Form 424B3 - Prospectus [Rule 424(b)(3)]

File Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)

Registration No. 333-278979

PROSPECTUS

MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Resale of up to 5,300,000 Shares of Common
Stock

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale of up to 5,300,000 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, or Common Stock, by B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC, whom we refer to in this prospectus as “B. Riley Principal Capital II” or the “Selling Stockholder.”

The shares of Common Stock to which this prospectus relates have been or may be issued by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement, dated as of April 16, 2024, we entered into with B. Riley Principal Capital II, which we refer to in this prospectus as the Purchase Agreement. Such shares of Common Stock include (i) up to 5,128,179 shares of Common Stock that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II, from time to time after the date of this prospectus, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and (ii) 171,821 shares of Common Stock we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II, upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock in one or more purchases that we may, in our sole discretion, direct them to make, from time to time after the date of this prospectus, pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of our Common Stock by the Selling Stockholder. However, we may receive up to $25,000,000 aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from sales of Common Stock we may elect to make to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. See “The Committed Equity Facility” for a description of the Purchase Agreement and “Selling Stockholder” for additional information regarding B. Riley Principal Capital II.

B. Riley Principal Capital II may sell or otherwise dispose of the Common Stock described in this prospectus in a number of different ways and at varying prices. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” for more information about how B. Riley Principal Capital II may sell or otherwise dispose of the Common Stock pursuant to this prospectus. B. Riley Principal Capital II is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act.

We will pay the expenses incurred in registering under the Securities Act the offer and sale of the shares of Common Stock to which this prospectus relates by the Selling Stockholder, including legal and accounting fees. We have also engaged Seaport Global Securities LLC to act as a “qualified independent underwriter” in this offering, whose fees and expenses will be borne by the Selling Stockholder. See section titled “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” beginning on page 108 of this prospectus.

Shares of our Common Stock are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “MSAI”. On May 10, 2024, the closing price of our Common Stock was $2.545.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company” as defined under the federal securities laws and, as such, have elected to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this prospectus and may elect to do so in future filings. See “Summary of the Prospectus -Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company.”

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11 of this prospectus, and under similar headings in any amendments or supplements to this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is May 13, 2024.

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	SELECTED DEFINITIONS					ii
	CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS					iv
	SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS					1
	THE OFFERING					9
	RISK FACTORS					11
	USE OF PROCEEDS					47
	DIVIDEND POLICY					48
	DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE					49
	THE COMMITTED EQUITY FACILITY					50
	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS					61
	BUSINESS					74
	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES					87
	SECURITIES ACT RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF SECURITIES					94
	BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP					95
	SELLING STOCKHOLDER					97
	MANAGEMENT					99
	EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION					108
	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS					113
	PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION					117
	LEGAL MATTERS					121
	EXPERTS					121
	WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION					121
	INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS					F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date.

For investors outside the United States: We have not done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. You are required to inform yourselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus.

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SELECTED DEFINITIONS

In this document:

•

“Business Combination” means the transactions completed pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, including the Merger.

•

“Business Combination Agreement” means the Business Combination Agreement, dated as of December 5, 2022, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated June 27, 2023, and Amendment No. 2, dated September 17, 2023, by and among Legacy SMAP, Merger Sub and Legacy ICI.

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“Closing” means the consummation of the Business Combination.

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“Common Stock” means the common stock of MSAI, par value $0.0001 per share.

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“Financing” means the issuance and sale of the Financing Notes and Financing Warrants pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, dated December 1, 2023 between Legacy SMAP and the investors thereto.

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“Financing Notes” means the $6,805,000 in convertible promissory notes sold in the Financing in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination.

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“Financing Warrants” means the warrants to purchase 340,250 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share issued in the Financing in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination.

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“ICI Class A Common Stock” means shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of ICI designated as “Class A Voting Common Stock” pursuant to ICI’s certificate of incorporation, as amended. For the avoidance of doubt, “ICI Class A Common Stock” includes the ICI Class A Common Stock issued in connection with the conversion of the ICI Convertible Notes immediately prior to the Closing.

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“ICI Class B Common Stock” means shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of ICI designated as “Class B Non-Voting Common Stock” pursuant to ICI’s certificate of incorporation, as amended, prior to the Business Combination.

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“ICI Common Stock” means, collectively, the ICI Class A Common Stock and the ICI Class B Common Stock prior to the Business Combination.

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“ICI Convertible Notes” means the convertible promissory notes issued by ICI on or after the date of the Business Combination Agreement and prior to the Closing, which had an aggregate principal amount of $2.925 million.

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“IPO” means Legacy SMAP’s initial public offering of Units, consummated on October 21, 2021.

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“Legacy ICI” means MSAI Operating, Inc. (known as “Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc.” prior to the Business Combination), a Delaware corporation, and, if the context requires, its consolidated subsidiaries.

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“Legacy SMAP” means SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation, the name of the Company prior to the Business Combination.

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“Merger” means the merger of Merger Sub with and into ICI, with ICI surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy SMAP.

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“Merger Sub” means ICH Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy SMAP.

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“MSAI” means Legacy SMAP following the consummation of the Business Combination, whose operations following the Business Combination are those of Legacy ICI.

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“Participating Company RSU Award” means each award covering shares of ICI Class B Common Stock that is outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Business Combination, whether vested or unvested.

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“Private Placement” means issuance and sale of the Private Placement Units concurrently with the closing of the IPO.

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“Private Placement Units” means the 675,000 units sold in the Private Placement concurrently with the closing of the IPO, at $10.00 per unit. Each unit consisted of one share of Common Stock and three-quarters of one Private Placement Warrant.

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“Private Placement Warrants” means the 506,250 private warrants originally included as part of the Private Placement Units.

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“Public Warrants” means the Warrants originally included as part of the Units.

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“SPAC Warrants” means the Public Warrants together with the Private Placement Warrants, and does not include the Financing Warrants.

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“Common Stock” means the common stock of Legacy SMAP, par value $0.0001 per share, prior to Closing.

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“Units” means the 11,500,000 units issued in the IPO, each of which consisted of one share of Common Stock and three-quarters of one Public Warrant.

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“Warrant Agreement” means the existing Warrant Agreement, dated October 18, 2021, between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and Legacy SMAP, pursuant to which the SPAC Warrants were issued.

Additionally, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to the business of Legacy ICI prior to the consummation of the Business Combination and the business of MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc. (MSAI) and its subsidiaries following the consummation of the Business Combination.

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements in this prospectus may constitute “forward-looking statements” for purposes of the federal securities laws. Our forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our or our management team’s expectations, hopes, beliefs, intentions or strategies regarding the future. In addition, any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward- looking.

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this prospectus, and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, the actual results or performance of our business may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward- looking statements. Some factors that could cause actual results to differ include:

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any inability to maintain the listing of the Common Stock on Nasdaq;

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changes in applicable laws or regulations;

•

our ability to implement business plans, forecasts, and other expectations and identify and realize additional opportunities;

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the risk of downturns and the possibility of rapid change in the highly competitive industry in which we operate;

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the risk that we and our current and future collaborators are unable to successfully develop and commercialize our products or services, or experience significant delays in doing so;

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the risk that we may never achieve or sustain profitability;

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the risk that we will need to raise additional capital to execute our business plan, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all;

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the risk that we experience difficulties in managing our expected growth and expanding operations;

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the risk that third-party suppliers and manufacturers are not able to fully and timely meet their obligations;

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the risk that we are unable to secure or protect our intellectual property;

•

the possibility that we may be adversely affected by other economic, business, and/or competitive factors; and

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other risks and uncertainties described in this prospectus, including those under the section titled “Risk Factors”.

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SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that is important to you. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the more detailed information included in this prospectus. Before making your investment decision with respect to our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including the information under “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Certain figures included in this section have been rounded for ease of presentation and, as a result, percentages may not sum to 100%.

Our Company

MSAI is a Delaware corporation incorporated on July 14, 2020. MSAI is a provider of sensing solutions built around high-resolution thermal imaging along with visible, acoustic, and laser spectroscopy imagers and sensors, that perceive and measure heat, sound, and gas in the surrounding environment, helping companies gain insight to efficiently manage their most important assets and infrastructure.

The mailing address of MSAI’s principal executive offices is 2105 West Cardinal Drive, Beaumont, Texas 77705 and its telephone number is (866) 861-0788.

MSAI has a history of losses or low income, and expects to incur significant expenses and possible continuing losses for the foreseeable future. MSAI incurred a net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $22.3 million for year ended December 31, 2023. MSAI had an accumulated deficit of $33.1 million as of December 31, 2023. While MSAI has conducted operations since 1995, it launched its SmartIR cloud-software product suite only in the first quarter of 2023 and has not recorded any significant revenue for its SmartIR product through December 31, 2023. MSAI also has a limited operating history providing SaaS solutions, which makes it difficult to evaluate its future prospects and the risks and challenges it may encounter. Additionally, MSAI’s limited operating history providing SaaS solutions makes it difficult for it to evaluate its future prospects. The loss of large customers could result in a material adverse effect to MSAI’s financial results. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our top customers represented approximately 44% and 17% of our revenue, respectively, which percentages may increase going forward as we continue to grow or develop additional relationships with new large customers. The loss of business from MSAI’s large customers (whether by lower overall demand for MSAI’s products, cancellation of existing contracts or product orders or the failure to incorporate MSAI’s product designs or award MSAI new business) could have a material adverse effect on its business. For more information, you are encouraged to consider the matters discussed under “Risk Factors.”

Stock Exchange Listing

Our Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market and trade under the symbols “MSAI” and “MSAIW”, respectively.

The Committed Equity Facility

On April 16, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement and a related registration rights agreement, dated as of April 16, 2023 (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), with B. Riley Principal Capital II. Upon the terms and subject to the satisfaction of the conditions contained in the Purchase Agreement, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $25,000,000 of shares of our Common Stock (subject to certain limitations contained in the Purchase Agreement), from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement through a Market Open Purchase or an Intraday Purchase on any Purchase Date (each term as defined below). Sales of Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, are solely at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. In accordance with our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement, we have filed the registration statement that includes this prospectus with the SEC to register under the Securities Act, the offer and resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of up to 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock, consisting of (i) up to 5,128,179 shares of Common Stock (the “Purchase Shares”) that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date (defined

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below) pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and (ii) 171,821 shares of Common Stock (the “Commitment Shares”) we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024 as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock that we may, in our sole discretion, direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement.

Upon the initial satisfaction of each of the conditions to B. Riley Principal Capital II’s purchase obligations set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the initial satisfaction of all of such conditions, the “Commencement”), none of which are within B. Riley Principal Capital II’s control, including that the registration statement that includes this prospectus shall have been declared effective by the SEC and the final form of this prospectus shall have been filed with the SEC, we have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion for a period of up to 36 months, unless the Purchase Agreement is earlier terminated, beginning on the date on which the Commencement occurs (such date, the “Commencement Date”), to direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase a specified number of shares of Common Stock (each, a “Market Open Purchase”), not to exceed the lesser of (such lesser number of shares, the “Market Open Purchase Maximum Amount”): (i) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) up to a certain percentage, which we will specify in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice (as defined below) for such Market Open Purchase (such applicable percentage not to exceed 25.0%) (such applicable percentage specified by us for a Market Open Purchase, the “Market Open Purchase Percentage”), of the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of our Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable Market Open Purchase Valuation Period (as defined below) for such Market Open Purchase (such specified number of shares to be purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II in such Market Open Purchase, adjusted to the extent necessary to give effect to the applicable Market Open Purchase Maximum Amount and certain additional limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement, the “Market Open Purchase Share Amount”), by timely delivering written notice of such Market Open Purchase to B. Riley Principal Capital II (each, a “Market Open Purchase Notice”) prior to 9:00 a.m., New York City time, on any trading day (each, a “Purchase Date”), so long as (a) the closing sale price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date is not less than $1.00 (such price, the “Threshold Price”), and (b) all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases (defined below) effected by us under the Purchase Agreement (as applicable) have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II in the manner set forth in the Purchase Agreement, prior to the time we deliver such Market Open Purchase Notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II.

The per share purchase price that B. Riley Principal Capital II is required to pay for shares of Common Stock in a Market Open Purchase effected by us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be determined by reference to the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock (the “VWAP”), calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement, for the period (the “Market Open Purchase Valuation Period”) beginning at the official open (or “commencement”) of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Purchase, and ending at the earliest to occur of (i) 3:59 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date or such earlier time publicly announced by the trading market as the official close of the regular trading session on such Purchase Date, (ii) such time that the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period (calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement) reaches the applicable share volume maximum amount for such Market Open Purchase (the “Market Open Purchase Share Volume Maximum”), calculated by dividing (a) the applicable Market Open Purchase Share Amount for such Market Open Purchase, by (b) the Market Open Purchase Percentage we specified in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase, and (iii) if we further specify in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase that a “limit order discontinue election” (a “Limit Order Discontinue Election”) shall apply to such Market Open Purchase, such time that the trading price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period (calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement) falls below the applicable minimum price threshold for such Market Open Purchase specified by us in the Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase, or if we do not specify a minimum price threshold in such Market Open Purchase Notice, a price equal to 75.0% of the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Purchase Date for such purchase (the “Minimum Price Threshold”), less a fixed 3.0% discount to the VWAP for such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement.

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Under the Purchase Agreement, for purposes of calculating the volume of shares of Common Stock traded during a Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, as well as the VWAP for a Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, the following transactions, to the extent they occur during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, shall be excluded: (x) the opening or first purchase of Common Stock at or following the official open of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, (y) the last or closing sale of Common Stock at or prior to the official close of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, and (z) if we have specified in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase that a “limit order continue election” (a “Limit Order Continue Election”), rather than a Limit Order Discontinue Election, shall apply to such Market Open Purchase, all purchases and sales of Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period at a price per share that is less than the applicable Minimum Price Threshold for such Market Open Purchase.

From and after the Commencement Date, in addition to Market Open Purchases described above, we will also have the right, but not the obligation, subject to the continued satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, to direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase, on any trading day that would qualify as a Purchase Date, whether or not a Market Open Purchase is effected on such Purchase Date, a specified number of shares of Common Stock (each, an “Intraday Purchase”), not to exceed the lesser of (such lesser number of shares, the “Intraday Purchase Maximum Amount”): (i) 1,000,000 shares of Common Stock and (ii) up to a certain percentage, which we will specify in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice (as defined below) for such Intraday Purchase (such applicable percentage not to exceed 25.0%) (such applicable percentage specified by us for an Intraday Purchase, the “Intraday Purchase Percentage”), of the total aggregate volume of shares of our Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable “Intraday Purchase Valuation Period” (determined in a similar manner as the Market Open Purchase Valuation Periods for a Market Open Purchase) for such Intraday Purchase (such specified number of shares, adjusted to the extent necessary to give effect to the applicable Intraday Purchase Maximum Amount, the “Intraday Purchase Share Amount”), by the delivery to B. Riley Principal Capital II of an irrevocable written purchase notice for such Intraday Purchase, after 10:00 a.m., New York City time (and after the Market Open Purchase Valuation Period for any earlier Market Open Purchase and the Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for the most recent prior Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date as such applicable Intraday Purchase, if applicable, have ended), and prior to 3:30 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date (each, an “Intraday Purchase Notice”), so long as (i) the closing sale price of the Common Stock on Nasdaq on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date is not less than the Threshold Price and (ii) all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases (as applicable) effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, including all prior purchases effected on the same Purchase Date as such applicable Intraday Purchase, have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II in the manner set forth in the Purchase Agreement, prior to the time we deliver the Intraday Purchase Notice for such applicable Intraday Purchase to B. Riley Principal Capital II.

The per share purchase price for the shares of Common Stock that we elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II in an Intraday Purchase pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be calculated in the same manner as in the case of a Market Open Purchase (including the same fixed percentage discounts to the applicable VWAP used to calculate the per share purchase price for a Market Open Purchase, as described above), provided that the VWAP for each Intraday Purchase effected on a Purchase Date will be calculated over different Intraday Purchase Valuation Periods during the regular trading session on Nasdaq on such Purchase Date, each of which will commence and end at different times on such Purchase Date.

There is no upper limit on the price per share that B. Riley Principal Capital II could be obligated to pay for the Common Stock we may elect to sell to it in any Market Open Purchase or any Intraday Purchase under the Purchase Agreement. In the case of Market Open Purchases and Intraday Purchases effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, if any, all share and dollar amounts used in determining the purchase price per share of Common Stock to be purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II in a Market Open Purchase or an Intraday Purchase (as applicable), or in determining the applicable maximum purchase share amounts or applicable volume or price threshold amounts in connection with any such Market Open Purchase or Intraday Purchase (as applicable), in each case, will be equitably adjusted as set forth in the Purchase Agreement for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other

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similar transaction occurring during any period used to calculate such per share purchase price, maximum purchase share amounts or applicable volume or price threshold amounts.

We will control the timing and amount of any sales of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to effect from time to time from and after the Commencement Date and during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Actual sales of shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of the Common Stock and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for its business and its operations.

Under the applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement more than 2,687,262 shares of Common Stock, which number of shares is equal to 19.99% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement (the “Exchange Cap”), unless (i) we obtain stockholder approval to issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules, or (ii) the average price per share paid by B. Riley Principal Capital II for all of the shares of Common Stock that we direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, equals or exceeds $3.08 per share (representing the lower of (a) the official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq immediately preceding the execution of the Purchase Agreement and (b) the average official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq for the five consecutive trading days period ending on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the Purchase Agreement, adjusted as required by Nasdaq to take into account our issuance of the Commitment Shares, so that the Exchange Cap limitation will not apply to issuances and sales of Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Moreover, we may not issue or sell any shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned by B. Riley Principal Capital II and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and Rule 13d-3 thereunder), would result in B. Riley Principal Capital II beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”).

The net proceeds to us from sales that we elect to make to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II. We expect that any proceeds received by us from such sales to B. Riley Principal Capital II will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.

There are no restrictions on future financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement or Registration Rights Agreement, other than a prohibition (with certain limited exceptions) on entering into specified “Variable Rate Transactions” (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Such transactions include, among others, the issuance of convertible securities with a conversion or exercise price that is based upon or varies with the trading price of our Common Stock after the date of issuance, or our effecting or entering into an agreement to effect an “equity line of credit” or other substantially similar continuous offering with a third party, in which we may offer, issue or sell Common Stock or any securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into Common Stock at a future determined price.

B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed that none of B. Riley Principal Capital II, its sole member, any of their respective officers, or any entity managed or controlled by B. Riley Principal Capital II or its sole member will engage in or effect, directly or indirectly, for its own account or for the account of any other of such persons or entities, any short sales of the Common Stock or hedging transaction that establishes a net short position in the Common Stock during the term of the Purchase Agreement.

The Purchase Agreement will automatically terminate on the earliest to occur of (i) the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the Commencement Date, (ii) the date on which B. Riley Principal Capital II shall have purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement shares of Common Stock for an aggregate gross purchase price of $25,000,000, (iii) the date on which the Common Stock shall have failed to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or another U.S. national securities exchange identified as an “eligible market” in the Purchase Agreement, (iv) the 30th trading day after the date on which a voluntary

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or involuntary bankruptcy proceeding involving our company has been commenced that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such trading day, and (v) the date on which a bankruptcy custodian is appointed for all or substantially all of our property or we make a general assignment for the benefit of creditors.

We have the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement, at no cost or penalty, upon 10 trading days’ prior written notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II. We and B. Riley Principal Capital II may also agree to terminate the Purchase Agreement by mutual written consent, provided that no termination of the Purchase Agreement will be effective during the pendency of any Market Open Purchase or any Intraday Purchase that has not then fully settled in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. Neither we nor B. Riley Principal Capital II may assign or transfer our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, and no provision of the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement may be modified or waived by us or B. Riley Principal Capital II.

As consideration for B. Riley Principal Capital II’s commitment to purchase shares of Common Stock at our direction upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued 171,821 Commitment Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II, which Commitment Shares have a total aggregate value equal to 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 total aggregate purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement (each Commitment Share valued at $2.91 per share, representing the official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq immediately preceding the execution of the Purchase Agreement). Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, in certain circumstances set forth in the Purchase Agreement, we may be required to pay B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $500,000 (or 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 aggregate purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement), in cash, as a “make-whole” payment to the extent the aggregate amount of cash proceeds, if any, received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from the resale of the Commitment Shares offered for resale by this prospectus, prior to certain times set forth in the Purchase Agreement, is less than $500,000, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement that were not previously resold by B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to the times specified in the Purchase Agreement, if any. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse B. Riley Principal Capital II for the reasonable legal fees and disbursements of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s legal counsel in an amount not to exceed (i) $75,000 upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement and (ii) $5,000 per fiscal quarter, in each case in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

The Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement contain customary representations, warranties, conditions, and indemnification obligations of the parties. Copies of the agreements have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement that includes this prospectus and are available electronically on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Because the per share purchase price that B. Riley Principal Capital II will pay for Purchase Shares in any Market Open Purchase or Intraday Purchase that we may elect to effect pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will be determined by reference to the VWAP during the applicable Market Open Purchase Valuation Period or Intraday Purchase Valuation Period, respectively, on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase or Intraday Purchase, as of the date of this prospectus, we cannot determine the actual purchase price per share that B. Riley Principal Capital II will be required to pay for any Purchase Shares that we may elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement from and after Commencement and, therefore, we cannot be certain how many Purchase Shares, in the aggregate, we may issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement from and after Commencement. As of April 29, 2024, there were 13,443,033 shares of our Common Stock outstanding, of which 5,800,532 shares were held by non-affiliates of our company. If all of the 5,300,000 shares offered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent approximately 28.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock and approximately 48.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of our company, in each case as of April 29, 2024.

Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $25,000,000 of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, only 5,128,179 Purchase Shares (in addition to the 171,821 Commitment

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Shares, for which we have not and will not receive any cash consideration) are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus. If we were to issue and sell all of such 5,128,179 Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II at an assumed purchase price per share of $2.78 (without taking into account the 19.99% Exchange Cap limitation), representing the closing sale price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on April 23, 2024, we would only receive approximately $14,256,338 in aggregate gross proceeds from the sale of such Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. Depending on the market prices of our Common Stock on the Purchase Dates on which we elect to sell such Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, we may need to register under the Securities Act additional shares of our Common Stock for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II which, together with the 5,128,179 Purchase Shares included in this prospectus, will enable us to issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement as will be necessary in order for us to receive aggregate proceeds equal to B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 maximum aggregate purchase commitment available to us under the Purchase Agreement.

If we elect to issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II more than the 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus (171,821 of which shares represent the Commitment Shares that we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, for which we have not and will not receive any cash consideration), which we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first (i) obtain stockholder approval if, and only to the extent that, we were to issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap under the Purchase Agreement in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules and (ii) file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act for the offer and resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of any such additional shares of our Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of Common Stock in addition to the 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock being registered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders.

The number of shares of Common Stock ultimately offered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II through this prospectus is dependent upon the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, we elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement from and after the Commencement Date. The issuance of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing stockholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing stockholders will be diluted. Although the number of shares of our Common Stock that our existing stockholders own will not decrease, the shares of our Common Stock owned by our existing stockholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of our Common Stock after any such issuance.

Risk Factors and Risk Factor Summary

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in “Risk Factors” before making a decision to invest in our securities. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. Some of the risks related to an investment in our securities are summarized below:

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We have a history of losses or low income, and may continue to incur losses or limited income in the future.

•

Our history of net losses, negative cash flows from operations and negative net working capital raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

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The continued listing of our securities on the Nasdaq is subject to our ability to demonstrate compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market continued listing standard of a minimum of $2.5 million of stockholders equity as of March 31, 2024.

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Our revenue and margins could be adversely affected if we fail to maintain competitive average selling prices or high sales volumes, or we fail to reduce product costs.

•

If we fail to successfully manage the expansion of our SaaS capabilities and offerings, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.

•

We have a limited operating history providing SaaS solutions, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

•

If our products are not adopted in our targeted end markets, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

•

We expect to incur substantial research and development costs and devote significant resources to developing and commercializing new products, which could significantly affect our ability to become profitable and may never result in revenue. Any delay or interruption of the development and commercialization of new products may adversely affect our existing business and prospects for winning future business.

