at all. The Company expects to use a mix of debt and equity funding for the purchase
of the assets.
On
May 6, 2024, the Company received a letter from the listing qualifications department staff of The Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”)
notifying the Company that for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company’s minimum Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”)
was below the minimum of $35 million required for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market pursuant to Nasdaq listing rule 5550(b)(2).
The notice has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock, and the Company’s common stock continues
to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “ALCE.” In accordance with Nasdaq listing rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the
Company has 180 calendar days, or until November 4, 2024, to regain compliance. The notice states that to regain compliance, the Company’s
MVLS must close at $35 million or more for a minimum of ten consecutive business days (or such longer period of time as the Nasdaq staff
may require in some circumstances, but generally not more than 20 consecutive business days) during the compliance period ending November
4, 2024. If the Company does not regain compliance by November 4, 2024, Nasdaq staff will provide written notice to the Company that
its securities are subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal any such delisting determination to a Hearings Panel. The
Company intends to actively monitor the Company’s MVLS between now and November 4, 2024 and may, if appropriate, evaluate available
options to resolve the deficiency and regain compliance with the MVLS rule. While the Company is exercising diligent efforts to maintain
the listing of its common stock on Nasdaq, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain or maintain compliance with
Nasdaq listing standards. LOn May 8, 2024, we issued
330,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.35 per share to a third party consultant in exchange for services.
On May 8, 2024 we issued
100,000 shares of restricted common stock valued at $0.35 per share to a third party consultant in exchange for services.
On May 15, 2024, Mohammed
Javade Chaudhri, a Class I director of Alternus Clean Energy, Inc. (the “Company”), notified the Company that they will resign
from the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) effective immediately. Mr. Chaudhri’s decision to resign
from the Board is solely for personal reasons and is not the result of any disagreement with the Company’s operations, policies
or procedures, or any disagreements in respect of accounting principles, financial statement disclosure, or any issue impacting on the
committees of the Board on which they served.
Up
to 67,782,968 shares of common stock
Up
to 12,435,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of Warrants
![](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1883984/000121390024064627/image_008.jpg)
Alternus
Clean Energy, Inc.
PROSPECTUS
JULY 31, 2024
Clean Earth Acquisition (NASDAQ:CLIN)
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