•

Product liability claims, product recalls and field service actions could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition and we may have difficulty obtaining product liability and other insurance coverage.

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We will need to raise additional capital in the future in order to execute our business plan, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

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We create innovative technology by designing and developing unique hardware and software solutions. A failure to achieve scale may affect our ability to sell at competitive prices, limit our customer base or lead to losses.

•

If we are not able to effectively grow our sales and marketing organization, or maintain or grow an effective network of distributors, our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

•

Certain of our commercial contracts with our customers, agreements with suppliers or co-development agreements with partners could be terminated or may not materialize into long-term contract partnership arrangements.

•

The loss of large customers could result in a material adverse effect to our financial results.

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Components used in our sensors may fail as a result of manufacturing, design or other defects over which we have no control and render our devices permanently inoperable.

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We will incur significant expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company

As a company with less than $1.235 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended (the “JOBS Act”). An “emerging growth company” may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

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not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”);

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not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (i.e., an auditor discussion and analysis);

•

reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

•

exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote of stockholders on executive compensation, stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously

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approved and having to disclose the ratio of the compensation of our chief executive officer to the median compensation of our employees.

We may take advantage of these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of Legacy SMAP’s initial public offering. However, if (i) our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, (ii) we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three- year period or (iii) we become a “large accelerated filer” (as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) prior to the end of such five-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company. We will be deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” at such time that we (a) have an aggregate worldwide market value of common equity securities held by non-affiliates of $700.0 million or more as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (b) have been required to file annual and quarterly reports under the Exchange Act, for a period of at least 12 months and (c) have filed at least one annual report pursuant to the Exchange Act.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our stockholders may be different than you might receive from other public reporting companies in which you hold equity interests.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with public company effective dates.

Additionally, we are a “smaller reporting company” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K. Smaller reporting companies may take advantage of certain reduced disclosure obligations, including, among other things, providing only two years of audited financial statements. We will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as our voting and non-voting Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting Common Stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

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THE OFFERING

Shares of Common Stock offered by the Selling Stockholder

Up to 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock consisting of:

•

171,821 Commitment Shares that we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II in connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, as partial consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of Common Stock at our direction under the Purchase Agreement, for which we have not and will not receive any cash consideration; and

•

Up to 5,128,179 Purchase Shares that we may elect, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II from time to time from and after the Commencement Date pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Shares of Common Stock outstanding prior to this offering

13,443,033 shares of Common Stock (as of April 29, 2024 and includes the Commitment Shares).

Shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of the shares registered
hereunder

18,571,212 shares of Common Stock.

Use of proceeds

We will not receive any proceeds from the resale of shares of Common Stock included in this prospectus by B. Riley Principal Capital II. However, we may receive up to $25,000,000 in aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from sales of Common Stock that we may elect to make to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, from time to time in our sole discretion, from and after the Commencement Date.

We expect to use the net proceeds that we receive from sales of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, if any, under the Purchase Agreement for investment in growth and general corporate purposes. We have not yet determined the amount of net proceeds to be used specifically for any of the foregoing purposes. Accordingly, we retain broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from the sale of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement. The precise amount and timing of the application of such proceeds will depend upon our liquidity needs and the availability and cost of other capital over which we have little or no control. As of the date hereof, we cannot specify with certainty the particular uses for the net proceeds. See the section titled “Use of Proceeds.”

Risk factors

You should carefully read the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11 of this prospectus and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider carefully before deciding to invest in our Common Stock.

Conflict of Interest

B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC is an affiliate of B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“BRS”), a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member. BRS will act as an executing broker that will effectuate resales of our Common Stock that have been and may be acquired

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by B. Riley Principal Capital II from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement to the public in this offering.

Because B. Riley Principal Capital II will receive all the net proceeds from such resales of our Common Stock made to the public through BRS, BRS is deemed to have a “conflict of interest” within the meaning of Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) Rule 5121. Consequently, this offering will be conducted in compliance with the provisions of FINRA Rule 5121, which requires that a “qualified independent underwriter,” as defined in FINRA Rule 5121, participate in the preparation of the registration statement that includes this prospectus and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect thereto. Accordingly, we have engaged Seaport Global Securities LLC (“Seaport”), to be the qualified independent underwriter in this offering and, in such capacity, participate in the preparation of the registration statement that includes this prospectus and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect thereto. B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed to pay Seaport a cash fee of $50,000 upon the completion of this offering as consideration for its services and to reimburse Seaport up to $5,000 for expenses incurred in connection with acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, such cash fee and expense reimbursement to be paid to Seaport for acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering are deemed to be underwriting compensation in connection with sales of our Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public.

In accordance with FINRA Rule 5121, BRS is not permitted to sell shares of our Common Stock in this offering to an account over which it exercises discretionary authority without the prior specific written approval of the account holder. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest).”

Nasdaq symbol for our Common Stock

“MSAI”

The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding is based on 13,443,033 shares of Common Stock as of April 29, 2024.

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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, growth prospects and stock price.

Risks Related to the Offering

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares that we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to B. Riley Principal Capital II, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.

On April 16, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with B. Riley Principal Capital II, pursuant to which B. Riley Principal Capital II has committed to purchase up to $25,000,000 of shares of our Common Stock, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The shares of our Common Stock that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II at our discretion from time to time for a period of up to 36 months, unless the Purchase Agreement is earlier terminated, beginning on the Commencement Date.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Common Stock, if any, to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II all, some or none of the shares of our Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to an aggregate of $25,000,000 of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, only 5,300,000 shares of our Common Stock are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus, which include the 171,821 Commitment Shares that we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock at our direction from time to time under the Purchase Agreement. If it becomes necessary for us to issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement more than the 5,128,179 Purchase Shares being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus in order to receive aggregate gross proceeds equal to $25,000,000 under the Purchase Agreement, we must first(i)obtain stockholder approval if, and only to the extent that, we were to issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap under the Purchase Agreement in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules and (ii) file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of any such additional shares of our Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Common Stock. Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of Common Stock in addition to the 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock being registered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under this prospectus could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders. The number of shares of our Common Stock ultimately offered for sale by B. Riley Principal Capital II is dependent upon the number of shares of Common Stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement.

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Investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing, prices, and numbers of shares sold to B. Riley Principal Capital II. If and when we do elect to sell shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after B. Riley Principal Capital II has acquired such shares, B. Riley Principal Capital II may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from B. Riley Principal Capital II in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution, and in some cases substantial dilution, and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from B. Riley Principal Capital II in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with B. Riley Principal Capital II may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

Sales of a substantial number of our securities in the public market by our existing stockholders could cause the price of our shares of Common Stock to fall.

B. Riley Principal Capital II can resell, under this prospectus, up to 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock, consisting of (i) up to 5,128,179 Purchase Shares that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date (defined below) pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and (ii) the 171,821 Commitment Shares we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock that we may, in our sole discretion, direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement. If all of the 5,300,000 shares offered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof (without taking into account the 19.99% Exchange Cap limitation), such shares would represent approximately 28.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock and approximately 48.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of our company, in each case as of April 29, 2024.

Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock in the public market by B. Riley Principal Capital II and/or by our other existing stockholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

Our management team will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, if any, and you may not agree with how we use the proceeds and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.

Our management team will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from our sale of shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, if any, and we could use such proceeds for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of commencement of this offering. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management team with regard to the use of those net proceeds, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that, pending their use, we may invest those net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for us. The failure of our management team to use such funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have a history of losses or low income, and may continue to incur losses or limited income in the future.

We have incurred net losses or low income in recent years, as we pivoted the company from primarily stand-alone device sales to pairing device sales with sales of our software solutions. We incurred a net loss of

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$13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and $22.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe that we may continue to incur operating and net losses each quarter until at least such time as we begin to realize the anticipated benefits of our investment in sales and marketing efforts, though those benefits may not be as great as we anticipate or may occur later that we anticipate or not at all. Even if we successfully develop and sell our devices and software solutions, there can be no assurance that it will be commercially successful. We believe achieving sustained profitability will be dependent upon the successful development and successful commercial introduction and acceptance of its solutions, which may not occur.

We may continue to incur losses or limited income in future periods as we:

•

expand our sales and marketing presence;

•

increase investment in SaaS solutions;

•

execute on our product roadmaps;

•

grow wallet share with enterprise customers;

•

expand our distribution network; and

•

pursue strategic acquisitions.

Because we may incur the costs and expenses from these efforts before experiencing any incremental revenue growth as a result of these initiatives, our losses in future periods may be significant. In addition, we may find that these efforts are more expensive than currently anticipated or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses.

These initiatives may prove more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our revenue, if at all, in an amount sufficient to offset these higher expenses and to achieve and maintain profitability. Certain of the market opportunities we are pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it may be many years before the end markets we expect to serve generate demand for our products at scale. Our revenue may be adversely affected for a number of reasons, including an inability to up-sell or cross-sell SaaS offerings that we are seeking to expand or develop, the development and/or market acceptance of new technology that competes with our thermal imaging products, our ability to create, validate, and manufacture at high volume, and ship product to customers, our inability to effectively manage our inventory or manufacture products at scale, our inability to enter new markets or help our customers adapt our products for new applications or our failure to attract new customers or expand orders from existing customers or increasing competition. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of our target markets, customer demand for our products, commercialization timelines, the entry of competitive products or the success of existing competitive products and services. If our revenue does not grow, our ability to achieve and maintain profitability may be adversely affected, and the value of our business may significantly decrease.

Our revenue and margins could be adversely affected if we fail to maintain competitive average selling prices or high sales volumes, or we fail to reduce product costs.

Cost-cutting initiatives adopted by our customers can place increased downward pressure on our average selling prices. We also expect that any long-term or high-volume agreements with customers may require step-downs in pricing over the term of the agreement. Our average selling price may be driven down by customer-specific selling price fluctuations such as non-standard discounts on large volume purchases. These lower average selling prices on large volume purchases may cause fluctuations in revenue and gross margins on a quarterly and annual basis and ultimately adversely affect its profitability.

We may also experience declines in the average selling prices of our products generally as our customers negotiate lower prices and as our competitors produce and commercialize lower cost competing technologies. To achieve profitability and maintain margins, we will also need to continually reduce product and manufacturing costs. Reductions in product and manufacturing costs are principally achieved by scaling production volumes and through step changes in manufacturing and continued engineering of the most cost-effective designs for its products. In addition, we must continuously drive initiatives to reduce labor cost, improve worker efficiency, reduce the cost of materials, use fewer materials and further lower overall product costs by carefully managing component prices, inventory and shipping cost. We need to continually

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increase sales volume and introduce new, lower-cost products in order to maintain our overall gross margin. If we are unable to maintain competitive average selling prices, increase our sales volume or successfully introduce new, low-cost products, our revenue and overall gross margin would likely decline.

If we fail to successfully manage the expansion of our SaaS capabilities and offerings, our business and financial results could be adversely affected.

Expanding our SaaS capabilities and offerings will require considerable additional investment in our business. Whether this expansion will be successful and will accomplish our business and financial objectives is subject to uncertainties, including, but not limited to, customer demand, attach and renewal rates, channel adoption, our ability to further develop and scale infrastructure, our ability to include functionality and usability in such offerings that address customer requirements, and the related costs. If we are unable to successfully expand our existing offerings or establish new offerings and navigate our business expansion due to these risks and uncertainties, our business and financial results could be adversely impacted.

We have a limited operating history providing SaaS solutions, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and the risks and challenges we may encounter.

While we have been in operation since 1995, the company has a limited operating history providing SaaS solutions that we introduced to our industrial customers in 2023. Our limited operating history providing SaaS solutions makes it difficult for us to evaluate our future prospects. Certain factors that could alone or in combination prevent us from successfully commercializing these solutions or our other products include:

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our reliance on third parties to supply significant parts of our production process or to manufacture our products;

•

our ability to establish and maintain successful relationships with our suppliers or manufacturers;

•

our ability to achieve commercial scale production of our products on a cost-effective basis and in a timely manner;

•

our ability to successfully expand our product offerings;

•

our ability to develop and protect intellectual property;

•

our ability to gain market acceptance of our products with customers and maintain and expand customer relationships, whether through strategic customer agreements or otherwise;

•

the adaptability of our products and the ability of our customers to integrate our products into their products and processes in a timely and effective manner;

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the actions of direct and indirect competitors that may seek to enter the markets in which we expect to compete or that may seek to impose barriers to one or more markets that we intend to target;

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the long lead time for development of market opportunities for which we are only at an early stage of development;

•

our ability to forecast our revenue and budget for, and manage, our expenses;

•

our ability to comply with existing and new or modified laws and regulations applicable to our business, or laws and regulations applicable to our customers for applications in which they may use our products;

•

our ability to plan for and manage capital expenditures for our current and future products, and manage our supply chain and supplier relationships related to these current and future products;

•

our ability to anticipate and respond to macroeconomic changes and changes in the markets in which we operate and expect to operate;

•

our ability to maintain and enhance the value of our reputation and brand;

•

our ability to effectively manage our growth and business operations; and

•

our ability to recruit and retain talented people at all levels of our organization.

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Our relationships with many of our existing customers are limited as they may not be prepared to select us as a long-term supplier given the relatively recent nature of our business relationship. To establish preliminary relationships with certain customers and to build their confidence, we have entered, and may continue to enter, into pilot agreements, spot buy purchase orders, non-binding letters of intent and strategic customer agreements. These agreements are largely non-binding, generally do not include any minimum obligation to purchase any quantities of any products, and do not require that the parties enter into a subsequent definitive, long-term, binding agreement. If we are unable to build confidence with its existing customers, either through these preliminary agreements (due to any failure to enter into or perform under the agreements) or otherwise, or if we are unable secure opportunity from these non-binding agreements, involving strategic customer agreements, we may be unable to produce accurate forecasts or increase our sales.

With respect to new customers, they may be less confident in our business and less likely to purchase our products because of a lack of awareness about our products. They may also not be convinced that our business will succeed because of the absence of an established sales, service, support and operating history. To address this, we must, among other activities, grow and improve our marketing capability and brand awareness, which may be costly. These activities may not be effective or could delay our ability to capitalize on the opportunities that we believe are suitable to our technology and products and may prevent us from successfully commercializing our products.

To build and maintain our business, we must maintain confidence in our products, long-term financial viability and business prospects. Failure to establish and maintain customer confidence may also adversely affect our reputation and business among our suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other interested parties.

If we fail to understand fully or adequately address the challenges that we are currently encountering or that we may encounter in the future, including those challenges described here and elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely and materially affected. If the risks and uncertainties that we plan for when operating our business is incorrect or change, or if we fail to manage these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If our products are not adopted in our targeted end markets, our business will be materially and adversely affected.

Although our products are designed for use in multiple markets, each of our target or new markets may have unique barriers to entry. If we are unsuccessful in overcoming these barriers, it may affect our entrance into, or adoption by, these target or new markets, which could adversely affect our future results of operations.

Our products are used in a wide variety of existing and emerging use cases in the distribution and logistics market, where our products provide conveyor system monitoring solutions assisting customers with process automation, predictive maintenance and failure avoidance. These customers tend to be large companies that move slowly to larger scale implementation, often with years-long timelines. If our products are not chosen for deployment in these projects, or we lose a program under any circumstances, we may not have an opportunity to obtain that business again for many years. Even if our products are chosen for deployment, implementation and adoption by our customers may not be on terms consistent with initial forecasts or agreements between us and the customer. Industrial automation is a demanding industry with product specifications that our products may not always meet.

Our products also are used in a wide variety of existing and emerging use cases in the oil and gas market, which generally consists of gas and liquid leak detection, tank-level monitoring, pipeline leak detection and gas processing safety monitoring. This is a nascent market, and while this industry is experimenting with the use of thermal imaging in these applications, our customers may decide that thermal imaging is not a feasible solution for one of a variety of reasons, including current price points of sensors using thermal imaging technology.

Our products also are used in a wide variety of existing and emerging use cases in the manufacturing market, in which our customers are generally engaged in power panel monitoring, early fire detection and

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electrified transport battery monitoring. Additionally, our products are also used in a wide variety of existing and emerging use cases in the utilities market. Both of these markets are competitive and customers often have strict functional and pricing requirements for products. If we are unable to make products that meet these requirements, or sell products at the required price point, we could lose this business to competitors or competitive technologies. Our target markets involve risks of program delay, loss, and cancellation.

Our future growth depends on penetrating new markets, adapting existing products to new applications and customer requirements, and introducing new and effective products on a timely basis that then achieve market acceptance. To remain competitive, we develop new products and upgrades to our software and will need to continue to do so. In connection with this development, we plan to incur substantial, and potentially increasing, research and development costs. Because we account for research and development as an operating expense, these expenditures could adversely affect our results of operations in the future.

Further, our research and development program may be delayed and may not produce timely results. If we cannot produce successful results in time to accommodate customers’ or potential customers’ implementation timelines, we may lose business. If we are unsuccessful in introducing these products in accordance with its product launch plans or any publicly announced launch dates, it may be injurious to our reputation and brand and adversely affect our ability to be competitive in our target and new markets.

We expect to rely on products we are currently developing for a significant portion of our future growth. However, even if our research and development efforts are successful and completed on time, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in adapting our business to our new products or that our new products will achieve market acceptance or generate sufficient revenue to make us profitable. Our future products, such as any software solutions we develop, may be products we have limited or no experience commercializing. In launching such products, we may face foreseen and unforeseen difficulties that adversely affect such commercialization and could have a material adverse effect on our operations and business. Additionally, the success of our competitors’ research and development efforts, including producing higher performing products, may result in loss of business.

The promise of new products and successful research and development may even decrease our expected and actual revenue attributable to existing products as customers may delay or cancel outstanding purchasing commitments for current generation products in anticipation of the release of new generation products from us.

Additionally, new products may trigger increased warranty costs as information on such products is augmented by actual usage.

As a manufacturer and distributor of a wide variety of products used in the oil and gas, distribution and logistics, manufacturing and utilities markets, our results of operations are susceptible to adverse publicity regarding the quality or safety of its products. Product liability claims challenging the quality or safety of our products may result in a decline in sales for a product, which could adversely affect our results of operations. This could be the case even if the claims themselves are proven to be untrue or settled for immaterial amounts.

While we have general liability and other insurance policies concerning product liabilities and errors and omissions, we have deductibles under such policies with respect to a portion of these liabilities. Awarded damages could be more than our accruals. We could incur losses above the aggregate annual policy limit as well. We cannot ensure that insurance carriers will be willing to renew coverage or provide new coverage for product liability.

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Product recalls can be expensive and tarnish our reputation and have a material adverse effect on the sales of its products. We cannot assure that we will not have additional product liability claims or that we will not recall any products.

We may face risks associated with our reliance on certain artificial intelligence and machine learning models.

We rely on artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI/ML”) in the development of our deterministic artificial intelligence-driven sensing system for industrial applications. The AI/ML models that we use are trained using various data sets. If the AI/ML models are incorrectly designed, the data used to train them is incomplete, inadequate, or biased in some way, or if we do not have sufficient rights to use the data on which its AI/ML models rely, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws, third-party privacy, or other rights, or contracts to which we are a party.

We face risks related to sales through distributors and other third parties which could harm our business.

We sell a portion of our products through third parties such as distributors and manufacturers representatives. Using third parties for distribution exposes us to many risks, including concentration risk, credit risk and legal risk because, under certain circumstances, we may be held responsible for the actions of those third-party sales channels. We may rely on one or more key distributors for selling a product, and the loss of these distributors could reduce its revenue. Our distributors may face financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, which could harm our collection of accounts receivables and financial results. Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) or similar anti-bribery laws by distributors or other third-party intermediaries could have a material impact on our business. Competitors could also block our access to such parties. Failing to manage risks related to our use of third-party sales channels may reduce sales, increase expenses, and weaken our competitive position, and could result in sanctions against us.

The period of time from initiating dialogue with potential customers to implementation (sales cycle) is long and we are subject to the risks of cancellation or postponement of the contract or unsuccessful implementation.

Prospective customers generally must make significant commitments of resources to test and validate products like those produced by us and confirm that they can integrate these products with other technologies before including them in any particular system, product, or process. The selling cycle for our products with new customers varies widely depending on the application, market, customer, and the complexity of the product. In the warehouse and logistics market, for example, this selling cycle can be a year (or more). These selling cycles result in us investing our resources prior to realizing any revenue from commercialization. Further, we are subject to the risk that customers cancel or postpone implementation of its technology solution or our customers are unable to integrate its technology solution successfully into a larger system. If our customers face financial difficulties, they may also cancel current or future product programs that could materially and adversely impact our financial results. Further, our revenue could be less than forecasted if the system, product, or process that includes our products is unsuccessful, including for reasons unrelated to our technology. Long selling cycles and product cancellations or postponements may adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Developments in alternative technologies may adversely affect the demand for our technology.

Significant developments in alternative technologies may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results in ways we do not currently anticipate. Existing and future infrared technologies may emerge as customers’ preferred alternative to our solutions. Any failure by us to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay our development and introduction of new and enhanced products in the industries we serve, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of our solutions, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors (or a failure to increase revenue and/or market share). Our research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in technology. As technologies change, we plan to upgrade or adapt our solutions with the latest technology. However, our solutions may not compete effectively with alternative systems if we are not able to source and integrate the latest technology into our existing products.

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Our manufacturing business model and use of contract manufacturers may not be successful, which could harm our ability to deliver products and recognize revenue.

Our manufacturing strategy focuses on engaging contract manufacturers for our manufacturing needs while maintaining the design, engineering, prototyping, testing, and pilot manufacturing in-house at our facility in Beaumont, Texas. We currently have agreements with certain contract manufacturers to provide contract manufacturing, testing, and delivery of certain of our products. These arrangements are intended to lower our operating costs, but they also reduce our direct control over certain aspects of its operations.

This diminished control may have an adverse effect on the quality or quantity of products or services, or our flexibility to respond to changing conditions.

Reliance on contract manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, including reduced control over quality, product costs, and product supply and timing. We may experience delays in shipments or issues concerning product quality from its contract manufacturers. If any of our contract manufacturers experience interruptions, delays, or disruptions in supplying our products, including by natural disasters, epidemics or outbreaks of contagions, increased military conflict or tensions, such as in the Middle East, Eastern Europe or Asia, or work stoppages or capacity constraints, our ability to ship products would be delayed. In addition, unfavorable economic conditions could result in financial distress among contract manufacturers upon which we rely, thereby increasing the risk of disruption of supplies necessary to fulfill our production requirements and meet customer demands.

Additionally, if any of our contract manufacturers experience quality control problems in their manufacturing operations and our products do not meet customer or regulatory requirements, such third parties could be required to cover the cost of repair or replacement of any defective products. These delays or product quality issues could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill orders and could have a negative effect on our operating results. In addition, such delays or issues with product quality could adversely affect our reputation and our relationship with our channel partners. If our contract manufacturers experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity, or other difficulties, or experience shortages in required components, or if they are otherwise unable or unwilling to continue to manufacture our products in required volumes or at all, our supply may be disrupted, we may be required to seek alternate manufacturers and we may be required to re-design its products. It would be time-consuming, and could be costly and impracticable, to begin to use new manufacturers or designs, and such changes could cause significant interruptions in supply. Such changes could also have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries and may subsequently lead to the loss of sales. While we take measures to protect our trade secrets, the use of contract manufacturers may also risk disclosure of our innovative and proprietary manufacturing methodologies, which could adversely affect our business.

We operate in a competitive landscape against market participants that may have substantially greater resources than us and against known and unknown market entrants who may disrupt our target markets.

Our target markets are highly competitive and we may not be able to compete effectively in the market against these competitors. Competitors may offer products at lower prices than our products, including pricing that we believe is below their cost, or may offer superior performing products. These companies also compete with us indirectly by attempting to solve some of the same challenges with different technology. Certain competitors in the market for these devices and sensors may have significantly greater resources and more experience than we do. These competitors have commercialized technology that has achieved market adoption, strong brand recognition and may continue to improve in both anticipated and unanticipated ways. They may also have entered into commercial relationships with key customers and have built relationships and dependencies between themselves and those key customers.

In addition to the existing market competitors, new competitors may be preparing to enter or are entering the market in which we compete that may disrupt the commercial landscape of target markets in ways that we may not be able to prepare for, including customers of our products who may be developing their own competitive solutions. We do not know how close any of our current and potential competitors are to commercializing their similar products and services, if at all, nor what they intend to develop as part of their product roadmaps. The already competitive landscape of the thermal infrared technology market, along with both foreseeable and unforeseeable entries of competitors and similar technology from those competitors

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in our target markets, may result in pricing pressure, reduced margins and may impede our ability to increase the sales of our products or cause us to lose market share, any of which will adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our manufacturing costs may increase and result in a market price for our products above the price that customers are willing to pay.

If the cost of manufacturing our products increases, we will be forced to charge our customers a higher price for the products in order to cover our costs and earn a profit. While we expect our products will benefit from continued cost reduction over time from scale and planned redesigns, there is no guarantee that these efforts will be successful, or that these savings would not be offset by additional required content. If the price of our products is too high, customers may be reluctant to purchase its products, especially if lower priced alternative products are available, and we may not be able to sell our products in sufficient volumes to recover our costs of development and manufacture or to earn a profit.

We, our contract manufacturers and our suppliers may rely on complex machinery for production, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

We, our contract manufacturers and our suppliers may rely on complex machinery for the production, assembly and installation of our devices, which will involve a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Our production facilities and the facilities of our contract manufacturers and suppliers may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, it may result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to production facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

If we do not maintain the correct level of inventory or if we do not adequately manage our inventory, we could lose sales or incur higher inventory-related expenses, which could negatively affect our operating results.

To ensure the correct level of inventory supply, we forecast inventory needs and expenses, places orders sufficiently in advance with its suppliers and manufacturing partners and manufactures products based on our estimates of future demand. Fluctuations in the adoption of our products may affect our ability to forecast our future operating results, including revenue, gross margins, cash flows and profitability. Our ability to accurately forecast demand for our products could be affected by many factors, including the rapidly changing nature of its current target markets, the uncertainty surrounding the market acceptance and commercialization of its technology, the emergence of new markets, an increase or decrease in customer demand for its products or for products and services of its competitors, product introductions by competitors, health epidemics and outbreaks, and any associated work stoppages or interruptions, unanticipated changes in general market conditions and the weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in future economic conditions. We may face challenges acquiring adequate supplies to manufacture our products and we and our partners may not be able to manufacture our products at a rate necessary to satisfy the levels of demand, which would negatively affect our short-term and long-term growth. This risk may be exacerbated by the fact that we may not carry or be able to obtain from our suppliers a significant amount of inventory to satisfy short-term demand increases. If we fail to accurately forecast customer demand, we may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale.

Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would adversely affect our financial results, including our gross margin, and have a negative effect on our brand. Conversely, if we underestimate customer

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demand for our products, we may not be able to deliver products to meet our requirements, and this could result in damage to our brand and customer relationships and adversely affect our revenue and operating results.

Risks Related to Our Growth Strategy

We will need to raise additional capital in the future in order to execute our business plan, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We will require additional capital in order to execute on our business plan and may additionally require capital to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, customer demands, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances and may determine to engage in equity or debt financings or enter into credit facilities for other reasons. In order to stay on our growth trajectory and further business relationships with current or potential customers or partners, or for other reasons, we may issue equity or equity-linked securities to such current or potential customers or partners. We may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all.

If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities or if we issue equity or equity-linked securities to current or potential customers to further business relationships, our existing stockholders could experience significant dilution. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited and our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We incur significant costs related to procuring the materials and components required to manufacture and assemble its high-performance products as well as related to designing and developing our software solutions. If our product sales do not increase as planned, or if our SaaS offerings are not sufficiently adopted by our customers, we may be unable to obtain anticipated material cost benefits or expected levels of fixed cost absorption that are needed to achieve its targeted margins and its operating results, business and prospects will be harmed. Furthermore, many of the factors that impact our operating costs are beyond its control. For example, the costs of our materials and components could increase due to shortages as global demand for these products increases or the cost of maintaining our proprietary SaaS cloud could increase.

The manufacture of our products is a complex process, and it is often difficult for companies to achieve acceptable product yields that could decrease available supply and increase costs. Thermal imaging system yields depend on both our product design and manufacturing processes. Because low yields may result from either design defects or process difficulties, we may not identify yield problems until well into the production cycle, when an actual product defect exists and can be analyzed and tested. In addition, many of these yield problems are difficult to diagnose and time consuming or expensive to remedy.

In order to generate future sales growth, we will need to expand the size and geographic coverage of our field organization, including marketing, direct sales, customer support and technical services. Accordingly, our future success will depend largely on our ability to hire, train, retain, and motivate skilled regional sales managers and direct sales representatives with significant technical knowledge and understanding of our products. Because of the competition for their skill set, we may not be able to attract or retain such personnel on reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to grow our sales and marketing organization, we may not be able to increase our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Additionally, we rely on a network of independent distributors to help generate sales of our products. If a dispute arises with a distributor, if we terminate our relationship with a distributor or if a distributor goes out of business, it may take time to identify an alternative distributor, to train new personnel to market our products, and our ability to sell those products in a region formerly serviced by a terminated distributor could be harmed. In addition, our distributors may not successfully market and sell our products and may not devote sufficient time and resources that we believe are necessary to enable our products to develop, achieve or sustain market acceptance. Any of these factors could reduce our revenue or impair our revenue growth in affected markets, increase our costs in those markets or damage our reputation. In addition, if an independent distributor were to depart and be retained by one of our competitors, we may be unable to prevent that distributor from soliciting business from our existing customers, which could further adversely affect us. As a result of our reliance on third-party distributors, we may be subject to disruptions and increased costs due to factors beyond our control, including labor strikes, third-party errors and other issues. If the services of any of these third-party distributors become unsatisfactory, we may experience delays in meeting our customers’ demands and we may be unable to find a suitable replacement on a timely basis or on commercially reasonable terms. Any failure to deliver products in a timely manner may damage our reputation and could cause us to lose potential customers.

If we engage in acquisitions to grow our business, we will incur a variety of costs and may potentially face numerous risks that could adversely affect our business and operations.

If appropriate opportunities become available, we may seek to acquire businesses, assets, technologies or products to enhance our business. In connection with any acquisitions, we could issue additional equity securities, which would dilute our stockholders, incur substantial debt to fund the acquisitions or assume significant liabilities.

Acquisitions involve many diverse risks and uncertainties, including problems evaluating or integrating the purchased operations, assets, technologies or products, as well as with unanticipated costs, liabilities, and economic, political, legal and regulatory challenges due to our inexperience operating in new regions or countries and we may fail to successfully integrate acquired companies or retain key personnel from the acquired company. To date, we have limited experience with acquisitions and the integration of acquired technology and personnel. Acquisitions may divert our attention from its core business. Acquisitions may require us to record goodwill and non-amortizable intangible assets that will be subject to testing on a regular basis and potential period impairment charges, incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets, and incur write offs and restructuring and other related expenses, any of which could harm our operating results and financial condition.

New business strategies, especially those involving acquisitions, are inherently risky and may not be successful. Failure to successfully identify, complete, manage and integrate acquisitions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot guarantee we will optimally manage our lines of business or product lines.

Consistent with our strategy to emphasize growth in our core markets, we continually evaluate our businesses to ensure that they are aligned with our strategy and objectives. Over the years, we have also reorganized certain of our product lines, for example, to de-emphasize products used primarily for biorisk applications as the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic began to lessen, among other reasons. We may not be able to realize efficiencies and cost savings from our reorganization activities. There is no assurance that our efforts will be successful. If we do not successfully manage our lines of business or product lines, or any other similar activities that we may undertake in the future, expected efficiencies and benefits might be delayed or not realized, and our operations and business could be disrupted. Our ability to dispose of, exit or reconfigure businesses that may no longer be aligned with our growth strategy will depend on many factors, including the terms and conditions of any asset purchase and sale agreement or lease agreement, as well as industry, business and economic conditions. We cannot provide any assurance that we will be able to sell non-strategic businesses on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, if the sale of any non-strategic business cannot be consummated or is not practical, alternative courses of action, including relocation of product lines or closure, may not be available to us or may be more costly than anticipated.

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Risks Related to Our Customers and Suppliers

We have commercial contracts with our customers, agreements with suppliers and co-development agreements with partners. Some of these arrangements are evidenced by memorandums of understandings, letters of intent or onboarding arrangements, each of which will require further negotiation at later stages of development to include additional terms relating to pricing, volume and payment terms, or replacement by production or master agreements that have yet to be implemented under separately negotiated statements of work, each of which could be terminated or might not materialize into next-stage contracts or long-term contract partnership arrangements. If these arrangements are terminated or if we are unable to enter into next-stage contracts or long-term operational contracts, or if these arrangements get delayed or postponed, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results may be materially adversely affected. These arrangements may also be subject to renegotiation, which may affect product pricing or operating expenses. Therefore, even if we are successful in entering into long-term contract partnership arrangements, the discontinuation of, the loss of business with respect to, or a lack of commercial success of a particular product or technology package for which we are a significant supplier or an unfavorable adjustment in terms could mean that the expected sales of our products, or cost of inputs, will not materialize on the expected timeline or terms or will be less favorable than anticipated, potentially materially and adversely affecting our business and prospects.

The loss of large customers could result in a material adverse effect to our financial results.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, our top customers represented approximately 44% and 17% of our revenue, respectively, which percentages may increase going forward as we continue to grow or develop additional relationships with new large customers. The loss of business from our large customers (whether by lower overall demand for our products, cancellation of existing contracts or product orders or the failure to incorporate our product designs or award us new business) could have a material adverse effect on our business.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our relationships with our large customers and secure orders for our products. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with our large customers, or if arrangements are modified so that the economic terms become less favorable to us, then our business, financial results and position could be materially adversely affected.

We generate revenue from companies in certain industries that may be subject to significant levels of volatility.

We generate revenue from companies in certain industries that may be subject to significant levels of volatility, such as the oil and gas industry. The oil and gas industry has historically been cyclical and characterized by significant changes in the levels of exploration and development activities, with resulting changes in midstream activities. We manufacture products used in the detection of gas or liquid leaks, monitoring of tank levels and flares, detection of pipeline leaks and safety monitoring of gas processing activities. When crude oil and natural gas prices are low, the level of midstream oil and gas activity typically decreases, potentially resulting in reduced demand for our products used in such activities. In addition, a decline in the level of capital spending by oil and natural gas companies may result in a reduced rate of development of new energy reserves, which could adversely affect demand for our products related to energy production, and, in certain instances, result in the cancellation, modification or rescheduling of existing orders and a reduction in customer-funded research and development related to next generation products. Other of our end markets are similarly subject to potential volatility, including as a result of general economic factors.

We are exposed to credit risk on our trade accounts receivable, supplier non-trade receivables, prepayments to manufacturers and software as a service subscription agreements, and this risk is heightened during periods when economic conditions worsen.

We sell certain of our products directly to small and mid-sized businesses and other customers. Our outstanding trade receivables are not covered by collateral, third-party bank support or financing

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arrangements or credit insurance. Our exposure to credit and collectability risk on our trade receivables is higher in certain markets and our ability to mitigate such risks may be limited. If one or more of our major customers would be unable to pay our invoices as they become due or a customer simply refuses to make such payments if it experiences financial difficulties, our business would be adversely affected. If a major customer were to enter into bankruptcy proceedings or similar proceedings whereby contractual commitments are subject to stay of execution and the possibility of legal or other modification, we could be forced to record a substantial loss.

We also have unsecured supplier non-trade receivables resulting from purchases of components by contract manufacturers and other vendors that manufacture sub-assemblies or assemble final products for us. In addition, from time to time, we may make prepayments associated with long-term supply agreements to secure supply of inventory components. While we are implementing procedures to monitor and limit exposure to credit risk on our trade and supplier non-trade receivables, there can be no assurance such procedures will effectively limit our credit risk and avoid losses.

We may not be able to anticipate changing customer and consumer preferences or respond quickly enough to changes in technology and standards to be able to develop and introduce commercially viable products.

Our ability to maintain and improve existing products, anticipate changes in technology, regulatory and other standards, and to successfully develop and introduce new and enhanced technologies and products on a timely basis will be a significant factor in our ability to be competitive and gain market acceptance. If we are unsuccessful or less successful than our competitors in predicting the course of market development, developing innovative products, processes, and/or use of materials, or adapting to new technologies or evolving regulatory, industry or customer requirements, we will suffer from a competitive disadvantage. We may need to adjust our strategy and projected timelines based on how certain technological challenges evolve over time. There is a risk that these challenges will not be overcome, and that our investments in research and developments initiatives will not lead to successful new products and a corresponding increase in revenue, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We currently target many customers that are large corporations with substantial negotiating power and exacting product standards.

Many of our current and potential customers are large corporations that often possess significant leverage over their suppliers, and can successfully demand contract terms favorable to themselves, such as reserving the right to terminate their supply contracts for convenience. This disparate power has required, and may require in the future, that we accept less favorable contract terms. These large corporations also have exacting technical specifications and requirements that we may be unable to meet, thereby precluding its ability to secure sales. Meeting the technical requirements to secure and maintain significant contracts with any of these companies will require a substantial investment of our time and resources, and if we fail to comply with our customers’ technical specifications and standards, we may lose existing and future business. Even when we succeed in securing contracts, these large companies have been and may continue to be uncertain about their technical specifications for our products and terminate its agreement or make a later determination that our products are not satisfactory. We therefore have no assurance that we can establish relationships with these companies, that our products will meet the needs of these or other companies, or that a contract with these companies will culminate in significant, or any, product sales. Even when we secure agreements with these companies, we may not be effective in negotiating contract terms or managing such relationships, which could adversely affect our future results of operations.

Furthermore, in some instances, these large companies may have internally developed products and solutions that are competitive to our products. These companies may have substantial research and development resources, which may allow them to acquire or develop independently, or in partnership with others, competitive technologies. Such activities may foreclose significant sales opportunities for our products.

Our revenue from U.S. government contracts depends on the continued availability of funding from the U.S. government, and, accordingly, we have the risk that funding for our existing contracts may be canceled or diverted to other uses or delayed or that funding for new programs will not be available.

We have performed, and may in the future perform, work on contracts with the Department of Health and Human Services and other federal agencies and departments of the U.S. government, including

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subcontracts with government prime contractors. Sales under contracts with the U.S. government, including sales under contracts with an agency or department acting as prime contractor or subcontractor, represented approximately 2.5% and 5.2% of our total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Performance under government contracts has inherent risks that could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Government contracts are conditioned upon the continuing availability of congressional appropriations and the failure of Congress to appropriate funds for programs in which we participate could negatively affect our results of operations. U.S. government shutdowns have resulted in delays in anticipated contract awards and delayed payments of invoices for several of its businesses and any new shutdown could have similar or worse effects. The failure by Congress to approve future budgets on a timely basis could delay procurement of our products and services and cause us to lose future revenues. Any renewed emphasis on federal deficit and debt reduction could lead to a further decrease in overall defense spending. Budgetary concerns could result in future contracts being awarded more on price than on other competitive factors, and smaller budgets could result in government in-sourcing of programs and more intense competition on programs that are not in-sourced, which could result in lower revenues and profits.

Also, government spending does not necessarily correlate to continued business for us, because not all of the programs in which we have participated, or may participate, or have current capabilities may be provided with continued funding. It is also not uncommon for the U.S. government to delay the timing of awards or change orders for major programs for six to twelve months. These delays by the U.S. government could impact our revenues. Uncertainty over budgets or priorities with the U.S. presidential administration could result in further delays in funding and the timing of awards, and changes in funded programs that could have a material impact on our revenues. U.S. government operation under a continuing resolution could impact the business by preventing new programs from starting as planned and by limiting funding on existing programs. A significant shift in U.S. government priorities related to programs and acquisition strategies could have a material impact to our financial results.

Termination for convenience provisions provides only for the recovery of costs incurred or committed, settlement expenses, and profit on work completed prior to termination. Termination for default clauses imposes liability on the contractor for excess costs incurred by the U.S. government in re-procuring undelivered items from another source.

Our suppliers could raise prices on key components, which may adversely affect our profitability.

Significant increases in the cost of certain components used in our products, to the extent they are not timely reflected in the price we charge our customers, could materially and adversely impact our results. For example, we have experienced significant increases in prices for certain electronic components, as well as significantly increased lead times. We sought to address these increases by carrying safety stock of critical components on deposit with our suppliers, evaluating alternative components, suppliers and processes, reviewing component substitution opportunities, and aggressively negotiating larger quantities with our vendors to ensure adequate supply. Certain of our key component manufacturers and suppliers have the ability, in our contracts, to periodically increase their prices. Accordingly, we cannot assure that it will not face increased prices in the future or, if we do, whether we will be effective in containing margin pressures from any further component price increases.

Key components in our products come from limited or single source third party suppliers. Interruptions in our relationships with these third parties could adversely impact our business.

We rely on third parties to supply key components of our products. If any of our major third-party component suppliers experience interruptions, delays or disruptions in supplying their products or services, including by natural disasters, health epidemics and outbreaks, or work stoppages or capacity constraints, our ability to ship products to distributors and customers may be delayed. In addition, unfavorable economic conditions could result in financial distress among third-party suppliers upon which we rely, thereby increasing the risk of disruption of supplies necessary to fulfill our production requirements and meet customer demands. Additionally, if any of these third parties on whom we rely were to experience quality control problems in their operations and our products do not meet customer or regulatory requirements, we could be required to cover the cost of repair or replacement of any defective products. These delays or

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product quality issues could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill orders and could have a negative effect on our operating results. In addition, such delays or issues with product quality could adversely affect our reputation and our relationship with our customers and distributors.

If these third parties experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity or other difficulties, or experience shortages in required components, our supply may be disrupted, we may be required to seek alternate suppliers and we may be required to re-design our products. It would be time-consuming, and could be costly and impracticable, to begin to use new suppliers and such changes could cause significant interruptions in supply. Such changes could also have an adverse effect on our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries and may subsequently lead to the loss of sales. While we take measures to protect our trade secrets, the use of third-party suppliers may also risk disclosure of our innovative and proprietary manufacturing methodologies, which could adversely affect our business.

We believe there are a limited number of competent, high-quality suppliers in the industry that meet our strict quality and control standards, and as we seek to obtain additional or alternative supplier arrangements in the future, there can be no assurance that we would be able to do so on satisfactory terms, in a timely manner, or at all. Our suppliers could also discontinue or modify components used in our products. In some cases, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in quantities and delivery schedules. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and we may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to meet our requirements or to fill customer orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect our ability to meet our scheduled product deliveries to our customers. This could adversely affect our relationships with customers and distributors and could cause delays in shipment of our products and adversely affect our operating results.

Risks Related to Our Products

Components used in our sensors may fail as a result of manufacturing, design or other defects over which we have no control and render our devices permanently inoperable.

We rely on third-party component suppliers to provide certain functionalities needed for the operation and use of our devices. Any errors or defects in such third-party technology could result in errors in our sensors that could harm our business. If these components have a manufacturing, design or other defect, they can cause our sensors to fail and render them permanently inoperable. As a result, we may have to replace these sensors at our sole cost and expense. Should we have a widespread problem of this kind, our reputation in the market could be adversely affected and our replacement of these sensors would harm our business.

Product integration could face complications or unpredictable difficulties, which may adversely impact customer adoption of our products and our financial performance.

Our products are typically integrated into customer workflows, applications and other technology solutions. Required integration efforts can be time-consuming and costly and there is no guarantee that results will be satisfactory to the end customer. While we work with system integrators that lend their experience to these workstreams, there is no guarantee that unforeseen delays or setback would not arise that would impair our ability to launch with key programs across our sectors of focus. In addition to the technical risks of integrating our products into our customers’ workflows, applications and other technology solutions, our customers must be comfortable with the cybersecurity and software integrity of our products, including the SmartIR system. Our customers must also be comfortable that the integration of our products will not disrupt our supply chain operations, which are typically continuous in nature.

The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses from undetected defects, errors or reliability issues in hardware or software that could reduce the market adoption of our new products, damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, expose us to product liability and other claims and adversely affect our operating costs.

Our products are highly technical and very complex. They require high standards to manufacture and have in the past, and will likely in the future, experience defects, errors or reliability issues at various stages

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of development. We may be unable to timely release new products, manufacture existing products, correct problems that have arisen or correct such problems to our customers’ satisfaction. Additionally, undetected errors, defects or reliability issues, especially as new products are introduced or as new versions are released, could result in serious injury to the end users of technology incorporating our products, or those in the surrounding area, our customers never being able to commercialize technology incorporating our products, litigation against us, negative publicity and other consequences. Some errors or defects in our products may only be discovered after they have been tested, commercialized and deployed by customers. If that is the case, we may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs. These problems may also result in claims, including class actions, against us by its customers or others. Our reputation or brand may be damaged as a result of these problems and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers and could adversely affect our financial results.

In addition, we could face material legal claims for breach of contract, product liability, fraud, tort or breach of warranty as a result of these problems. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of us and our products. In addition, our business liability insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms or at all. These product-related issues could result in claims against us and our business could be adversely affected.

The markets in which we compete are characterized by technological change, which requires us to continue to develop new products and product innovations and could adversely affect market adoption of our products.

While we intend to invest substantial resources to remain on the forefront of technological development, continuing technological changes in sensing technology and the markets for these products could adversely affect adoption of our products, either generally or for particular applications. Our future success will depend upon our ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and innovations to our existing product offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new product offerings, to address the changing needs of the markets in which we offer our products. Delays in delivering new products that meet customer requirements could damage our relationships with customers and lead them to seek alternative sources of supply. Delays in introducing products and innovations, the failure to choose correctly among technical alternatives or the failure to offer innovative products or configurations at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to purchase our competitors’ products or turn to alternative sensing technology.

If we are unable to devote adequate resources to develop products or cannot otherwise successfully develop products or system configurations that meet customer requirements on a timely basis or that remain competitive with technological alternatives, our products could lose market share, our revenue will decline, we may experience operating losses and our business and prospects will be adversely affected.

We may incur significant direct or indirect liabilities in connection with its product warranties which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We typically offer a limited product warranty that requires our products to conform to the applicable specifications and be free from defects in materials and workmanship for a limited warranty period. As a result of increased competition and changing standards in our target markets, it may be required to increase our warranty period length and the scope of our warranty. To be competitive, we may be required to implement these increases before we are able to determine the economic impact of an increase. Accordingly, we may be at risk that any such warranty increase could result in foreseeable and unforeseeable losses.

In particular, the usage of our products by target customers could make us liable for warranty claims and pecuniary and reputational damages. In our target markets, our products may be placed in physical locations and environments that present harsh operating conditions, or that present a risk of product damage due to accidents or vandalism. This may result in more product failures than we anticipate, and may require us to provide warranties for our products beyond our knowledge of their performance. This could increase the rate of customer returns and warranty claims, resulting in higher than expected operating costs for us. Product failures may also affect market acceptance of our products and our ability to win future business. Any

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negative publicity related to the perceived quality of our products could affect our brand image, partner and customer demand, and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Financial Statements and Accounting

Our history of net losses, negative cash flows from operations and negative net working capital raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have experienced recurring net losses, negative cash flows from operations and negative net working capital. We may continue to incur losses or limited income in the future. As a result, in connection with the preparation of the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023 we have included in this prospectus, we determined that there was substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months.

In response to these conditions, our plans to obtain additional liquidity include: raising additional funds from investors (in the form of debt, equity or equity-like instruments), and continuing to manage operating expenses. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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the timing, receipt and amount of sales from our current and future products and services;

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the cost and timing of expanding our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

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the terms and timing of any other partnership, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish;

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the expenses needed to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel;

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the costs associated with being a public company;

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the impact of macroeconomic events, such as inflation, recessions or depressions;

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the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing our intellectual property portfolio; and

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the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies.

We may seek funds through borrowings or through additional rounds of financing, including private or public equity or debt offerings, or by other means. However, these plans are subject to market conditions, and are not within our control, and therefore, cannot be deemed probable. There is no assurance that we will be successful in implementing these plans. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity preferred securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our Common Stock. Any debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants and could reduce our operational flexibility or profitability. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or any guidance we may provide.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. Our financial results may fluctuate as a result of a variety of factors, including:

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the timing of ultimate end market and customer adoption of our products and particular versions of our products;

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the varying length of time required for our customers to integrate its products into their broader platforms;

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supply chain constraints and considerations and impacts on our costs of goods sold, such as shortages of semiconductor chips;

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our product mix and average selling prices, including negotiated selling prices and long-term strategic customer agreements;

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the cost of raw materials or supplied components critical for the manufacture of our products;

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the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development relating to our thermal infrared technology and related software;

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developments involving our competitors;

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changes in governmental regulations affecting us or applications in which our customers use our products;

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future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and

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general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors.

Many of these factors are outside of our control and may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. The individual or cumulative effects of factors discussed above could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful.

This variability and unpredictability could also result in failure to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any guidance we may provide, or if the guidance we provide is below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our Common Stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be adversely affected.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. We expect that the requirements of these rules and regulations will increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming, and costly and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We are continuing to establish, develop and refine its disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting, and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we will file with the SEC are recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules of and on the forms required by the SEC, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers. In connection with the preparation of the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting. Specifically, these weaknesses related to having an insufficient number of personnel with an appropriate degree of accounting and internal controls knowledge, experience and training to appropriately analyze, record and disclose accounting matters commensurate with its accounting and reporting requirements, which resulted in an inability to consistently establish appropriate authorities and responsibilities in pursuit of our financial reporting objectives.

Any new controls that we develop may be inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, additional weaknesses in our internal controls may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could adversely affect our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations, and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we are required to include in the periodic reports we will file with

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the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and a lack of internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information.

In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting, we have expended, and anticipate that we will continue to expend, significant resources, including accounting-related costs, and provide significant management oversight. Any failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate our business. If our internal controls are perceived as inadequate or that we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results.

Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an emerging growth company or smaller reporting company. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event we are not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed, or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Since many of the markets in which we compete are new and rapidly evolving, it is difficult to forecast long-term end-customer adoption rates and demand for our products.

We are pursuing opportunities in markets that are undergoing rapid changes, including technological and regulatory changes, and it is difficult to predict the timing and size of the opportunities. We are in the process of developing necessary relationships with commercial partners that may not result in the commercialization of our technology immediately, or at all. Regulatory, safety or reliability developments, many of which are outside of our control, could also cause delays or otherwise impair commercial adoption of these new technologies, which will adversely affect our growth. Our future financial performance will depend on our ability to make timely investments in emerging market opportunities. If one or more of these markets experience a shift in customer or prospective customer demand, our products may not compete as effectively, if at all, and they may not be designed into commercialized products. Given the evolving nature of the markets in which we operate, it is difficult to predict customer demand or adoption rates for our products or the future growth of these markets. If demand does not develop or if we cannot accurately forecast customer demand, the size or timing of our markets, inventory requirements, or our future financial results, our business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

Our estimate of total addressable market is subject to numerous uncertainties. If we have overestimated the size of our total addressable market now or in the future, our future growth rate may be limited.

Our estimates of total addressable market are based on a combination of the total number of estimated potential customers in a given market, our expectations regarding the scope of potential use cases for our thermal infrared technology solutions in such markets, our estimates of average selling prices for our products in those markets and the potential opportunity for software solutions to increase the utility of thermal infrared technology solutions.

We cannot assure you of the accuracy or completeness of our estimates. While we believe our market size estimates are reasonable, such information is inherently imprecise. If internally-generated data used in our estimates proves to be inaccurate or we make errors in our assumptions based on such data, our actual market may be more limited than our estimates. In addition, these inaccuracies or errors may cause us to misallocate capital and other critical business resources, which could harm our business. Even if our total addressable market meets our size estimates and experiences growth, we may not continue to grow our share of the market. Our growth is subject to many factors, including the successful implementation of our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the estimates of our total addressable market included in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our ability to grow.

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We are exposed to the risk of write-downs on the value of our inventory and other assets, in addition to purchase commitment cancellation risk.

We write down our inventories that exceed anticipated demand, or for which cost exceeds net realizable value. We review long-lived assets, including capital assets held at our suppliers’ facilities, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate the assets may not be recoverable. If we determine that an impairment has occurred, we record a write-down equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the asset exceeds its fair value. For example, we recorded an inventory write-down of $1.7 million, which was charged to costs of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, related to products that are not expected to be sold in one year based on customer demand and current market conditions. Although we believe that our remaining inventory, capital assets, and other assets and purchase commitments are currently recoverable, no assurance can be given that we will not incur write-downs, fees, impairments and other charges.

We order components for our products and build inventory in advance of product manufacturing and shipments. Because our target markets are volatile, competitive and subject to rapid technology and price changes, and because we have limited sales history in certain new end-markets, there is a risk we will forecast incorrectly and order or produce excess or insufficient amounts of components or products or not fully utilize our purchase commitments.

Since many of the markets in which we compete are new and rapidly evolving, it is difficult to forecast long-term end-customer adoption rates and demand for our products.

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addressable market meets our size estimates and experiences growth, we may not continue to grow our share of the market. Our growth is subject to many factors, including the successful implementation of our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the estimates of our total addressable market included in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our ability to grow.

We are exposed to the risk of write-downs on the value of our inventory and other assets, in addition to purchase commitment cancellation risk.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Cybersecurity

We are subject to cybersecurity risks to operational systems, security systems, infrastructure, firmware in our thermal infrared technology and customer data processed by us or third-party vendors or suppliers and any material failure, weakness, interruption, cyber event, incident or breach of security could prevent us from effectively operating our business.

We have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual and attempted cyberattacks of our IT networks, such as through phishing scams and ransomware. Although none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks has had a material adverse impact on our operations or financial condition, we cannot guarantee that any such incidents will not have such an impact in the future. For example, we are at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of: operational systems, including business, financial, accounting, product development, data processing or production processes, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; facility security systems, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; in-product technology owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers; the integrated software in our thermal infrared solutions; or customer data that we process or our third-party vendors or suppliers process on our behalf. Such cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of intellectual property, trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; compromise certain information of customers, employees, suppliers, or others; jeopardize the security of our facilities; or affect the performance of in-product technology and the integrated software in its thermal infrared solutions. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state-supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception.

The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although we maintain information technology measures designed to protect us against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and it cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation and improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support and cost. Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of our data management,

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procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect our ability to manage its data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service its solutions, adequately protect our intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. We cannot be sure that the systems upon which we rely, including those of our third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If we do not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, our operations may be disrupted, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in our internal control over financial reporting, which may impact our ability to certify our financial results. Moreover, our proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated and our reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as we expect them to, we may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

A significant cyber incident could impact production capability, harm our reputation, cause us to breach its contracts with other parties or subject us to regulatory actions or litigation, any of which could materially affect its business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. In addition, our insurance coverage for cyberattacks may not be sufficient to cover all the losses we may experience as a result of a cyber-incident. Any problems with our third-party cloud hosting providers, whether due to cyber security failures or other causes, could result in lengthy interruptions in our business. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.

Our intellectual property applications may not issue or be registered, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from commercially exploiting products similar to ours.

We cannot be certain that we are the first inventor of the subject matter to which we have filed any particular patent application, or if we are the first party to file such a patent application. If another party has filed a patent application to, or otherwise publicly disclosed, subject matter that we are seeking to protect in a given patent application, we may not be entitled to the protection sought by the patent application. We also cannot be certain whether the claims included in a patent application will ultimately be granted as an issued patent since the patent office of the jurisdiction in which a patent application is filed may rule that the subject matter we are seeking to patent is not novel or is obvious or otherwise non-inventive or rule that the patent application and/or claims of the patent application do not comply with one or more other requirements of the patent laws of the jurisdiction. Further, the scope of protection of issued patent claims is often difficult to determine. As a result, we cannot be certain that our issued patents will afford protection against competitors with similar technology. In addition, our competitors may design around our issued patents, which may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results.

Claims that we are infringing third-party intellectual property, whether successful or not, could subject us to costly and time-consuming litigation or expensive licenses, and adversely affect our business.

Any intellectual property and related contractual litigation, if it is initiated in the future by us or a third party, would result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, either of which could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. Such claims may also divert management resources and attention away from other business efforts and force us to acquire intellectual property rights and licenses, which may involve substantial royalty or other payments that may not be acceptable to us. Further, a party making such a claim against us, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or such a party could obtain an injunction. An adverse determination also could invalidate our intellectual property rights and adversely affect our ability to offer our products to our customers and may require that we procure or develop substitute products that do not infringe, which could require significant effort and expense. Even if we obtain favorable outcomes in any such litigation, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies, or may have incurred costs that threaten our financial stability. Assertions of our attempts to enforce our rights against third parties could also lead these third parties to assert their own intellectual property or other rights against us or seek invalidation or a narrowed scope of our rights, in whole or in part. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

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Thermal infrared technology is a heavily populated intellectual property field, in which many companies, both within and outside of the industry, hold patents covering such products and other adjacent technologies. In addition to patents, companies in the thermal infrared technology industry typically rely on copyrights and trade secrets to protect their technology. As a result, there has been frequent litigation in the thermal infrared technology industry based on allegations of patent infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. We have received, and in the future may receive, inquiries from other intellectual property holders and we may become subject to claims that we infringe others’ intellectual property rights, particularly as our market presence increases, as our products expand to new use cases and geographies, and as we face increasing competition. In addition, parties may claim that our name and the branding of our products infringe their trademark rights in certain territories. If such a claim were to prevail, we may have to change the names of and branding of our products in the affected territories which would be costly and could cause market confusion.

Interruption or failure of our information technology and communications systems could impact our ability to effectively provide our services.

Our products include services and functionality that utilize data connectivity to monitor performance and timely capture opportunities to enhance performance and functionality. The availability and effectiveness of our services depend on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems. Our systems will be vulnerable to damage or interruption from, among others, physical theft, fire, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, power loss, war, telecommunications failures, viruses, denial or degradation of service attacks, ransomware, social engineering schemes, insider theft or misuse or other attempts to harm our systems. We utilize reputable third-party service providers or vendors for our data other than our source code, and these providers could also be vulnerable to harms similar to those that could damage our systems, including sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism causing potential disruptions.

Some of our systems will not be fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any problems with our third-party cloud hosting providers could result in lengthy interruptions in our business. In addition, our product services and functionality are highly technical and complex technology which may contain errors or vulnerabilities that could result in interruptions in our business or the failure of our systems.

Under certain of our agreements, we are required to provide indemnification in the event our technology is alleged to infringe upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

In certain of our agreements, we indemnify our licensees, manufacturing partners and suppliers. We could incur significant expenses defending these partners if they are sued for patent infringement based on allegations related to our technology. In addition, if a partner were to lose a lawsuit and in turn seek indemnification from us, we could be subject to significant monetary liabilities. While such contracts typically give us multiple remedies for addressing instances of infringements, such remedies, such as product modification or the purchase of licenses, could be expensive and difficult to administer.

We employ third-party licensed software for use in our business, and the inability to maintain these licenses, errors in the software, or the terms of open-source licenses could result in increased costs or reduced service levels, which would adversely affect our business.

Our business relies on certain third-party software obtained under licenses from other companies. We anticipate that we will continue to rely on such third-party software in the future. Although we believe that there are commercially reasonable alternatives to the third-party software we currently license, these alternatives may not always be available, or it may be difficult or costly to switch to an alternative. In addition, integration of new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources. Our uses of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Many of the risks associated with the use of third-party software cannot be eliminated, and these risks could negatively affect our business.

Some of the third-party software used by us is licensed under the terms of open-source software licenses. Companies that incorporate open-source software into their technologies have, from time to time,

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faced claims challenging the use of open-source software and/or compliance with open-source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or claiming noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute such software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and/or make available any derivative works of the open-source code, which could include valuable proprietary code of the user, on unfavorable terms or at no cost. While we monitor the use of open-source software and attempt to ensure that open-source software is not used in a manner that would require us to disclose our internally developed source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open-source agreement, such use could inadvertently occur. The terms of many open-source software licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to sell our products. Any requirement to disclose our internally developed source code or pay damages for breach of contract could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and could help our competitors develop services that are similar to or better than ours.

We may not be able to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights or prevent competitors or other unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our technology.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain patents and other intellectual property rights covering our technology and products, and to maintain adequate legal protection for our technology and products in the United States. We rely primarily on trade secret protections and, to a lesser extent, on patent, trademark and copyright laws, along with confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions, to establish and protect our proprietary rights, all of which provide only limited protections.

We can make no assurances whether any of our pending patent applications will mature into issued patents, or that any of our pending trademark applications will be registered, in a manner that gives us any or adequate defensive protection or competitive advantages. We also do not know whether any patents issued to us or any trademarks registered by us will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Our portfolio of currently-issued patents and registered trademarks, and any patents that may be issued, any copyrights and trademarks that may be registered in the future, may not provide sufficiently broad protections to us, or may not prove to be enforceable in actions against alleged infringers. We cannot be certain that the actions we have undertaken to protect our technology and products will prevent unauthorized use of our technology or the reverse engineering of our products. Moreover, others may independently develop technologies and products that compete with ours, or infringe our intellectual property.

We have filed for patents and trademarks in the United States, but such protections may not be available, and we may not have applied for protections in all jurisdictions in which we operate or sell our products. Though we may have obtained, or may in the future obtain, intellectual property and related proprietary rights in various jurisdictions, it may prove difficult to enforce our intellectual property rights in practice. Discovering and protecting against unauthorized use of our intellectual property, products and other proprietary rights is expensive and difficult. We intend to enforce our intellectual property rights. Competitors and other unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or reverse engineer our technology and other aspects of our solutions that we consider proprietary. Litigation may be necessary in the future to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to prevent unauthorized parties from copying or reverse engineering our products, to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others or to block the importation of infringing products into the United States or other markets. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property rights could result in our competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage, market share and a decrease in our revenue, which would adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, copyrights, trade secrets, proprietary processes and know-how.

We rely on proprietary information (including, for example, trade secrets, know-how and confidential information) to protect intellectual property that may not be patentable or subject to copyright or trademark protection, or that we believe is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure. We may seek to protect this proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements, or consulting, services or

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employment agreements that contain non-disclosure and non-use provisions with its employees, consultants, contractors and third parties. We may fail, however, to enter into the necessary agreements, and even if properly executed and entered into, these agreements may be breached or may otherwise fail to prevent disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary information, may be limited as to their term and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information. Additionally, we have limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by our current or future manufacturing partners and suppliers and could lose future trade secret protection if any unauthorized disclosure of such information occurs. In addition, our proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently developed by our competitors or other third parties. To the extent that our employees, consultants, contractors, advisors and other third parties use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain protection for our proprietary information could adversely affect our competitive business position. Furthermore, laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets where we operate may afford little or no protection to our trade secrets.

We also rely on security measures, both physical and electronic, to protect our proprietary information, but we cannot provide assurance that these security measures will not be breached or provide adequate protection for our property. There is a risk that third parties may obtain and improperly utilize our proprietary information to our competitive disadvantage.

Also, we may not be able to detect or prevent the unauthorized use of such information or take appropriate and timely steps to enforce our proprietary information.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we or our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of our employees’ former employers.

We may be subject to claims that we or our employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of one or more of an employee’s former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend us against these claims. If we fail in defending such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize our products, which could severely harm our business. Even if we are successful in defending against any such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and demand on management resources.

Risks Related to Our Regulatory Compliance

If we fail to comply with the laws and regulations relating to the collection of sales tax and payment of income taxes in the various states in which we do business, we could be exposed to unexpected costs, expenses, penalties and fees as a result of our non-compliance, which could harm our business.

By engaging in business activities in the United States, we become subject to various state laws and regulations, including requirements to collect sales tax from its sales within those states, and the payment of income taxes on revenue generated from activities in those states. A successful assertion by one or more states that we were required to collect sales or other taxes or to pay income taxes where we did not could result in substantial tax liabilities, fees and expenses, including substantial interest and penalty charges, which could harm our business.

Our U.S. government contracting activities are subject to government contracting regulations, including increasingly complex regulations on cybersecurity, and our failure to comply with such laws and regulations could harm our operating results and prospects.

Our U.S. government contracting activities, like other government contractors, are subject to various audits, reviews and investigations (including private party “whistleblower” lawsuits) relating to our compliance with applicable federal and state laws and regulations. More routinely, the U.S. government may audit the costs we incur on our U.S. government contracts, including allocated indirect costs. Such audits could result in adjustments to our contract costs. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed, and such costs already reimbursed would need to be refunded. We have recorded contract

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revenues based upon costs we expect to realize after final audit. In a worst-case scenario, should we be charged with wrongdoing, we could be temporarily suspended or, in the event of a conviction, could be debarred for up to three years from receiving new government contracts or government-approved subcontracts. In addition, we could expend substantial amounts defending against such charges and in damages, fines and penalties if such charges were proven or were to result in negotiated settlements. Routine audits by U.S. government agencies of our various procurement and accounting systems have the potential to result in disapproval of the audited systems by the administrative contracting officer. Disapproval could significantly impact cash flow, as up to 10% may be withheld from payments.

Certain U.S. government contracting agencies have adopted rules and regulations requiring contractors to implement a set of cybersecurity measures to attain the safeguarding of contractor systems that process, store, or transmit certain information. Implementation and compliance with these cybersecurity requirements is complex and costly, and could result in unforeseen expenses, lower profitability and, in the case of non-compliance, penalties and damages, all of which could have an adverse effect on our business. The cybersecurity requirements also impact our supply base which could impact cost, schedule and performance on programs if suppliers do not meet the requirements and therefore, do not qualify to support the programs.

We are subject to U.S. anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the Money Laundering Control Act 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956 and 1957, and other anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector and failing to prevent bribery, and require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal accounting controls designed to prevent any such actions. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm and other consequences.

As we increase our international cross-border business and expand our operations abroad, we may continue to engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to market our services and to obtain necessary permits, licenses and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot assure you that all of our employees and agents will not take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we increase our international business, the risks under these laws may increase.

Detecting, investigating and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources and attention from management. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption or anti-bribery laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties, injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, reputational harm, adverse media coverage and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas are received or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal proceeding, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially harmed.

Our products are frequently used in applications that are subject to evolving regulations and standards.

Our customers may use our products for regulated and standardized applications that require our products to comply with regulations and standards that are applicable to both our products and to those industries and applications, including functional safety and product reliability standards. New regulations

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and industry standards may be adopted that result in delays or cancellations of programs. If we decide not to pursue or fail to achieve these regulatory or industry certifications, we may lose existing or potential commercial opportunities or be exposed to legal liability from regulators.

We are subject to, and must remain in compliance with, numerous laws and governmental regulations concerning the manufacturing, use, distribution and sale of its products. Some of our customers also require that we comply with their own unique requirements relating to these matters.

We manufacture and sell products that contain components, which may contain materials or capabilities that are subject to government regulation in both the locations where we manufacture and assemble our products, as well as the locations where we sell our products. For example, we are subject to U.S. Department of Commerce regulations on our high-resolution cameras, which prevents us from selling certain products to certain potential foreign customers. Additionally, we are subject to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) regulations on certain biorisk products cleared by the FDA under Section 510(k) biorisk products we have sold in the past. Manufacturers are required to certify in product labeling and in reports to the FDA that their products comply with applicable performance standards as well as maintain manufacturing, testing, and distribution records for their products. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in enforcement action by the FDA, which could require us to cease distribution of such products, recall or remediate products already distributed to customers, or subject us to FDA enforcement.

Navigating these various regulatory regimes may be a complex process requiring continual monitoring of regulations and an ongoing compliance process to ensure that we and our suppliers are in compliance with existing regulations in each market where we operate. If there is an unanticipated new regulation that significantly impacts our uses and sourcing of various components or requires more expensive components, that regulation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are not currently in compliance with existing regulations, or we fail to adhere to new regulations or fail to continually monitor the updates, we may incur costs in remedying its non-compliance and it may disrupt our operations. In addition, current or proposed regulations may adversely impact the availability of supplies needed to manufacture our products. For example, the U.S. Senate has passed a bill to effectively ban all products from China’s Xinjiang province due to concerns that the goods were produced with forced labor, which, if enacted, is expected to have adverse impacts on global supply chains. In such circumstances, we may also be subject to litigation, lose customers, suffer negative publicity and our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Failures, or perceived failures, to comply with privacy, data protection, and information security requirements in the variety of jurisdictions in which we operate may adversely impact our business, and such legal requirements are evolving, uncertain and may require improvements in, or changes to, our policies and operations.

Our current and potential future operations and sales subject us to laws and regulations addressing privacy and the collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and protection of a variety of types of data. For example, the European Commission has adopted the General Data Protection Regulation and California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, both of which provide for potentially material penalties for non-compliance. These regimes may, among other things, impose data security requirements, disclosure requirements, and restrictions on data collection, uses, and sharing that may impact our operations and the development of our business. While, generally, we do not have access to, collect, store, process, or share information collected by our customers using our products unless our customers choose to proactively provide such information to us, our products may evolve to address potential customer requirements or to add new features and functionality. Therefore, the full impact of these privacy regimes on our business is rapidly evolving across jurisdictions and remains uncertain at this time.

We are assessing the continually evolving privacy and data security regimes and measures it believes are appropriate in response. Since these data security regimes are evolving, uncertain and complex, we may need to update or enhance our compliance measures as our products, markets and customer demands further develop, and these updates or enhancements may require implementation costs. In addition, we may not be able to monitor and react to all developments in a timely manner. The compliance measures we do adopt may prove ineffective. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with current and future regulatory or customer-driven privacy, data protection, and information security requirements, or to prevent or mitigate

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security breaches, cyberattacks, or improper access to, use of, or disclosure of data, or any security issues or cyberattacks affecting us, could result in significant liability, costs (including the costs of mitigation and recovery), and a material loss of revenue resulting from the adverse impact on its reputation and brand, loss of proprietary information and data, disruption to our business and relationships, and diminished ability to retain or attract customers and business partners. Such events may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause customers and business partners to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations. Our failures to comply with these laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our products and solutions are subject to certain U.S. and foreign export controls, trade sanctions, and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls. For example, exporting our thermal cameras, infrared cameras, or infrared sensors to certain countries may be restricted by the U.S. government’s thermal camera export restrictions and many fall under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”). U.S. export control laws and regulations and economic sanctions prohibit or restrict the shipment of certain products and services to countries, governments, and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. Even though we take precautions to prevent our productions and solutions from being provided to entities subject to these restrictions, our products could find their way to such prohibited entities. Any such provision could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties, or reputational harm.

In addition, complying with export control and sanctions regulations for a particular sale may be time-consuming and create delays in the introduction of our products and solutions in some international markets, should we pursue such international expansion, and, in some cases, prevent the export of our software and services to some countries altogether. Exports of our products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. If a license or approval is required from a government agency prior to sale, no exports may occur until the appropriate approvals are obtained. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, penalties could be imposed, including substantial monetary fines and/or denial of export privileges. In addition, in extreme cases responsible employees or managers can be held criminally liable for such violations.

Changes to trade policy, tariffs and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any new export or import restrictions, new legislation or shifting approaches in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations, or changes in global, political, regulatory and economic conditions affecting U.S. trade, manufacturing, development or investment, could result in additional restrictions on our ability to conduct business. In recent years, the U.S. has instituted or proposed changes in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the U.S. (including from China, where we source certain of our supplies), economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries where we conduct our business. A number of other nations have proposed or instituted similar measures directed at trade with the United States in response. As a result of these developments, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade that could adversely affect our business. As additional trade-related policies are instituted, we need to modify our business operations to comply and adapt to such developments, which may be time-consuming and expensive.

Failing to comply with increasing environmental regulations, as well as the effects of potential environmental liabilities, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We, like other industry participants, are subject to various federal, state, local and international environmental laws and regulations. We may be subject to increasingly stringent environmental standards in the future, particularly as greenhouse gas (“GHG”) emissions and climate change regulations and initiatives

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increase. Future developments, administrative actions or liabilities relating to environmental and climate change matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our manufacturing operations, including former operations, could expose us to material environmental liabilities. Additionally, companies that we acquire may have environmental liabilities that might not be accurately assessed or brought to our attention at the time of the acquisition.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has focused on GHGs, maintaining GHGs threaten the public health and welfare of the American people. The EPA also maintains that GHG emissions from on-road vehicles contribute to that threat. The EPA’s endangerment finding covers emissions of six GHGs. The EPA’s continuing efforts to limit GHG emissions could adversely affect our manufacturing operations, increase prices for energy, fuel and transportation, require us to accommodate changes in parameters, such as the way parts are manufactured, and may, in some cases, require us to redesign certain of our products. This, or other federal or state regulations, could lead to increased costs, which we may not be able to recover from customers, delays in product shipments and loss of market share to competitors. Regulatory changes or failure by a business to meet applicable requirements could disrupt that business or force a closure or relocation of the business.

Regulations associated with climate change could adversely affect our business.

Legislative and regulatory measures currently under consideration or being implemented by government authorities to address climate change could require reductions in our GHG or other emissions, establish a carbon tax or increase fuel or energy taxes. These legal requirements, in addition to emission reduction efforts that we may voluntarily undertake, are expected to result in increased capital expenditures and compliance costs, and could result in higher costs required to operate and maintain our facilities, procure raw materials and energy, and may require us to acquire emission credits or carbon offsets. These costs and restrictions could harm our business and results of operations by increasing our expenses or requiring us to alter our operations and product design activities. The inconsistent international, regional and/or national requirements associated with climate change regulations also create economic and regulatory uncertainty.

Additional Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Securities

Our Nasdaq listing application was not approved prior to the Closing of the Business Combination in December 2023, and we received written notice from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC indicating that we had not complied with all of the requirements of the Nasdaq Rule IM-5101-2 since we had not demonstrated compliance with the requirement to have a minimum of 1.1 million “unrestricted publicly held shares” and a minimum of 400 “round lot holders” as required by the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5405(a) for initial listing on the Nasdaq Global Market (the “Original Notice”). In January 2024, we received a separate notice from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC indicating that we were not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum market value of listed securities of $50 million (the “Global Market Notice”). These notices did not immediately impact the listing of our Common Stock or warrants on the Nasdaq Global Market.

On March 21, 2024 we attended a hearing before a Nasdaq Hearing Panel (the “Panel”) during which we presented a plan of compliance and we requested an exception through May 15, 2024 to evidence compliance with all applicable requirements for initial and continued listing on The Nasdaq Capital Market. On April 5, 2024, we received a letter from the Panel (the “Panel Decision”) setting forth the Panel’s determination that we had met the initial listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market as of December 19, 2023 following the effectiveness of the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333- 275521) on such date, thereby resolving the deficiencies cited in the Original Notice. Further, the Panel Decision stated that the Panel granted our request for continued listing on Nasdaq, subject to us filing a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 on or before May 15, 2024 that demonstrates compliance with the Nasdaq Capital Market continued listing standard of a minimum of $2.5 million of

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stockholders equity set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). The transfer of the Company’s listing to the Nasdaq Capital Market together with the Panel Decision mooted the deficiencies cited in the Global Markets Notice.

While we expect to demonstrate stockholders equity in excess of $2.5 million as of March 31, 2024 in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2024 to be filed on or before May 15, 2024, and thereby to satisfy the condition set forth in the Panel Decision in the event that we do not timely demonstrate such compliance, our securities would be delisted for failure to satisfy the condition set forth in the Panel Decision. In that event, the trading market for our securities would likely be impaired, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to subsequently satisfy the initial listing requirements of any other national exchange.

Due to their ownership of our stock, our directors and executive officers are able to control or exert substantial influence over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and amendments of our organizational documents, and an approval right over any acquisition or liquidation of our company.

As of April 29, 2024, our directors and executive officers collectively held a majority of our outstanding Common Stock. Accordingly, they are able to control or exert substantial influence over all matters Accordingly, they are able to control or exert substantial influence over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors and amendments of our organizational documents, and an approval right over any acquisition or liquidation of our company. These stockholders may have interests that differ from those of the other stockholders and, subject to their fiduciary duties, may vote in a way with which the other stockholders disagree and which may be adverse to their interests. This concentrated control may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their capital stock as part of a sale of our company, and might ultimately affect the market price of shares of our Common Stock.

We will incur significant expenses and administrative burdens as a public company, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and are required to comply with the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules and regulations of the SEC and Nasdaq, including the establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls, changes in corporate governance practices and required filing of annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Compliance with public company requirements increases costs and makes certain activities more time-consuming. A number of those requirements will require us to carry out activities we did not prior to the Business Combination. Furthermore, if any issues in complying with those requirements are identified (for example, if the auditors identify a material weakness or significant deficiency in the internal control over financial reporting), we could incur additional costs rectifying those issues, and the existence of those issues could adversely affect our reputation or investor perceptions of us. It may also be more expensive to obtain director and officer liability insurance.

The price and trading volume of our Common Stock and warrants may be fluctuate dramatically.

The price and trading volume of our Common Stock, as well as our warrants, may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

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changes in the industries in which we and our customers operate;

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developments involving our competitors;

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changes in laws and regulations affecting our business;

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variations in our operating performance and the performance of our competitors in general;

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results;

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publication of research reports by securities analysts about us or our competitors or our industry;

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the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;

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actions by stockholders, including the sale by significant stockholders of any of their shares of our Common Stock;

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additions and departures of key personnel;

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commencement of, or involvement in, litigation involving our company;

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changes in our capital structure;

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the volume of shares of our Common Stock available for public sale; and

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general economic and political conditions, such as recessions, interest rates, local and national elections, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability and acts of war or terrorism.

Since the Business Combination, the trading price of our securities and the trading volume of our securities has fluctuated dramatically, and may continue to do so, including for the reasons described above or reasons unrelated to our business or industry, such as retail investor interest driven by activity on social media or in online forums.

A substantial number of warrants are exercisable for our Common Stock, which will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our stockholders.

SPAC Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,131,250 shares of our Common Stock are exercisable in accordance with the terms of the Warrant Agreement governing those securities. Additionally, in connection with the Financing, we issued the Financing Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 340,250 Financing Warrant Shares, which Financing Warrants are exercisable for the five-year period following the consummation of the Business Combination. The exercise price of both the SPAC Warrants and the Financing Warrants is $11.50 per share. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of our Common Stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of our Common Stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. However, there is no guarantee that the warrants will ever be in the money prior to their expiration, and as such, the warrants may expire worthless.

Because there are no current plans to pay cash dividends on our Common Stock for the foreseeable future, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell our Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We may retain future earnings, if any, for future operations, expansion and debt repayment and has no current plans to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends as a public company in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, our ability to pay dividends may be limited by covenants of any existing and future outstanding indebtedness it or its subsidiaries incur. As a result, you may not receive any return on an investment in our Common Stock unless you sell your shares of Common Stock for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

The future exercise of registration rights may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock.

Pursuant to several registration rights agreements, we are required to file and maintain an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the resale our securities by certain holders, including our executive officers and certain members of our board of directors, and in some cases facilitate underwritten offerings of those securities by those holders. The registration and availability of such a

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significant number of securities for trading in the public market may have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. We have filed a separate registration statement relating to the offer and resale of up to 16,693,916 shares of Common Stock, the resale of 506,250 Private Placement Warrants and up to 9,131,250 Shares of Common Stock underlying Warrants.

We may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity securities without your approval, which would dilute your ownership interests and may depress the market price of our Common Stock.

We may issue additional shares of our Common Stock or other equity securities of equal or senior rank in the future in connection with, among other things, grants under our equity incentive plan, upon the exchange or conversion of outstanding warrants, future acquisitions or repayment of outstanding indebtedness, without additional stockholder approval, in a number of circumstances.

The issuance of additional shares or other equity securities of equal or senior rank would have the following effects:

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existing stockholders’ proportionate ownership interest in us will decrease;

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the amount of cash available per share, including for payment of dividends in the future, may decrease;

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the relative voting strength of each previously outstanding share of our Common Stock may be diminished; and

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the market price of our Common Stock may decline.

Anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of our company, which may be beneficial to its stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by its stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our certificate of incorporation contains provisions that may delay or prevent an acquisition of our company or a change in our management. These provisions may make it more difficult for stockholders to replace or remove members of our board of directors. Because the board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of the management team, these provisions could in turn frustrate or prevent any attempt by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. In addition, these provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Common Stock. Among other things, these provisions include the limitation of the liability of, and the indemnification of, our directors and officers and the ability of the board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to institute a “poison pill” that would work to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer, effectively preventing acquisitions that have not been approved by the board of directors.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, which prohibits a person who owns 15% or more of its outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, unless such merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. This could discourage, delay or prevent a third party from acquiring or merging with us, whether or not it is desired by, or beneficial to, our stockholders. This could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our Common Stock, including transactions that may be in its stockholders’ best interests. Finally, these provisions establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. These provisions would apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law:

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any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

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any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;

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any action asserting a claim against us arising under the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; and

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action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine or otherwise related to our internal affairs.

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any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine or otherwise related to our internal affairs.

To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our certificate of incorporation further provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive forum provision in our certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could harm our business.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our securities has been and may continue to be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

General Risk Factors

If we were to lose the services of members of our senior management team, we may not be able to execute our business strategy.

Our success depends in large part upon the continued service of key members of our senior management team. In particular, each of our Chief Executive Officer, Gary Strahan, President, Steven Winch, and Chief Financial Officer, Peter Baird, is critical to our overall management, as well as the continued development of our thermal infrared technology, our culture and our strategic direction. All of our executive officers are at-will employees. The loss of any member of our senior management team could harm our business.

Our future success depends, in part, on recruiting and retaining key personnel and, if we fail to do so, it may be more difficult for us to execute our business strategy. We are currently a small organization and will need to hire additional qualified personnel to effectively implement our strategic plan.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, technical, manufacturing, engineering and sales personnel. In particular, our success may depend on our

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ability to recruit and retain management personnel who are qualified to manage a public company. All of our employees are at-will employees. In addition, our ability to successfully execute on our strategic plan depends in part on our ability to continue to build our organization and hire qualified personnel, especially with engineering, sales, technical and manufacturing expertise. We may not be able to attract and retain qualified personnel on acceptable terms given the competition for such personnel. If we are unsuccessful in our recruitment efforts, it may adversely affect our business and our growth prospects.

Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.

Climate change may have an increasingly adverse impact on our business and those of our customers, partners and suppliers. While we seek to mitigate the risks associated with climate change on our operations, there are inherent climate-related risks globally. Some of our manufacturing facilities are located in regions that may be impacted by severe weather events, like hurricanes or unexpected cold snaps, the frequency and severity of which may increase as a result of climate change. These events could result in potential damage to our physical assets as well as disruptions in manufacturing activities. Moreover, some of our manufacturing facilities are in areas that could experience decreased access to water and reliable energy due to climate issues. Severe weather events may impair the ability of our employees to work effectively. Climate change, including the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, its impact on our supply chain and critical infrastructure worldwide and its potential to increase political instability in regions where we, our customers, partners and suppliers do business, may disrupt our business and may cause us to experience higher employee attrition and higher costs to maintain or resume operations. The effects of climate change also may impact our decisions to construct new facilities or maintain existing facilities in the areas most prone to physical risks, which could similarly increase its operating and material costs. We could also face indirect financial risks passed through the supply chain that could result in higher prices for our products and the resources needed to produce them.

We sell products to customers directly engaged in oil and gas exploration and production. Changes to regulations, social practices and preferences, energy generation and transportation technologies that may occur or be implemented to mitigate climate change could result in reduced demand for hydrocarbon products, which could result in a reduction in sales to these customers.

Investor sentiment towards climate change and sustainability could adversely affect our business.

Increased investor focus and activism related to climate change and sustainability may hinder our access to capital, as investors may reconsider their capital investment as a result of their assessment of our sustainability practices. We may face increasing pressure regarding our sustainability disclosures and practices. Additionally, members of the investment community may screen companies such as us for sustainability performance before investing in our securities. If we are unable to meet the sustainability standards set by these investors, or if we are unable to meet any GHG reduction targets we communicate to the public, we may lose investors, the price of our securities may be negatively impacted and our reputation may be negatively affected.

We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing Israel-Hamas and Russia-Ukraine military conflicts. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from such conflicts or any other geopolitical tensions.

U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflicts between Israel and Hamas and Russia and Ukraine. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflicts is highly unpredictable, such conflicts could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the conflicts and assessing their potential impact on our business.

Additionally, the recent military conflict in Ukraine has led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed and/or threatened. Russian military actions and the resulting

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sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.

It is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our suppliers and manufacturers, will be impacted in the short or long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described herein.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other natural catastrophic events, global pandemics, and interruptions by man-made problems, such as terrorism. Material disruptions of our business or information systems resulting from these events could adversely affect our operating results.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, flood, hurricane or significant power outage or other similar events, such as infectious disease outbreaks or pandemic events, could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. For example, in October 2022, our production facility in Beaumont, Texas was impacted by a flood that damaged certain of our inventory. In addition, natural disasters, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in our manufacturing operations, our or our customers’ or channel partners’ businesses, our suppliers or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce and with third parties. Any disruption to our communications, whether caused by a natural disaster or by man-made problems, such as power disruptions, could adversely affect our business. We do not have a formal disaster recovery plan or policy in place and do not currently require that our suppliers’ partners have such plans or policies in place. To the extent that any such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of orders or impede our suppliers’ ability to timely deliver product components, or the deployment of our products, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Adverse conditions in our target markets or the global economy more generally could have adverse effects on our results of operations.

While we make our strategic planning decisions based on the assumption that the markets we are targeting will grow, our business is dependent, in large part on, and directly affected by, business cycles and other factors affecting the industries we serve. Our target markets are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates and credit availability, consumer confidence, inflation, environmental impact, governmental incentives and regulatory requirements, political volatility, labor relations issues, trade agreements and other factors.

We have been and may in the future become involved in legal and regulatory proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes, which could have a material adverse effect on our profitability and consolidated financial position.

We have been and may in the future be, from time to time, involved in litigation, regulatory proceedings and commercial or contractual disputes and these matters may be significant. These matters may include, without limitation, disputes with our distributors, suppliers and customers, intellectual property claims, government investigations, class action lawsuits, personal injury claims, environmental issues, customs and value-added tax disputes and employment and tax issues. In addition, we have in the past and could face in the future a variety of labor and employment claims against us, which could include but is not limited to general discrimination, wage and hour, privacy, ERISA or disability claims. In such matters, government agencies or private parties may seek to recover from us large, indeterminate amounts in penalties or monetary damages (including, in some cases, treble or punitive damages) or seek to limit our operations in some way. These types of lawsuits could require significant management time and attention or could involve substantial legal liability, adverse regulatory outcomes, or substantial expenses to defend. Often these cases raise complex factual and legal issues and create risks and uncertainties.

We could be forced to expend significant resources in the defense of these lawsuits or future ones, and we may not prevail. No assurances can be given that any proceedings and claims will not have a material adverse impact on our operating results and consolidated financial position or that our available insurance will mitigate this impact.

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If securities or industry analysts either do not publish research about us or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our Common Stock adversely, the trading price or trading volume of our Common Stock could decline.

The trading market for our Common Stock will be influenced in part by the research and reports that securities or industry analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. If one or more analysts initiate research with an unfavorable rating or downgrade our Common Stock, provide a more favorable recommendation about our competitors or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our Common Stock price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause the trading price or trading volume of our Common Stock to decline.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock by the Selling Stockholder.

We may receive up to $25,000,000 aggregate gross proceeds under the Purchase Agreement from any sales we make to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. The net proceeds from sales, if any, under the Purchase Agreement, will depend on the frequency and prices at which we sell our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II after the date of this prospectus. See the section titled “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” in this prospectus for more information.

We expect to use any proceeds that we receive under the Purchase Agreement for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses, and the respective amounts we may allocate to those uses, for any net proceeds we receive. Accordingly, we will retain broad discretion over the use of these proceeds.

We have engaged Seaport, a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member, to act as a qualified independent underwriter in this offering and, in such capacity, participate in the preparation of the registration statement that includes this prospectus and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect thereto. B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed to pay Seaport a cash fee of $50,000 upon the completion of this offering as consideration for its services and to reimburse Seaport up to $5,000 for expenses incurred in connection with acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, such cash fee and expense reimbursement to be paid to Seaport for acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering are deemed to be underwriting compensation in connection with sales of our Class A Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not paid any cash dividends on the our securities to date and do not intend to pay any cash dividends. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends is e within the discretion of the Board.

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DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of Common Stock may be sold by B. Riley Principal Capital II under this prospectus.

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THE COMMITTED EQUITY FACILITY

On April 16, 2024, we entered into the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement with B. Riley Principal Capital II. Upon the terms and subject to the satisfaction of the conditions contained in the Purchase Agreement, from and after the Commencement Date, we will have the right, in our sold discretion, to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $25,000,000 of shares of our Common Stock, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Sales of Common Stock by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any such sales, are solely at our option, and we are under no obligation to sell any securities to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. In accordance with our obligations under the Registration Rights Agreement, we have filed the registration statement that includes this prospectus with the SEC to register under the Securities Act the resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of up to 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock, consisting of (i) up to 5,128,179 Purchase Shares that we may, in our sole discretion, elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date (defined below) pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and (ii) the 171,821 Commitment Shares we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock that we may, in our sole discretion, direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement.

We do not have the right to commence any sales of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement until the Commencement Date, which is the date on which all of the conditions to B. Riley Principal Capital II’s purchase obligation set forth in the Purchase Agreement have initially been satisfied, none of which are in B. Riley Principal Capital II’s control, including that the registration statement that includes this prospectus shall have been declared effective by the SEC and the final form of this prospectus shall have been filed with the SEC. From and after the Commencement Date, we have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion for a period of up to 36 months, unless the Purchase Agreement is earlier terminated, to direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase up to a specified maximum amount of shares of Common Stock in one or more Market Open Purchases and Intraday Purchases as set forth in the Purchase Agreement, by timely delivering a written Market Open Purchase Notice for each Market Open Purchase, and timely delivering a written Intraday Purchase Notice for each Intraday Purchase, if any, to B. Riley Principal Capital II in accordance with the Purchase Agreement on any trading day we select as the Purchase Date therefor, so long as (i) the closing sale price of our Common Stock on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date is not less than the Threshold Price and (ii) all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases (as applicable) effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, including all prior purchases effected on the same Purchase Date, have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II in the manner set forth in the Purchase Agreement, prior to the time we deliver such notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II.

From and after Commencement, the Company will control the timing and amount of any sales of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II. Actual sales of shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by us from time to time, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Common Stock and determinations by us as to the appropriate sources of funding for our company and its operations.

Under the applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement shares of Common Stock in excess of the 19.99% Exchange Cap, unless (i) we obtain stockholder approval to issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules, or (ii) the average price per share paid by B. Riley Principal Capital II for all of the shares of Common Stock that we direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, equals or exceeds $3.08 per share (representing the lower of (a) the official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq immediately preceding the execution of the Purchase Agreement and (b) the average official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq for the five consecutive trading days period ending on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the Purchase Agreement, adjusted as required by Nasdaq to take into account our issuance of the Commitment Shares to B. Riley

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Principal Capital II as consideration), so that the Exchange Cap limitation will not apply to issuances and sales of Common Stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Moreover, we may not issue or sell any shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement which, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock then beneficially owned by B. Riley Principal Capital II and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 thereunder), would result in B. Riley Principal Capital II beneficially owning shares of Common Stock in excess of the 4.99% Beneficial Ownership Limitation, which is defined in the Purchase Agreement as 4.99% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock.

Neither we nor B. Riley Principal Capital II may assign or transfer our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, and no provision of the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement may be modified or waived by us or B. Riley Principal Capital II.

As consideration for B. Riley Principal Capital II’s commitment to purchase shares of Common Stock at our direction upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued 171,821 Commitment Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II, which Commitment Shares have a total aggregate value equal to 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 total aggregate purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement (assuming a purchase price of $2.91 per Commitment Share, representing the official closing price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq immediately preceding the execution of the Purchase Agreement. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, in certain circumstances set forth in the Purchase Agreement, we may be required to pay B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $500,000 (or 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 aggregate purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement), in cash, as a “make-whole” payment to the extent the aggregate amount of cash proceeds, if any, received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from the resale of the Commitment Shares offered for resale by this prospectus, prior to certain times set forth in the Purchase Agreement, is less than $500,000, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement that were not previously resold by B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to the times specified in the Purchase Agreement, if any. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse B. Riley Principal Capital II for the reasonable legal fees and disbursements of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s legal counsel in an amount not to exceed (i) $75,000 upon our execution of the Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement and (ii) $5,000 per fiscal quarter, in each case in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

The Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement contain customary representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations of the parties. Copies of the agreements have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement that includes this prospectus and are available electronically on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Purchases of Common Stock Under the Purchase Agreement

Market Open Purchases

From and after the Commencement Date, we will have the right, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion for a period of up to 36 months, unless the Purchase Agreement is earlier terminated, beginning on the Commencement Date, to direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase a specified number of shares of Common Stock, not to exceed the applicable Market Open Purchase Maximum Amount, in a Market Open Purchase under the Purchase Agreement, by timely delivering a written Market Open Purchase Notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II, prior to 9:00 a.m., New York City time, on any trading day we select as the Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, so long as:

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•

the closing sale price of our Common Stock on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date is not less than the Threshold Price; and

•

all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases effected by us under the Purchase Agreement have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to the time we deliver such Market Open Purchase Notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II.

The Purchase Maximum Amount applicable to such Market Open Purchase will be equal to the lesser of:

•

1,000,000 shares of Common Stock; and

•

the Market Open Purchase Percentage (as specified in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Purchase) of the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of our Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable Market Open Purchase Valuation Period for such Market Open Purchase.

The actual number of shares of Common Stock that B. Riley Principal Capital II will be required to purchase in a Market Open Purchase, which we refer to as the Market Open Purchase Share Amount, will be equal to the number of shares that we specify in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice, subject to adjustment to the extent necessary to give effect to the applicable Market Open Purchase Maximum Amount and other applicable limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement, including the Beneficial Ownership Limitation and, if then applicable, the Exchange Cap.

The per share purchase price that B. Riley Principal Capital II will be required to pay for the Market Open Purchase Share Amount in a Market Open Purchase effected by us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be equal to the VWAP of our Common Stock for the applicable Market Open Purchase Valuation Period on the Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, less a fixed 3.0% discount to the VWAP for such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period. The Market Open Purchase Valuation Period for a Market Open Purchase is defined in the Purchase Agreement as the period beginning at the official open (or “commencement”) of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, and ending at the earliest to occur of:

•

3:59 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date or such earlier time publicly announced by the trading market as the official close of the regular trading session on such Purchase Date;

•

such time that the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period reaches the applicable Market Open Purchase Share Volume Maximum for such Market Open Purchase, which will be determined by dividing (a) the applicable Market Open Purchase Share Amount for such Market Open Purchase, by (b) the Market Open Purchase Percentage we specified in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase); and

•

if we further specify in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase that a Limit Order Discontinue Election shall apply to such Market Open Purchase, such time that the trading price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period (calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement) falls below the applicable Minimum Price Threshold.

Under the Purchase Agreement, for purposes of calculating the volume of shares of Common Stock traded during a Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, including for purposes of determining whether the applicable Market Open Purchase Share Volume Maximum for a Market Open Purchase has been reached, for purposes of calculating the VWAP of our Common Stock for the applicable Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, and to the extent that we specify in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice that the Limit Order Discontinue Election will apply, the following transactions, to the extent they occur during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period, shall be excluded: (x) the opening or first purchase of Common Stock at or following the official open of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase, (y) the last or closing sale of Common Stock at or prior to the official close of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Market

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Open Purchase, and (z) if we have specified in the applicable Market Open Purchase Notice for such Market Open Purchase that a Limit Order Continue Election, rather than a Limit Order Discontinue Election, shall apply to such Market Open Purchase, all purchases and sales of Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Market Open Purchase Valuation Period at a price per share that is less than the applicable Minimum Price Threshold for such Market Open Purchase.

Intraday Purchases

In addition to the Market Open Purchases described above, from and after the Commencement Date, we will also have the right, but not the obligation, subject to the continued satisfaction of the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, to direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to make Intraday Purchases (whether or not a Market Open Purchase is effected on such Purchase Date), not to exceed the applicable Intraday Purchase Maximum Amount, in an Intraday Purchase under the Purchase Agreement, by timely delivering a written Intraday Purchase Notice to B. Riley Principal Capital II, after 10:00 a.m., New York City time (and after the Market Open Purchase Valuation Period for any earlier Market Open Purchase and the Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for the most recent prior Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date if applicable, have ended), and prior to 3:30 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date, so long as:

•

the closing sale price of our Common Stock on the trading day immediately prior to such Purchase Date is not less than the Threshold Price; and

•

all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases (as applicable) effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, including all prior purchases effected on the same Purchase Date as such applicable Intraday Purchase, have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II in the manner set forth in the Purchase Agreement, prior to the time we deliver the Intraday Purchase Notice for such applicable Intraday Purchase to B. Riley Principal Capital II.

The Intraday Purchase Maximum Amount applicable to such Intraday Purchase will be equal to the lesser of:

•

1,000,000 shares of Common Stock; and

•

the Intraday Purchase Percentage (as specified by us in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice for such Intraday Purchase) of the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of our Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during the applicable Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for such Intraday Purchase.

The actual number of shares of Common Stock that B. Riley Principal Capital II will be required to purchase in an Intraday Purchase, which we refer to as the Intraday Purchase Share Amount, will be equal to the number of shares that we specify in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice, subject to adjustment to the extent necessary to give effect to the applicable Intraday Purchase Maximum Amount and other applicable limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement, including the Beneficial Ownership Limitation and, if then applicable, the Exchange Cap.

The per share purchase price that B. Riley Principal Capital II will be required to pay for the Intraday Purchase Share Amount in an Intraday Purchase effected by us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be calculated in the same manner as in the case of a Market Open Purchase (including the same fixed percentage discounts to the applicable VWAP used to calculate the per share purchase price for a Market Open Purchase as described above), provided that the VWAP used to determine the purchase price for the Intraday Purchase Share Amount to be purchased in an Intraday Purchase will be equal to the VWAP for the applicable Intraday Purchase Valuation Period on the Purchase Date for such Intraday Purchase. The Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for an Intraday Purchase is defined in the Purchase Agreement as the period during the regular trading session on Nasdaq on such Purchase Date, beginning at the latest to occur of:

•

such time of confirmation of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s receipt of the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice;

•

such time that the Market Open Purchase Valuation Period for any prior Market Open Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date (if any) has ended; and

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•

such time that the Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for the most recent prior Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date (if any) has ended, and ending at the earliest to occur of:

•

3:59 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date or such earlier time publicly announced by the trading market as the official close of the regular trading session on such Purchase Date;

•

such time that the total aggregate number (or volume) of shares of Common Stock traded on Nasdaq during such Intraday Purchase Valuation Period reaches the applicable Intraday Purchase Share Volume Maximum for such Intraday Purchase, which will be determined by dividing (a) the applicable Intraday Purchase Share Amount for such Intraday Purchase, by (b) the Purchase Percentage we specified in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice for determining the applicable Intraday Purchase Share Amount for such Intraday Purchase); and

•

if we further specify Limit Order Discontinue Election in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice for such Intraday Purchase, such time that the trading price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Intraday Purchase Valuation Period (calculated in accordance with the Purchase Agreement) falls below the applicable Minimum Price Threshold.

As with Market Open Purchases, for purposes of calculating the volume of shares of Common Stock traded during an Intraday Purchase Valuation Period, including for purposes of determining whether the applicable Intraday Purchase Share Volume Maximum for an Intraday Purchase has been reached, for purposes of calculating the VWAP of our Common Stock for the applicable Intraday Purchase Valuation Period, the following transactions, to the extent they occur during such Intraday Purchase Valuation Period, are excluded: (x) the opening or first purchase of Common Stock at or following the official open of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Intraday Purchase, (y) the last or closing sale of Common Stock at or prior to the official close of the regular trading session on Nasdaq on the applicable Purchase Date for such Intraday Purchase, and (z) if we have specified in the applicable Intraday Purchase Notice for such Intraday Purchase that a Limit Order Continue Election, rather than a Limit Order Discontinue Election, shall apply to such Intraday Purchase, all purchases and sales of Common Stock on Nasdaq during such Intraday Purchase Valuation Period at a price per share that is less than the applicable Minimum Price Threshold for such Intraday Purchase.

We may, in our sole discretion, timely deliver multiple Intraday Purchase Notices to B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to 3:30 p.m., New York City time, on a single Purchase Date to effect multiple Intraday Purchases on such same Purchase Date, provided that the Purchase Valuation Period for any earlier regular Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date (as applicable) and the Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for the most recent prior Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date have ended prior to 3:30 p.m., New York City time, on such Purchase Date, and so long as all shares of Common Stock subject to all prior Market Open Purchases and all prior Intraday Purchases (as applicable) effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, including all prior purchases effected on the same Purchase Date as such applicable Intraday Purchase, have been received by B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to the time we deliver to B. Riley Principal Capital II a new Intraday Purchase Notice to effect an additional Intraday Purchase on the same Purchase Date as an earlier Market Open Purchase (as applicable) and one or more earlier Intraday Purchases effected on such same Purchase Date.

The terms and limitations that will apply to each subsequent additional Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date will be the same as those applicable to any earlier Market Open Purchase (as applicable) and any earlier Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date as such subsequent additional Intraday Purchase, and the per share purchase price for the shares of Common Stock that we elect to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II in each subsequent additional Intraday Purchase effected on the same Purchase Date as an earlier Market Open Purchase (as applicable) and/or earlier Intraday Purchase(s) effected on such Purchase Date will be calculated in the same manner as in the case of such earlier Market Open Purchase (as applicable) and such earlier Intraday Purchase(s) effected on the same Purchase Date as such subsequent additional Intraday Purchase, with the exception that the Intraday Purchase Valuation Period for each subsequent additional Intraday Purchase will begin and end at different times (and may vary in duration) during the regular trading session on such Purchase Date, in each case as determined in accordance with the Purchase Agreement.

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In the case of Market Open Purchases and Intraday Purchases effected by us under the Purchase Agreement, if any, all share and dollar amounts used in determining the purchase price per share of Common Stock to be purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II in a Market Open Purchase or an Intraday Purchase (as applicable), or in determining the applicable maximum purchase share amounts or applicable volume or price threshold amounts in connection with any such Market Open Purchase or Intraday Purchase (as applicable), in each case, will be equitably adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction occurring during any period used to calculate such per share purchase price, maximum purchase share amounts or applicable volume or price threshold amounts.

At or prior to 5:30 p.m., New York City time, on the applicable Purchase Date for a Market Open Purchase and/or Intraday Purchase, B. Riley Principal Capital II will provide us with a written confirmation for such Market Open Purchase and/or Intraday Purchase, as applicable, setting forth the applicable purchase price (both on a per share basis and the total aggregate purchase price) to be paid by B. Riley Principal Capital II for the shares of Common Stock purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II in such Market Open Purchase and/or Intraday Purchase, as applicable.

The payment for, against delivery of, shares of Common Stock purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II in any Market Open Purchase or any Intraday Purchase under the Purchase Agreement will be fully settled within two (2) trading days immediately following the applicable Purchase Date for such Market Open Purchase or such Intraday Purchase (as applicable), as set forth in the Purchase Agreement.

Conditions Precedent to Commencement and Each Purchase

B. Riley Principal Capital II’s obligation to accept Market Open Purchase Notices and Intraday Purchase Notices that are timely delivered by us under the Purchase Agreement and to purchase shares of our Common Stock in Market Open Purchases and Intraday Purchases under the Purchase Agreement, are subject to (i) the initial satisfaction, at the Commencement, and (ii) the satisfaction, at the applicable “Purchase Condition Satisfaction Time” (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) on the applicable Purchase Date for each Market Open Purchase and Intraday Purchase after the Commencement Date, of the conditions precedent thereto set forth in the Purchase Agreement, all of which are entirely outside of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s control, which conditions including the following:

•

the accuracy in all material respects of the representations and warranties of the Company included in the Purchase Agreement;

•

the Company having performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Purchase Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company;

•

the registration statement that includes this prospectus (and any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC that include shares of Common Stock that may be issued and sold by the Company to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement) having been declared effective under the Securities Act by the SEC, and B. Riley Principal Capital II being able to utilize this prospectus (and the prospectus included in any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC under the Registration Rights Agreement) to resell all of the shares of Common Stock included in this prospectus (and included in any such additional prospectuses);

•

the SEC shall not have issued any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the registration statement that includes this prospectus (or any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC that include shares of Common Stock that may be issued and sold by the Company to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement) or prohibiting or suspending the use of this prospectus (or the prospectus included in any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC under the Registration Rights Agreement), and the absence of any suspension of qualification or exemption from qualification of the Common Stock for offering or sale in any jurisdiction;

•

FINRA shall not have provided an objection to, and shall have confirmed in writing that it has determined not to raise any objections with respect to the fairness and reasonableness of, the terms and arrangements of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement;

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•

there shall not have occurred any event and there shall not exist any condition or state of facts, which makes any statement of a material fact made in the registration statement that includes this prospectus (or in any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC that include shares of Common Stock that may be issued and sold by the Company to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement) untrue or which requires the making of any additions to or changes to the statements contained therein in order to state a material fact required by the Securities Act to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements then made therein (in the case of this prospectus or the prospectus included in any one or more additional registration statements filed with the SEC under the Registration Rights Agreement, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading;

•

this prospectus, in final form, shall have been filed with the SEC under the Securities Act prior to Commencement, and all reports, schedules, registrations, forms, statements, information and other documents required to have been filed by the Company with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act shall have been filed with the SEC;

•

trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by the SEC or Nasdaq, the Company shall not have received any final and non-appealable notice that the listing or quotation of the Common Stock on Nasdaq, shall be terminated on a date certain (unless, prior to such date, the Common Stock is listed or quoted on any other Eligible Market, as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement), and there shall be no suspension of, or restriction on, accepting additional deposits of the Common Stock, electronic trading or book-entry services by The Depository Trust Company with respect to the Common Stock;

•

the Company shall have complied with all applicable federal, state and local governmental laws, rules, regulations and ordinances in connection with the execution, delivery and performance of the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement;

•

the absence of any statute, regulation, order, decree, writ, ruling or injunction by any court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction which prohibits the consummation of or that would materially modify or delay any of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement;

•

the absence of any action, suit or proceeding before any arbitrator or any court or governmental authority seeking to restrain, prevent or change the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, or seeking material damages in connection with such transactions;

•

all of the shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement shall have been approved for listing or quotation on Nasdaq(or if the Common Stock is not then listed on Nasdaq, then on any Eligible Market), subject only to notice of issuance;

•

no condition, occurrence, state of facts or event constituting a Material Adverse Effect (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) shall have occurred and be continuing;

•

the absence of any bankruptcy proceeding against the Company commenced by a third party, and the Company shall not have commenced a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, consented to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary bankruptcy case, consented to the appointment of a custodian of the Company or for all or substantially all of its property in any bankruptcy proceeding, or made a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors; and

•

the receipt by B. Riley Principal Capital II of the legal opinions and negative assurances, bring-down legal opinions and negative assurances, and audit comfort letters, in each case as required under the Purchase Agreement.

Termination of the Purchase Agreement

Unless earlier terminated as provided in the Purchase Agreement, the Purchase Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of:

•

the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the Commencement Date;

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•

the date on which B. Riley Principal Capital II shall have purchased shares of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement for an aggregate gross purchase price equal to $25,000,000;

•

the date on which the Common Stock shall have failed to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or any other Eligible Market;

•

the 30th trading day after the date on which a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy proceeding involving our company has been commenced that is not discharged or dismissed prior to such trading day; and

•

the date on which a bankruptcy custodian is appointed for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors.

B. Riley Principal Capital II also has the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement upon 10 trading days’ prior written notice to us, but only upon the occurrence of certain events, including:

•

the occurrence and continuation of a Material Adverse Effect (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement);

•

the occurrence of a Fundamental Transaction (as such term defined in the Purchase Agreement) involving our company;

•

if any registration statement is not filed by the applicable Filing Deadline (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement) or declared effective by the SEC by the applicable Effectiveness Deadline (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement), or the Company is otherwise in breach or default in any material respect under any of the other provisions of the Registration Rights Agreement, and, if such failure, breach or default is capable of being cured, such failure, breach or default is not cured within 10 trading days after notice of such failure, breach or default is delivered to us;

•

if we are in breach or default in any material respect of any of our covenants and agreements in the Purchase Agreement or in the Registration Rights Agreement, and, if such breach or default is capable of being cured, such breach or default is not cured within 10 trading days after notice of such breach or default is delivered to us;

•

the effectiveness of the registration statement that includes this prospectus or any additional registration statement we file with the SEC pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement lapses for any reason (including the issuance of a stop order by the SEC), or this prospectus or the prospectus included in any additional registration statement we file with the SEC pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement otherwise becomes unavailable to B. Riley Principal Capital II for the resale of all of the shares of Common Stock included therein, and such lapse or unavailability continues for a period of 45 consecutive trading days or for more than an aggregate of 90 trading days in any 365-day period, other than due to acts of B. Riley Principal Capital II; or

•

trading in the Common Stock on Nasdaq (or if the Common Stock is then listed on an Eligible Market, trading in the Common Stock on such Eligible Market) has been suspended for a period of five consecutive trading days.

No termination of the Purchase Agreement by us or by B. Riley Principal Capital II will become effective prior to the fifth trading day immediately following the date on which any pending Market Open Purchase and any pending Intraday Purchase has been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, and no termination will affect any of our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement with respect to any pending Market Open Purchase, any pending Intraday Purchase, the Commitment Shares, including any cash “make-whole” payment we may be required to pay to B. Riley Principal Capital II under certain circumstances as specified in the Purchase Agreement, and any fees and disbursements of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s legal counsel in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. Both

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we and B. Riley Principal Capital II have agreed to complete our respective obligations with respect to any such pending Market Open Purchase and any pending Intraday Purchase under the Purchase Agreement. Furthermore, no termination of the Purchase Agreement will affect the Registration Rights Agreement, which will survive any termination of the Purchase Agreement.

No Short-Selling or Hedging by B. Riley Principal Capital II

Prohibition on Variable Rate Transactions

Subject to specified exceptions included in the Purchase Agreement, we are limited in our ability to enter into specified “Variable Rate Transactions” (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) during the term of the Purchase Agreement. Such transactions include, among others, the issuance of convertible securities with a conversion or exercise price that is based upon or varies with the trading price of our Common Stock after the date of issuance, or our effecting or entering into an agreement to effect an “equity line of credit” or other substantially similar continuous offering with a third party, in which we may offer, issue or sell Common Stock or any securities exercisable, exchangeable or convertible into Common Stock at a future determined price.

Effect of Sales of our Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement on our Stockholders

The Commitment Shares that we issued, and the Purchase Shares to be issued or sold by us, to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement that are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II in this offering are expected to be freely tradable. The 5,128,179 Purchase Shares being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II from time to time at our discretion over a period of up to 36 months, unless the Purchase Agreement is earlier terminated, commencing on the Commencement Date. The resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of a significant amount of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Common Stock, if any, to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II all, some or none of the shares of our Common Stock that may be available for us to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

If and when we do elect to sell shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after B. Riley Principal Capital II has acquired such shares, B. Riley Principal Capital II may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from B. Riley Principal Capital II in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution, and in some cases substantial dilution, and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from B. Riley Principal Capital II in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with B. Riley Principal Capital II may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

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to predict the number of shares of Common Stock that we will sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, the actual purchase price per share to be paid by B. Riley Principal Capital II for those shares, or the actual gross proceeds to be raised by us from those sales, if any.

As of April 29, 2024, there were 13,443,033 shares of our Common Stock outstanding. If all of the 5,300,000 shares offered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent approximately 28.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock and approximately 48.5% of the total number of outstanding shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of our company, in each case as of April 29, 2024.

Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $25,000,000 of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, only 5,128,179 Purchase Shares (in addition to the 171,821 Commitment Shares, for which we have not and will not receive any cash consideration) are being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus. If we were to issue and sell all of such 5,128,179 Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II at an assumed purchase price per share of $2.78 (without taking into account the 19.99% Exchange Cap limitation), representing the closing sale price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on April 23, 2024, we would only receive approximately $14,256,338 in aggregate gross proceeds from the sale of such Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. Depending on the market prices of our Common Stock on the Purchase Dates on which we elect to sell such Purchase Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, we may need to register under the Securities Act additional shares of our Common Stock for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II which, together with the 5,128,179 Purchase Shares included in this prospectus, will enable us to issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II such aggregate number of shares of Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement as will be necessary in order for us to receive aggregate proceeds equal to B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 maximum aggregate purchase commitment available to us under the Purchase Agreement.

If we elect to issue and sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II more than the 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock being registered under the Securities Act for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus (171,821 of which shares represent the Commitment Shares that we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024, for which we have not and will not receive any cash consideration), which we have the right, but not the obligation, to do, we must first (i) obtain stockholder approval if, and only to the extent that, we issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap under the Purchase Agreement in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules and (ii) file with the SEC one or more additional registration statements to register under the Securities Act the resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of any such additional shares of our Common Stock we wish to sell from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, which the SEC must declare effective, in each case before we may elect to sell any additional shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. Any issuance and sale by us under the Purchase Agreement of a substantial amount of shares of Common Stock in addition to the 5,300,000 shares of Common Stock being registered for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the registration statement that includes this prospectus could cause additional substantial dilution to our stockholders.

The following table sets forth the amount of gross proceeds we would receive from B. Riley Principal Capital II from our sale of shares of Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement at varying purchase prices:

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Assumed Average Purchase Price Per Share	Number of Registered Shares to be Issued if Full Purchase(1)		Percentage of Outstanding Shares After Giving Effect to the Issuance to B. Riley Principal Capital II(2)		Gross Proceeds from the Sale of Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II Under the Purchase Agreement
$1.00		5,128,179		27.6%		$	5,128,179
$2.00		5,128,179		27.6%		$	10,256,358
$2.78(3)		5,128,179		27.6%		$	14,256,338
$3.00		5,128,179		27.6%		$	15,384,537
$4.00		5,128,179		27.6%		$	20,512,716
$5.00		5,000,000		27.1%		$	25,000,000

(1)

Excluding the 171,821 Commitment Shares that we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon the execution of the Purchase Agreement on April 16, 2024. Although the Purchase Agreement provides that we may sell up to $25,000,000 of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal Capital II, we are only registering 5,300,000 shares under the registration statement that includes this prospectus, including the 171,821 Commitment Shares, which may or may not cover all of the shares we ultimately sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. We will not issue more than an aggregate of 2,687,262 shares of our Common Stock (the Exchange Cap, unless otherwise approved by our stockholders or if the average price per share paid by B. Riley Principal Capital II for all of the shares of Common Stock that we direct B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, equals or exceeds $3.08 per share). The number of shares to be issued as set forth in this column (i) does not give effect to the Exchange Cap and (ii) is without regard for the Beneficial Ownership Limitation.

(2)

The denominator is based on 13,443,033 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of April 29, 2024 (which, for these purposes, includes the 171,821 Commitment Shares we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II on April 16, 2024), adjusted to include the issuance of the number of shares set forth in the adjacent column that we would have sold to B. Riley Principal Capital II, assuming the average purchase price in the first column. The numerator is based on the number of shares issuable under the Purchase Agreement (that are the subject of this offering) at the corresponding assumed average purchase price set forth in the first column.

(3)

The closing sale price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on April 23, 2024.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations provides information that our management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, together with the related notes thereto, included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs involving risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and in other parts of this prospectus.

Overview

We manufacture and distribute highly sensitive and accurate infrared cameras and other sensor systems, comprising hardware and software, for thermographic and other use in a variety of industrial applications. We also provide services, including training, calibration, and repairs for our customers. Most of our customers are in the United States and operate in the distribution and logistics, manufacturing, utilities and oil & gas sectors.

Merger

The sponsor of SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp. (“Legacy SMAP”) was SportsMap, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The registration statement for Legacy SMAP’s IPO was declared effective on October 18, 2021 (the “Effective Date”). On October 21, 2021, Legacy SMAP consummated the IPO of 11,500,000 units (the “Units” and, with respect to the common stock included in the Units being offered, the “public shares”) at $10.00 per Unit, including the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment of 1,500,000 Units, generating gross proceeds to Legacy SMAP of $115,000.

Simultaneously with the consummation of the IPO, Legacy SMAP consummated the private placement of 675,000 units at a price of $10.00 per Unit to the Sponsor and the representative of the underwriters and/or certain of their designees or affiliates, generating gross proceeds to Legacy SMAP of $6.75 million.

On December 19, 2023, Legacy SMAP, through its subsidiary ICH Merger Sub Inc. (“Merger Sub”), and Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc (“Legacy ICI”) consummated the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement initially entered on December 5, 2022, by and among Legacy SMAP, Legacy ICI, and Merger Sub (the “Business Combination”). Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, a merger of Legacy SMAP and Legacy ICI was effected by the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy ICI, with Legacy ICI surviving the Business Combination as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy SMAP. As a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, Legacy SMAP changed its name from “SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp.” to “Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc.” (“ICI”). In February 2024, ICI changed its name to “MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.”

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse acquisition. Under this method of accounting, Legacy SMAP is treated as the “acquired” company for accounting purposes. The net assets of Legacy SMAP were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Business Combination were those of Legacy ICI. Under this method of accounting, Legacy ICI has been determined to be the accounting acquirer, as it held the majority composition of the executive management and was greater in overall asset, revenue and employee size following the Business Combination. Legacy ICI will be the successor for financial reporting purposes, meaning that Legacy ICI’s financial statements for previous periods will be disclosed in the registrant’s future periodic reports filed with the SEC.

As a result of having Common Stock that is registered under the Exchange Act and is listed for trading on a U.S. national stock exchange, we will need to hire additional personnel and implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices. We expect to incur additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees and additional internal and external accounting and legal and administrative resources, including increased audit and legal fees.

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Under the Business Combination Agreement, the surviving company would have been obligated under certain circumstances to issue 2.4 million shares of Common Stock following the Business Combination (the “Earnout Shares”). The Earnout Shares would be issued pro rata to the holders of Legacy ICI common stock prior to the Business Combination, under certain qualifying conditions, if either (a) during the period beginning six months after the closing of the Business Combination and ending on December 31, 2024, the Common Stock of the Company achieved a market price of $12.50 per share for a specified number of days, or the Company consummated a transaction in which its stockholders have the right to receive consideration implying a value of at least $12.50 per share, or (b) the Company achieved revenue of $68.5 million during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The earnout provision under the Business Combination Agreement was subsequently cancelled on March 7, 2024.

Financing Transaction

In connection with the Business Combination, a number of purchasers (each, a “Financing Investor”) purchased from the Company an aggregate of $6.8 million in convertible promissory notes in connection with the closing of the Business Combination (the “Financing Notes”). Of the $6.8 million in Financing Notes, $1.3 million were issued in exchange for cancellation of an equal amount of existing promissory notes of Legacy SMAP (rather than having such notes repaid at the closing of the Business Combination), $1.0 million were rolled over from an existing related party promissory note of Legacy ICI (rather than having such note repaid at closing of the Business Combination), and $4.5 million were cash proceeds to the combined company.

Each Financing Note will mature on the third anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination (the “Maturity Date”) and is convertible at any time at the Financing Investors’ option at a conversion price of $10.00 per share, subject to certain customary adjustments (such shares issuable upon conversion of Financing Notes, the “Conversion Shares”). Except with the consent of the holder of the applicable Financing Note (the “Holder”), we may not repay any principal amount of any Financing Note prior to the Maturity Date.

We will pay interest on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of such notes at the rate of 9% per annum, payable (i) quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1, beginning April 1, 2024, (ii) on each date on which a Holder elects to convert any amount of Financing Notes and (iii) on the Maturity Date (each such date, an “Interest Payment Date”), in cash or, if the Holder elects to receive interest on the Financing Note in the form of shares of our Common Stock. If the Holder elects to receive interest in shares of our Common Stock, such interest shall be payable at a rate of 11% per annum in duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of our Common Stock at a volume-weighted average price for the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Interest Payment Date (which shall not be less than $1.00) (such shares payable in lieu of cash interest, the “Interest Shares”). Failure to pay interest is deemed an event of default and the interest rate shall increase automatically to 15% per annum until repaid.

As part of the financing transaction, we also issued warrants (the “Financing Warrants”) to the Financing Investors to purchase an aggregate of 340,250 shares of our Common Stock (such shares issuable upon exercise of the Financing Warrants, the “Financing Warrant Shares”), at an exercise price of $11.50 per Financing Warrant Share. The Financing Warrants were allocated ratably among the Financing Investors in accordance with their respective investment amounts. The Financing Warrants are exercisable at any time before the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination. The Financing Warrants are not subject to any redemption provision, and can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion of the holder. In addition, in order to induce the Financing Investors’ investments, certain holders of SMAP’s founder shares and stockholders of Legacy ICI transferred, and Legacy ICI issued prior to the closing of the Business Combination for exchange at the Exchange Ratio at Closing, an aggregate of 680,500 shares of our Common Stock to the Financing Investors at the closing.

Pursuant to the terms of the Financing Notes and certain letter agreements (“Inducement Letters”) to induce certain holders of the Financing Notes, the Company issued 327,500 shares of Common Stock related to the principal balance of the Financing Notes, 327,500 Inducement Shares (as defined below, and 8,318 shares of Common Stock related to accrued interest on the Financing Notes, for an aggregate of 663,318 shares of Common Stock. The effective date of the Inducement Letters was March 31, 2024.

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Committed Equity Facility

On April 16, 2024, we entered into a Purchase Agreement with B. Riley Principal Capital II. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $25.0 million worth of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share over the term of the Purchase Agreement (the “Committed Equity Facility”), beginning only after certain conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement have been satisfied, including that the registration statement registering the Purchase Shares for resale (the “Registration Statement”) shall have been declared effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. In accordance with the Purchase Agreement, on April 16, 2024, we issued Commitment Shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II as consideration for its commitment to purchase the Purchase Shares under the Purchase Agreement. Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, in certain circumstances, we may be required to pay B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $500,000 (or 2.0% of the total commitment value under the Purchase Agreement), in cash, as a “make-whole” payment to the extent the aggregate amount of cash proceeds, if any, received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from the resale of the Commitment Shares prior to certain times set forth in the Purchase Agreement, is less than $500,000, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II upon execution of the Purchase Agreement that were not previously resold.

Concurrently with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we entered into a registration rights agreement with B. Riley Principal Capital II pursuant to which we agreed to register the resale of the Purchase Shares and Commitment Shares that have been and may be issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement pursuant to the Registration Statement.

Under applicable rules of Nasdaq, in no event may we issue or sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement shares of our common stock, including the Commitment Shares, in excess of 19.99% of the shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement, which is equal to 2,687,262 shares of common stock (the “Exchange Cap”) unless (i) we obtain stockholder approval to issue shares of our common stock in excess of the Exchange Cap or (ii) the average price of all shares of common stock issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement equals or exceeds $3.081 per share (which represents the official closing price of our common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market on the trading day immediately prior to the signing of the Purchase Agreement and adjusted as required by Nasdaq to take into account our issuance of the Commitment Shares), such that the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement are exempt from the Exchange Cap limitation under applicable Nasdaq rules. In any event, the Purchase Agreement specifically provides that we may not issue or sell any shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement if such issuance or sale would breach any applicable rules or regulations of Nasdaq. The Purchase Agreement also prohibits us from directing B. Riley Principal Capital II to purchase any shares of our common stock if those shares, when aggregated with all other shares of our common stock then beneficially owned by B. Riley Principal Capital II and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 13d-3 thereunder), would result in B. Riley Principal Capital II and its affiliates beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the then total outstanding shares of common stock.

As of April 16, 2024, we had issued 171,821 shares to B. Riley Principal Capital II, which consisted of only the Commitment Shares, and we had not received any gross proceeds from the Committed Equity Facility as of that date.

Growth and Long-Term Strategy

Our long-term strategy is to grow hardware and software revenues over the medium term by:

•

Expanding our sales and marketing capabilities. We will strive to increase market share by scaling our commercial capabilities, including sales, marketing, account management, and technical support, to meet customers’ requirements in the oil and gas, distribution and logistics, manufacturing, and utilities sectors.

•

Increasing software capabilities and applications. We will continue to invest in our SmartIR SaaS platform in order to increase its user-case-specific functionality and value to customers across the four main industry verticals.

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•

Executing on our product roadmaps. We will focus on innovation and product development in hardware, software, and implementations in our four main industry verticals. We believe these investments and innovations will help drive improved functionality for our customers and reduce the total cost of ownership for their critical assets. We will also work to improve compatibility with various complementary software platforms and competing hardware.

•

Growing wallet share with existing enterprise customers and acquiring new customers. We plan to continue expanding our presence in our existing large enterprise customers by rolling out integrated solutions for more of their relevant facilities and manufacturing processes, in addition to acquiring new customers.

•

Expanding our network of distributors and strategic channel partners. We will continue to build and capitalize on our extensive network of specialty distributors and strategic channel partners to drive revenue growth in our four main industry verticals.

•

Pursuing strategic acquisitions. We intend to secure additional commercial capabilities and technology through opportunistic acquisitions of key strategic targets, focused on increasing market penetration in our four main industry verticals.

Components of Our Operating Results

Revenue, net

Our revenues are derived mainly from product sales (infrared cameras and other sensors and components), Software as a Service (SaaS) and ancillary services. Most of our products are sold directly to customers or through distributors, and they are frequently bundled as multiple-camera systems, with integrated software and ancillary services in multi-year subscriptions. These systems require initial and ongoing technical support, which is bundled into system pricing.

Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any sales taxes collected from customers.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold primarily consists of inventory, materials, supplies, and shipping costs. Cost of goods sold also includes employee costs related to our production process and to services provided to our clients and write-down of inventories.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses consists mainly of payroll and benefits, marketing and advertising, travel, insurance, leases, professional fees, taxes, and stock-based compensation expense.

We recognize SG&A expenses in the period incurred.

Depreciation

Depreciation includes the depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment, as well as on the proprietary software deployed as part of our camera systems.

Casualty losses, net of recoveries

Casualty losses relate to losses due to a flood that occurred in October 2022 in our Beaumont, Texas warehouse, net of the proceeds recovered from the insurance claim relating to the inventory loss.

Interest Expense

Interest expense relates to the line of credit and convertible notes.

Interest Expense, related parties

Interest expense, related parties relate to the shareholder promissory notes issued in July 2020.

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Change in fair value of convertible notes

Change in fair value of convertible notes includes the gain or loss related to the fair value of the convertible notes issued in December 2022, January 2023, June 2023, July 2023, August 2023, September 2023, and December 2023.

Change in warrants liability

Change in fair value of warrants liability includes the gain or loss related to the fair value of the Financing Warrants issued in December 2023.

Tariff refund

Tariff refund includes refunds from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) resulting from overpayment of customs duties, taxes, and fees.

Loss on Financing Transaction

Loss on financing transaction relates to the financing transaction described above under “— Financing Transaction”. The loss was a result of the added incentives in the financing transaction, including the Financing Warrants and transferred shares of Common Stock.

Other (Income) Expenses, net

Other expenses, net includes mainly donations, a gain on disposal of assets, and miscellaneous expenses.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of federal and state income taxes in the United States and related deferred taxes.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

The following table presents summary results of operations for the periods indicated, in thousands:

	Year ended December 31,						Amount
	2023			2022			Change			% Change
Revenue, net		$	5,430		$	7,268		$	(1,838)		(25)%
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)			3,986			4,964			(978)		(20)%
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative			22,105			13,606			8,499		62%
Depreciation			872			561			311		55%
Casualty losses, net of recoveries			—			155			(155)		100%
Total operating expenses			22,977			14,322			8,655		60%
Operating loss			(21,533)			(12,018)			(9,515)		79%
Interest expense			64			32			32		100%
Interest expense, related parties			30			83			(53)		(64)%
Change in fair value of convertible notes			(970)			—			(970)		(100)%
Tariff refund			(2,401)			—			(2,401)		(100)%
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities			(195)			—			(195)		(100)%
Loss on financing transaction			4,043			—			4,043		100%
Other (income) expenses, net			(44)			(48)			4		(8)%
Loss before income taxes			(22,060)			(12,085)			(9,975)		83%
Income tax expense			208			1,205			(997)		(83)%
Net loss		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)		$	(8,978)		68%

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Revenue: Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $5.4 million, and decreased $1.8 million, or 25%, from approximately $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in revenues was due to decreased unit volumes, particularly in the higher-priced end of the product range (e.g., UAVs and fixed-mount systems). We made an effective exit from the biorisk market and the direct sale of products into the veterinary market. Our traditional core business, selling infrared and other sensor solutions into the industrial market, was relatively steady. We also launched our SmartIR cloud-software product suite in the second quarter of 2023, however we did not earn significant revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023, for our SmartIR cloud-software product. Sales returns were not material for the years ended December 31, 2023, or 2022.

Cost of Goods Sold: Cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $4.0 million and decreased $1.0 million, or 20%, from approximately $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in cost of goods sold was attributable to the corresponding decrease in product sales, resulting in a decrease in materials and supplies purchased as well as outbound shipping costs, and included the recognition of an inventory write down to net realizable value of $1.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Gross margin is the percentage obtained by dividing (a) revenue less cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation) by (b) revenue. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately 27%, compared to 32% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in gross margin in 2023 compared to 2022 was primarily attributable to the recognition of an inventory write-down to net realizable value of $1.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, that was recorded to costs of goods sold. The recognition of this write- down adversely impacted gross margin by 31 percentage points for 2023.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense: Selling, general and administrative expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $22.1 million and increased $8.5 million, or 62%, from approximately $13.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was attributable to an increase in share-based compensation of $13.4 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in payroll expense of $2.5 million, a decrease in professional fees by approximately $1.5 million, and a decrease in sales commissions by approximately $0.4 million.

Depreciation Expense: Depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $0.9 million and increased by $0.3 million, or 55%, from approximately $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in depreciation expense relates to an increase in additions to property, plant, and equipment during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest Expense and Interest Expense, related parties: Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $94 thousand and decreased by $21 thousand, or 18% from approximately $115 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in interest expense was due to the termination of the line of credit agreement in July 2022.

Other (Income) Expenses, net: Other expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2023, was approximately $44 thousand and decreased $4 thousand, or 8%, as compared to $48 thousand of other expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in other income expenses, net was primarily attributable to a decrease in donations and non-operating income and expenses. The decrease in other income was primarily attributable to a decrease in non-operating income and expenses.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”), Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are supplemental non-GAAP financial measures used by management. We define EBITDA as net (loss) income before (i) interest expense (net interest income), (ii) depreciation and (iii) taxes. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before share-based compensation expenses and other non-operating income and expenses. We define EBITDA Margin as EBITDA divided by revenue and Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue.

We believe EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin are useful performance measures because they facilitate comparison of our results of operations from period to period

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without regard to our financing methods or capital structure or other items that impact comparability of financial results from period to period such as fluctuations in interest expense or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation, non-cash charges such as share based compensation expenses or unusual items that are not considered an indicator of ongoing performance of our operations. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as alternatives to, or more meaningful than, net income or any other measure as determined in accordance with GAAP. Our computations of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA of other companies. We present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because we believe they provide useful information regarding the factors and trends affecting our business.

The following table presents a reconciliation of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to the GAAP financial measure of net income for each of the periods indicated (unaudited), in thousands:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Net loss		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)
Interest expense			64			32
Interest expense, related parties			30			83
Income tax expense			208			1,205
Depreciation			872			561
EBITDA		$	(21,094)		$	(11,409)
EBITDA margin % (of revenue)			(388)%			(157)%

	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Net loss		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)
Interest expense			64			32
Interest expense, related parties			30			83
Income tax expense			208			1,205
Depreciation			872			561
Transaction costs			—			1,898
Change in fair value of convertible notes			(970)			—
Change in fair value of warrants			(195)			—
Share based compensation expense			14,061			644
Casualty losses, net of recoveries			—			155
Inventories impairment			1,689			—
Loss on financing transaction			4,043			—
Tariff refund			(2,401)			—
Other (income) expenses, net			(44)			(48)
Adjusted EBITDA		$	(4,911)		$	(8,760)
Adjusted EBITDA margin % (of revenue)			(90)%			(121)%

Liquidity and Capital Resources and Going Concern

We incurred losses and negative cash flow from operations for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to a decrease in revenue, negative cash flows from operations, negative net working capital excluding deferred transaction costs and other current assets that are not settled in cash and increase in investment in technology innovation and commercial capabilities compared to the prior year periods. We have historically funded our operations with internally generated cash flows, lines of credit with banks, and promissory notes with shareholders and related parties.

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We will require additional capital in order to execute on our business plan and may additionally require capital to fund our operations or to respond to technological advancements, competitive dynamics or technologies, customer demands, business opportunities, challenges, acquisitions or unforeseen circumstances, and we may determine to raise capital through equity or debt financings or enter into credit facilities for other reasons. In order to stay on our anticipated growth trajectory and to further business relationships with current or potential customers or partners, or for other reasons, we may issue equity or equity-linked securities to such current or potential customers or partners. We may not be able to timely secure additional debt or equity financing on favorable terms, or at all as these plans are subject to market conditions and are not within the Company’s control. There is no assurance that the Company will be successful in implementing their plans. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt or other equity-linked securities or if we issue equity or equity-linked securities to current or potential customers to further business relationships, our existing stockholders could experience significant dilution. Any debt financing obtained by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to grow or support our business and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited and our business could be materially and adversely affected.

As noted in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, there is substantial doubt as to our ability to fund our planned operations for the next twelve months and to continue to operate as a going concern. We have assessed our ability to continue as a going concern, and, based on our need to raise additional capital to finance our future operations and recurring losses from operations incurred since inception, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year from the date that the consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus are issued.

Cash Flows

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods, in thousands:

	Years Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities		$	(4,551)		$	(3,170)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities			(1,512)			(1,600)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities			6,564			2,050
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			501			(2,720)

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $4.6 million for the year ended December 30, 2023, an increase of $1.4 million as compared to $3.2 million of net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in net cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to collective changes from non-cash balances including a change of $13.4 million share-based compensation expense, a change of accrued expenses of $3.3 million, a change of $4.0 million in loss on financing transaction, a change in deferred transaction costs of $1.1 million, and a change in fair value of convertible notes of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Investment Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $0.1 million as compared to $1.6 million of net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in proceeds from sale of equipment for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $4.5 million as compared to $2.1 million of net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, is primarily due to the proceeds to us from the Business Combination and related financing transactions.

Contractual Obligations

Our principal commitments consist of lease obligations for corporate offices and production facilities. The net present value of operating lease liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 is $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, as well as related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ from these estimates.

The critical accounting policies, assumptions, and judgements that we believe have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of actual cost and net realizable value (“NRV”). NRV is based upon an estimated average selling price reduced by the estimated costs of disposal. The determination of net realizable value involves certain judgments including estimating average selling prices based on recent sales. Should actual market conditions differ from the Company’s estimates, future results of operations could be materially affected. The Company reduces the value of its inventory for estimated obsolescence or lack of marketability by the difference between the cost of the affected inventory and the NRV. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company updated its operating plan and recorded an inventory write down of $1.7 million, which was charged to costs of goods sold in our Consolidated Statements of Operations, related to products that are not expected to be sold and based on customer demand and current market conditions. No inventory write down was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The valuation of inventory also requires the Company to estimate excess and obsolete inventory. As noted below, the Company believes the risk of technological obsolescence is not significant, so this analysis is weighted toward assessing the extent to which inventory is in excess of market demand. The determination of excess inventory is estimated based on a comparison of the quantity and cost of inventory on hand to the Company’s forecast of customer demand, which is dependent on various internal and external factors and requires the Company to use judgment in forecasting future demand for its products. The Company also considers the rate at which new products will be accepted in the marketplace and how quickly customers will transition from older products to newer products. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required.

Our inventories are exposed to significant risks that may adversely affect our results of operations due to customer demands, gross profit margins, and fluctuations in the market conditions of the warehouse and logistics, manufacturing, utilities and oil and gas sectors. Technological obsolescence is not considered a significant risk to the Company. With respect to hardware, device technology and functionality is not changing very much and the devices that the Company has in its inventory are more than adequate technically for MSAI’s integrated solutions offerings. With respect to software, the Company is continuously updating and upgrading the on-device and cloud-based software on its existing devices to keep pace with technological advances. Upgraded software is easily downloaded onto the devices, which keeps the devices current in

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terms of functionality. The Company manages and controls its software and ensures all software updates are compatible with the devices held in inventory.

At the end of each quarter the Company evaluates its inventory based on (i) its current operating plan to estimate the demand of inventories based on market environment, current portfolio of customers and risk-adjusted pipeline opportunities (i.e., expected upcoming purchase orders from customers), (ii) full count of inventory at year end and 80% coverage count on a quarterly basis to identify if there are any inventories that are not sold in the operating business cycle, and/or have slow movement, and (iii) an assessment of whether the carrying costs of specific items in inventory are greater than net realizable value and should be written down to net realizable value.

Also at the end of each quarter, the Company reviews short-term and long-term classification of inventories related to infrared cameras, as well as to replacement, maintenance and spare parts. Using similar analyses and sources of information as for the inventory write down to net realizable value assessment, the Company makes the following determinations:

•

MSAI classifies as short-term inventories that are expected to be sold in the subsequent twelve months.

•

MSAI recognizes an inventory write down for inventories that cannot be sold in the market and net realizable value is below cost.

•

MSAI classifies as long-term inventories the inventory that are not expected to be sold in the following twelve months but for which ones there is an active market and the Company has not identified any indicator of impairment.

We have assessed the impact of a variety of known business, competitive and economic factors on our ability to sell inventory. Except as described below, however, we do not believe that these factors have materially hindered our ability to sell inventory in 2022 and 2023. Specifically, we do not believe that broader economic factors had any material impact on our ability to sell inventory. Also, competitive factors were only relevant to the extent that our products were not sufficiently differentiated from competitors’ products until we launched our SmartIR software in 2023. We believe that the additional functionality of the SmartIR software creates significant differentiation, and alleviates the competitive factors as assessed. The most relevant known factors that materially hindered our ability to sell inventory in 2022 and 2023 related specifically to our business itself. The primary business factors that we considered in our assessment included (i) the recency of the commercial launch of our Smart IR software platform, which we believe will drive significant sales of integrated device and software solution sales over time, and (ii) the early stage of development of our commercial capabilities, specifically the small size and limited reach of our direct sales force and marketing teams and the nascency of our strategic channel partner relationships. We believe that the business factors we considered are easing over time through the growth and maturation of our commercial capabilities. Based on the current operating plan, the ongoing expansion of our commercial capabilities, and the strong “product market fit” between our remaining inventory and our targeted industry verticals and use cases — the Company has not identified any indications that additional impairment of these inventories would be required.

In addition, when the Company prepares its operating plan, it considers the following risks and factors that could materially impact the recoverability of inventories i) slow-moving inventories that are not expected to be sold into the current focus customer base in the current market environment during the next twelve months, ii) estimation of underlying demand, prices, and profit margins, iii) customer demand in the four sub-vertical sectors: warehouse and logistics, manufacturing, utilities, and oil and gas sectors, and iv) demand from the current portfolio of customers and potential new customers.

Offering Costs

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Revenue Recognition

Revenue is accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers through the following steps:

•

Identify the contract with a customer;

•

Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

•

Determine the transaction price;

•

Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and

•

Recognize revenue when or as we satisfy a performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any sales taxes collected from customers.

Revenue Sources

Our revenues are derived from multiple sources. The following are descriptions of principal revenue generating activities, performance obligations and revenue recognition criteria:

— Product Sales

Products sales related to infrared cameras and sensor devices are considered separate performance obligations. We recognize revenue from product sales at a point in time, at the amount to which it expects to be entitled when control of the products is transferred to its customers. Control is transferred at FOB Destination. Payment for products is collected within 30-90 days following transfer of control.

Product sales are distinct from the SaaS subscriptions as product sales have a standalone functionality and can work independently of SaaS.

— Software as a Service (“SaaS”) and Related Services

We sell SaaS subscriptions that comprise access to the cloud platform and technical support and upgrades of the software.

The software license is accounted for as a separate service performance obligation as it can be used with another infrared camera or sensor device not sold by MSAI. The access to the cloud platform has standalone functionality and represents a distinct performance obligation. The technical support and upgrades of the software are considered distinct from each other and are not considered critical for the functionality of the software. Therefore, they are considered a stand ready obligation and are accounted as a series of distinct services as a distinct performance obligation.

Our SaaS subscriptions services are generally contracted for a period of 12-36 months. Annual subscription payments are made in advance, are initially recognized as customer prepayments and revenue is recognized ratably over the subscription period.

— Ancillary Services

Ancillary services derived from the calibration of infrared cameras, maintenance and training are recognized at a point in time when service is provided to the client. Clients send the cameras to our warehouse to perform the calibration and maintenance. This service is considered a different promise, distinct and separately identifiable as the customer benefits from the service on its own. Therefore, it is considered a separate performance obligation. Additionally, we arrange training with clients to teach them the use and functionality of cameras. Training is considered a different promise, distinct and separately identifiable as the customer benefits from the service on its own. Therefore, it is considered a separate performance obligation.

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and included in the cost of goods sold as incurred.

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Transaction Price Allocated to Performance Obligations

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price (SSP) basis.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities include billed and unbilled amounts resulting from in-transit shipments, as we have an unconditional right to payment upon the completion of all performance obligations. Contract liabilities also include customer prepayments which mainly consist of advances from customers related to products and SaaS subscriptions, as well as repair and service agreements, for which we have not yet recognized revenue.

Share-Based Compensation

We recognize all employee and non-employee share-based compensation as a cost in the consolidated financial statements. Equity-classified awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the award and are amortized on straight line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, generally the vesting period of the award. Shared-based compensation expense for Transaction RSU Awards (as defined below) have only service vesting conditions. Expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis for all RSU awards with only service conditions. In the event that a RSU grant holder is terminated before the award is fully vested for RSUs granted under the Plan, the full amount of the unvested portion of the award will be recognized as a forfeiture in the period of termination.

We estimate grant-date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The use of a valuation model requires management to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs. We grant stock options at exercise prices determined equal to the fair value of Common Stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the MSAI Common Stock is based on our historical and projected financial performance (as determined by an independent 409A valuation Section 409A means Section 409A of the Code and all regulations, guidance, compliance programs and other interpretative authority thereunder.) and by observable arms-length sales of our capital stock. The computation of the expected option life is based on an average of the vesting term and the maximum contractual life of our stock options, as we do not have sufficient history to use an alternative method to the simplified method to calculate expected life for employees. Since our shares have not historically been publicly or privately traded, expected volatility is estimated based on the average historical volatility of similar entities with publicly traded shares. The risk-free rate for the expected term of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the date of the grant. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

On December 19, 2023, prior to the closing of the combination, the Board of Directors of Legacy ICI authorized that the shares of common stock (the “Transaction RSU Awards”) subject to the awards will be delivered, in accordance with the terms of the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. All Transaction RSU Awards issued were valued using a fair value of $6.82, which was the closing share price of our Common Stock on that date.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Refer to Note 2 of the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements included in this prospectus for our assessment of recently issued and adopted accounting standards.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

We are an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such a time as those standards apply to private companies.

Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an “emerging growth company”, we choose to rely on such exemptions we may not be required to, among other things, (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, (iii) comply with

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any requirement that may be adopted by the PCAOB regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis), or (iv) disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the CEO’s compensation to median employee compensation. We may take advantage of these exemptions until December 31, 2026, or until we are no longer an emerging growth company, whichever is earlier. We will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period if certain earlier events occur, including if we become a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, our annual gross revenues exceed $1.235 billion or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period.

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BUSINESS

Business Overview

We build intelligent multi-sensing platforms incorporating edge and cloud AI software solutions that are utilized by organizations to monitor and protect critical assets across a wide range of industries. We are a provider of sensing systems built around high-resolution thermal imagers along with visible and acoustic imagers, as well as vibration and laser spectroscopy sensors, that perceive and measure heat, sound, vibration, and gas in industrial assets and the surrounding environment, helping companies gain insight to efficiently manage their most important assets and infrastructure.

We design and manufacture turn-key multi-sensor solution platforms with edge and cloud-based software that we believe to be high performing and attractively priced across each of our four target markets: distribution & logistics; manufacturing; utilities; and oil & gas. Our core infrared sensor devices achieve a high degree of accuracy through proprietary calibration processes, which are the result of thousands of hours of engineering and research and development (“R&D”). We believe this to be a distinct competitive advantage in the infrared industry. We also offers a wide range of form factors for our sensor devices, ranging from small to large handheld designs with built-in displays and controls, to fixed-mounted single- and multi-sensor camera sensor systems, with or without displays and controls, to mobile multi-sensor payload and gimbal systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs”), and more.

We believe that our digital multi-sensor technology platform positions us at the center of a global revolution in thermal and related sensing, as the introduction of continuous streaming thermal data alongside other adjacent sensor data and coupled with automated insights replaces intermittent manual thermal and physical inspections, and cloud-connected thermal, visible, acoustic, vibration, and spectroscopy big data capture enables artificial intelligence and machine learning (“AI/ML”) to elevate critical asset management to a new level. Partnering with several blue-chip multinational customers throughout the development process, we have validated dozens of high-value use cases for our SmartIR and MSAI cloud-software across our four core verticals.

We estimate the global total addressable market (“TAM”) for thermal solutions in our target markets to be approximately $14 billion, consisting of approximately $9 billion in hardware sales and $5 billion in software and service sales. Our revenue is distributed across four industry verticals, the largest of which represented approximately 40% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. We believe this revenue distribution illustrates both the flexibility of our technology and the significant addressable opportunity across our target markets globally.

Industry Background

A Brief History of Applied Infrared Technology

Thermal imaging and sensing technologies were first discovered and leveraged in the early part of the 19th century. Originally used for radiation detection, the technology began being used in military applications for night vision, as well as in scientific and astronomical applications throughout the early portions of the 20th century. In the late 20th century, infrared technology was incorporated into thermal cameras, used in manufacturing and other industrial settings to identify faulty equipment in need of maintenance, as well as other potential operational and safety issues by sensing “hotspots” or raised temperatures that often presage equipment failure. As the technology grew in sophistication, and decreased dramatically in cost, the breadth of applications proliferated. In the past three decades, thermal sensing technology has been applied across numerous applications such as production process monitoring, electrical equipment monitoring, industrial plant monitoring, early fire detection, pressure vessel monitoring, tank level monitoring, liquid and gas leak detection, and more.

Adjacent and Complementary Sensor Technologies to Infrared

In industrial applications, infrared imaging technology is used to measure temperature in a uniquely high-resolution and non-contact fashion in order to detect asset and process condition anomalies. These anomalies can sometimes also be detected using sound, vibration, and visible image analysis. As a result, augmenting

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infrared image sensing with acoustic and visible image sensing as well as vibration monitoring can further improve asset and process condition monitoring and resultant predictive maintenance efforts.

Continuous Monitoring & Data-Driven Insight

In industrial settings, thermal technology has typically been applied through handheld devices in order to inspect equipment on a sporadic basis. With the decline in thermal camera prices and advancements in technology over the last decade, there has been an increase in fixed thermal sensing technologies used to continuously monitor critical assets. Similarly, advancements in technology and declines in prices in acoustic imagers, vibration sensors, and other industrial sensors have made continuous monitoring economical and effective. By deploying thermal and other sensors in continuous monitoring applications, organizations have been able to minimize downtime and process waste through enhanced preventative and predictive maintenance.

We have been at the forefront of this movement towards using thermal imaging and other related sensing technology for continuous monitoring of critical assets. Most of the focus in the industry, historically, has been on the development of the sensing technology itself in an effort to enhance accuracy and reliability. Having optimized the fixed mounted hardware and associated thermal, visible, acoustic, vibration, and spectroscopy devices, we have shifted our focus towards the acquisition, storage and analysis of data through our proprietary SmartIR and MSAI SaaS software packages.

Our SmartIR & MSAI Technology

We are continuing to develop and implement our SmartIR SaaS platform to support our customers as they increasingly adopt continuous monitoring solutions and data driven analytics. And we continue to add additional sensor modalities to the SmartIR platform as we transition to the MultiSensor AI (MSAI) platform branding. Our SmartIR & MSAI technology has been developed and continues to be refined primarily for use in four core industrial markets that we believe are at the forefront of the transition to continuous monitoring thermal solutions: the distribution & logistics, manufacturing, utilities, and oil & gas markets. We launched our SmartIR cloud-software product suite in the second quarter of 2023.

Market Opportunity

Overall Market Opportunity

We believe our thermal and multi-sensing technology has potential application across many industry verticals. As the benefits of data-driven infrared multi-sensor technology become more widely accepted, we believe there are significant market opportunities available for our product offerings. We define our TAM as applications in the distribution & logistics, manufacturing, utilities and oil & gas markets in the United States, where we actively engage and maintain customer relationships. We estimate the TAM in these target markets based on a combination of the total number of estimated potential customers and facilities in each market, our expectations regarding the scope of potential uses of thermal and multi-sensing solutions in those markets, and our estimates of average selling prices in those markets and potential opportunity for software solutions to increase the utility of thermal imaging and multi-sensing solutions. Our TAM calculations are based upon third-party industry and governmental sources of the total number of facilities in the U.S. that could utilize thermal and multi-sensing solutions. These facilities include, but are not limited to, distribution centers, large commercial and freight airports, industrial mills, oil & gas producing wellheads, chemical manufacturing plants, electrical substations and earthen dams. Based on the number of these facilities in the United States and our estimates of how many of our multi-sensor sensing systems could be deployed at these facilities, we estimate the TAM in our target markets to be approximately $14 billion, consisting of approximately $9 billion in hardware sales and $5 billion in software and service sales in 2023. Our current market share in each of our four target markets represent less than 0.1% penetration of the estimated TAM. Our TAM calculation was based on a thorough bottoms-up analysis of the potential number of externally verified facilities and assets in the United States across our four target markets that could be penetrated by MSAI integrated SmartIR & MSAI SaaS and device solutions. The calculations were made with several assumptions and limitations in mind, but these were consistent across the calculations in all four of the target markets. Specifically these assumptions and limitations included only considering:

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facilities located within the United States;

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the current number of externally verifiable facilities, with no assumptions related to the growth or reduction in the number of such facilities in future periods; and

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facilities of the type in which we have current use cases with paying customers or have developed products that we are piloting with customers.

Although the numbers of facilities used in our calculation were specific to each of the target markets (e.g. the number of distribution centers for warehouse and logistics or the number of steel mills for manufacturing), the rules for inclusion and exclusion were common to all four target markets.

While we have a long history of selling, implementing and supporting device-only thermal systems into each of the four target markets, there are some risks inherent to selling integrated device and software multi-sensing solutions into each of these target markets. Please see Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business and Industry for a more detailed discussion relating to the risks that apply to each of our four target markets, particularly as they relate to the adoption of our hardware and software offerings in each of the four target markets.

Distribution & Logistics Market Opportunity

We believe that the distribution & logistics TAM in 2023 was approximately $2.5 billion. This distribution & logistics TAM includes conveyor system anomaly detection, hotspot detection, process automation, predictive maintenance, and failure avoidance, among other applications, with demand expected to be driven by both financial incentives related to process improvements and increased regulation pertaining to facility safety.

Manufacturing Market Opportunity

We believe that the manufacturing TAM in 2023 was approximately $2.5 billion. This manufacturing market TAM includes process monitoring and control, predictive maintenance, power panel monitoring, production motor drives and vehicles, early fire detection, and electrified transport battery monitoring, among other applications. We expect demand in the manufacturing market to be driven by ongoing commercial adoption of data-driven manufacturing processes (e.g., reduced scrap and waste). One risk specific to the manufacturing target market is that many manufacturing customers have some form of legacy system, usually vibration monitors, that perform functions that overlap with some of the SmartIR & MSAI functionality. Customers must be convinced that their legacy systems alone are not adequate for the predictive-maintenance, process-improvement or safety tasks. Moreover, customers must be convinced that the combination of their legacy systems and SmartIR will be materially better for predictive maintenance, process improvement or safety and will generate returns on investment (e.g. through prevention of unexpected downtime, improved process yields or early fire detection) that are significantly in excess of the costs of the SmartIR system.

Utilities Market Opportunity

We believe that the TAM for the power generation and utilities market in 2023 was approximately $4 billion. This utilities TAM includes transformer failure and leak detection, fault detection, and solar field and wind turbine inspection, amongst dozens of other applications. We expect demand to be stimulated by both increased regulations and customer demand for safe monitoring solutions and process efficiency enhancements.

Oil & Gas Market Opportunity

We believe that the oil & gas TAM in 2023 was approximately $5 billion. This oil & gas TAM includes gas and liquid leak detection, tank level and flare monitoring, pipeline leak detection, and gas processing safety monitoring, as well as more general manufacturing reliability and predictive maintenance, among other applications. We expect demand to be stimulated by both increased regulations and the general demand for safe and cost-effective thermal sensing and monitoring solutions. In particular, the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) has promulgated the regulations (commonly referred to as “Quad-O/Oa”) which have established emission standards and compliance schedules for the control of volatile organic compounds and

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greenhouse gases, specifically methane. These federal regulations are supplemented by state-level regulations from agencies such as the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. We believe that our fixed-mount, hand-held and drone-mounted systems are sufficient to promote compliance with the current Quad O/Oa and state-level standards for methane-leak detection and have sold devices for this specific use case for many years. The EPA is preparing a new set of regulations, which are expected to come into effect in 2024 or 2025. We believe that our solutions will also support compliance with these upgraded regulations, but until the regulations are finalized, this is not certain. In addition, there are multiple established competing technologies for methane-leak detection, specifically including hand-held and drone-based thermal camera devices and hand-held methane “sniffers.” Although we believe that our fixed-mount continuous monitoring solutions are both more efficacious and more cost-effective than competing technologies, adoption of the MSAI SmartIR fixed-mount solutions will require awareness, and adoption in the face of established practice. In addition, there are multiple emerging technologies (e.g., satellite based thermal sensing) in the methane-detection space that may create additional competition for our commercial activity in the oil & gas vertical.

Products

Infrared Sensing Technology

Infrared is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is adjacent to the visible spectrum, but is invisible to the human eye due to its longer wavelengths. Unlike visible light, infrared radiation (or heat) is emitted directly by all objects above absolute zero in temperature. Thermal imaging systems detect this infrared radiation and convert it into an electronic signal, which is then processed for display as a video signal or analyzed by sophisticated software to conduct temperature data analysis. Thermal sensors provide several benefits over ubiquitous visible, light-based sensing technologies, including the ability to measure temperature remotely and without touching the surface of the object, detect and image many types of otherwise invisible gases, observe in complete darkness, image through obscurants such as smoke and fog, detect and discriminate living beings in an efficient and reliable way, and see over long distances with minimal atmospheric interference. For these reasons, we feel the potential of our core technology to grow in prevalence and importance is significant, particularly as the cost of the technology continues to decline, opening up large new end markets.

Acoustic Imaging Technology

Audible and ultrasonic sounds across the mechanical wave spectrum have historically been detected and analyzed using single point microphones. Recently developed acoustic imaging technology combines an array of microphones surrounding a visible imaging sensor to both detect soundwaves and to estimate their source location within the camera’s field of view using sophisticated software. The software analysis of these soundwaves can then identify, quantify, and localize compressed air or gas leaks as well as partial discharge in industrial equipment.

Vibration Monitoring Technology

Mechanical vibrations of industrial equipment can be monitored using piezoelectric or accelerometer-based vibration sensors. Vibration sensor data can then be analyzed by sophisticated software to identify mechanical anomalies based upon frequency and intensity of detected vibrations and their position on the asset being monitored.

Multi-Sensor Technology

Our founders and engineering team have many years of infrared industry experience. By leveraging our deep knowledge of infrared technology as well as complementary sensor technology, we have designed, manufactured, and sourced a range of industry-leading infrared and multi-sensor cameras and payloads. We have also developed specialized software to ingest, store, and analyze this sensor data. We often combine our sensor devices with our edge and cloud software to create tailored, end-to-end solutions for numerous industrial use cases. Our sensor, sensor hardware, and sensor software products separately or collectively create new solutions to challenging problems across the industries we serve, and, as a result, we believe we are well-positioned to compete in the large new end markets we see emerging in infrared and related sensor technology.

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Sensor Devices

Our sensor devices cover a large range of the electromagnetic and mechanical spectrums, encompassing visible-light imagers, shortwave (“SWIR”), midwave (“MWIR”), and longwave (“LWIR”) infrared imagers, ultraviolet (“UV”) imagers, acoustic imagers, and tunable diode laser emitter-detector pairs for laser absorption spectrometry (“TDLAS”). While our sensor devices generally include an infrared imager as a core sensor technology, many of them are multi-sensor and include two or more of the aforementioned sensor devices.

Many of our infrared sensor devices achieve enhanced accuracy as a result of our proprietary calibration process, which corrects manufacturing variances inherent in infrared sensors and enables our products to outperform those of some competitors. We have invested thousands of hours of engineering R&D in creating and refining this calibration process and believe it to be a distinct competitive advantage in the infrared industry.

We offer a wide range of form factors for our sensor devices, ranging from small to large handheld designs with built-in displays and controls, fixed-mounted single- and multi-sensor camera systems with or without displays and controls, fixed-mounted pan-tilt-zoom (“PTZ”) single- and multi-sensor camera standalone systems, and mobile multi-sensor payload and gimbal systems for UAVs and unmanned ground vehicles (“UGVs”). A partial list of our sensor devices follows below:

Fixed-Mount Infrared Cameras

	FMX 400						Longwave Infrared (LWIR) Auto-focus Ethernet camera
	8640 P						Longwave Infrared (LWIR) Manual-focus USB camera
	Mirage						Cooled Midwave Infrared (MWIR) Optical Gas Imaging (OGI) camera
	Fixed-Mount Infrared + Visible & Multi-Sensor Cameras
	APEX 200						Compact IP67-rated IoT Dual-spectrum Longwave Infrared (LWIR) + Visible camera
	FM 700XP						High resolution IP66-rated Dual-spectrum Longwave Infrared (LWIR) + Visible camera
	Fixed-Mount Acoustic + Visible Cameras
	Sound Detect FM						Industrial IP54-rated 128-microphone Acoustic + Visible camera
	Handheld Infrared + Visible Cameras
	T-Cam 600P						High resolution handheld Dual-spectrum Longwave Infrared (LWIR) + Visible camera
	Titan HD						Ultra-high resolution handheld Dual-spectrum Longwave Infrared (LWIR) + Visible camera

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	IR-Pad						High resolution handheld IR Tablet PC with Dual-spectrum Longwave Infrared (LWIR) + Visible sensors with integrated edge processing software
	Handheld Acoustic + Visible Cameras
	Sound Detect Pro						Handheld ATEX-certified IP54-rated 128-microphone Acoustic + Visible camera
	Unmanned Vehicle Multi-Sensor Payloads
	Methane Mapper						Multi-sensor payload with TDLAS + Visible sensors and ICI edge processing device
	OGI Inspector Plus						Multi-sensor payload with Cooled Midwave Infrared (MWIR) Optical Gas Imaging (OGI), TDLAS + Visible sensors and ICI edge processing device

Sensor Software

We have developed a suite of edge and cloud software systems to ingest, store, analyze, and automatically activate responses to sensor data. The edge and cloud software systems can operate independently or be combined for maximum capability. We believe that the combination of our edge and cloud software together creates a multitude of turn-key software solutions for our customers that solve industrial problems in ways previously unavailable.

Edge Software

Our edge software is highly specialized because, in addition to performing standard, visible-light video processing, it also processes the raw radiometric data output from our infrared sensors, consisting of high-precision absolute temperature values for every pixel in the sensor array. Our software is able to display a video image of the sensor output using customizable color palettes to represent temperature values and features automatic or adjustable minimum and maximum temperature values for this video image conversion. Our edge software is also able to perform analytics on the sensor output, with powerful data processing, capture, charting, and the creation of configurable temperature alerts and alarms for both the overall sensor array as well as for customizable regions of the array, or Regions of Interest (“ROI”).

Additionally, powerful features like comparing temperatures between ROIs and measuring ROI temperature changes over time enable our software to provide extended insight into industrial equipment and processes. Built-in report generation features enable easy documentation of findings for customers still performing manual inspections.

Our edge software also features multiple notification methods for communicating an uncovered anomaly, including automatic email and text message generation as well as automatic light and sound generation. In addition, our software features flexible integration with customer systems using various industrial protocols to enable automatic, anomaly-driven remediation, whether dynamically adjusting operating parameters, shutting down production lines at risk of imminent failure, or triggering fire suppression systems. Versions of our edge software are also capable of capturing, storing, and analyzing sensor data from UV imagers, acoustic imagers, and TDLAS devices. Also, our edge software designed for UAV and UGV usage enables partial to complete integration with the unmanned system’s control architecture to not only capture sensor data, but also control gimbal devices and communicate with the unmanned system’s flight or ground controls.

A variation of our edge software is designed to measure human skin temperature in order to identify individuals who have an elevated body temperature. This software features artificial intelligence (“AI”)

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capabilities and includes computer vision modules to automatically detect and locate a temperature reference source, automatically detect one or more human faces in the scene, and determine if a hat, glasses, or face mask is being worn so that appropriate actions can be taken. This edge software can generate notifications via multiple communication channels in response to elevated body temperature detection. It also can identify employees via badge-worn QR codes, validate employee status, perform temperature checks, and grant facility access only upon proper compliance, thus functioning as an access-control system.

Our edge software can be run on many types of edge devices, generally any PC, workstation, or server, and can be run on either Windows or Linux operating systems. Customer implementation needs will determine the type and location of the edge device relative to the sensor device.

Cloud Software

Our cloud software, which currently runs on the Amazon Web Services platform, communicates bilaterally with one or more devices running our edge software via any suitable internet connection, including via mobile and satellite networks, thereby receiving and storing sensor data from our sensor devices, including metadata such as ROI temperature values and generated ROI temperature alerts, full frame temperature data, and streaming video. In addition to receiving and storing this data, our cloud software provides a rich dashboard that enables users to simultaneously view live data and video streams from multiple sensor devices as well as related ROI temperature values and ROI temperature alerts. For customers with multiple facilities distributed geographically, this central monitoring capability provides a new and powerful tool for thermal anomaly detection and management.

Our cloud software is distinguished by its capability to not only transmit metadata and streaming RGB video from the edge to the cloud, but also transmit radiometric image data. This radiometric capability enables the full analytical power of infrared cameras to be harnessed in the cloud as well as at the edge. In particular, this cloud radiometry enables vastly broader AI/ML capabilities, as models can be trained on radiometric data from enormous infrared datasets gathered from every camera connected at the edge. We expect this “big data” capability to be a significant competitive advantage as we continue to develop transformative computer vision models for all of our customers’ use cases.

Our cloud software can also receive acoustic imager RGB video and metadata streams from our edge software, enabling remote monitoring and analysis of fixed-mount acoustic imagers. Additionally, our cloud software can receive vibration monitor data from 3rd-party wireless vibration sensor product solutions. We believe incorporating acoustic, vibration, thermal, and visible imager data into one ‘single-pane-of-glass’ monitoring solution provides enhanced value for our customers.

Our cloud software features comprehensive user access management and security protocols to enable flexible and secure provisioning of sensor data access and visibility for multiple users across a company’s platform. Our cloud software also features customizable Enterprise Asset Management (“EAM”) integrations to automatically generate work orders in the customer’s EAM system when an alert is triggered.

A variation of our cloud software is designed to provide centralized monitoring of employee health and safety across facilities by communicating with edge devices running our elevated body temperature monitoring software, leveraging the same core infrared cloud architecture that underpins our industrial monitoring software. This software provides robust analytics for measuring and responding to health trends and features AI capabilities, including computer vision modules to automatically track the location of employees who display elevated body temperature.

Product Roadmap and Development

Our sensing platforms integrate multiple sensors into sensor devices paired with edge and cloud software to create solutions that protect critical industrial assets in multiple end markets. Our product development is therefore focused on improving and expanding our sensor portfolio to include sensors with superior performance, price, or sensing capabilities, improving our sensor device portfolio to incorporate superior form factors with improved performance, including handheld, fixed, and mobile device forms, and improving our edge and cloud software to incorporate superior performance and additional functionality, with a particular focus on utilizing AI to automate and improve industrial anomaly detection and response.

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Our product roadmap has expanded significantly over the past several years as the company has transitioned from a transactional device and edge software focus to a comprehensive subscription service approach incorporating devices, edge software, and cloud software in combination to offer unprecedented turn-key infrared technology solutions to numerous industrial challenges. Our product roadmap now also includes significant development efforts in AI/ML on top of our sensor, device, and software platform, enabled by our revolutionary new infrared solutions approach.

Our Customers

We primarily target four markets globally: distribution & logistics, oil & gas, manufacturing, and utilities. For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 44% of total net revenue and no other customer accounted for more than 10% of total net revenue.

Distribution & Logistics

Our customers in the distribution & logistics market are generally engaged in the maintenance and upkeep of facilities and their critical assets. This includes conveyor systems, transportation and machinery, facilities and building envelopes and electrics, and much more. Traditionally, target users include mechanical engineers and maintenance and facilities professionals. We believe that our data driven solutions will expand the user base to include operations and safety executives, process engineers, and other process- oriented leaders.

Manufacturing

Our customers in the manufacturing market are numerous and include automotive and vehicle manufacturers, chemical and paper manufacturers, and aerospace and defense manufacturers, among other complex systems manufacturers. Our target users in the manufacturing market traditionally include mechanical engineers and facilities and maintenance professionals. As our software solutions continue to evolve, we are increasingly targeting process design, safety, and operational leaders whose priorities involve process waste reduction, enhanced safety protocols, and improved consistency and quality in manufacturing outputs.

Utilities

Our customers in the utilities market include all organizations involved in electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution. Target applications include transformer and substation monitoring, power generation monitoring, and electrical line maintenance. We also target organizations involved in green energy production, including wind and solar power generation. Traditionally targeting linemen, substation managers, and maintenance professionals, our data driven solutions have expanded this user base to include operations, safety, environmental and reliability leaders.

Oil & Gas

Our customers in the oil & gas market leverage our technologies for a wide variety of uses, including facilities maintenance, asset performance assessment, tank level monitoring, leak detection, pipeline monitoring, and processing safety. This market includes commercial businesses as well as some governmental agencies. Traditionally, our solutions have been sold to maintenance professionals, safety professionals, and engineers. We believe that our data driven software and all-encompassing solutions will expand users to include operational and manufacturing leaders, as well as other organizational leaders involved in enterprise-level sales.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following strengths will allow us to maintain and extend our position as a provider of thermal sensing and software solutions.

Proprietary SaaS Technology

We have developed a proprietary cloud-based platform, SmartIR, used by our customers to analyze key data points and patterns acquired by our thermal and other sensors. This proprietary platform allows

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users to identify failure points and patterns to inform safety protocols, enhance predictive maintenance to minimize unplanned downtime, and improve manufacturing processes. We believe our SaaS platform represents a significant financial opportunity to continue to convert our more than 200 enterprise customers, which we define as Fortune 1000 companies, and equivalent government agencies and academic institutions, with revenues of greater than $5,000, to a recurring revenue model presented by our software solution. As our platform capabilities expand, we believe our target applications, use cases, and points of differentiation in the marketplace will similarly expand.

High Performance At an Affordable Price

Our thermal imaging and sensing technologies represent one of the best price-to-quality ratios in the industry. Our thermal devices provide high pixel resolution and accuracy, as well as industry-leading user software, at competitive prices. This provides us with an ability to penetrate new markets and customers; solution quality has also promoted customer retention. We believe our SmartIR software will also provide value to customers that is differentiated within the industry by our turn-key cloud architecture, which enables customers to launch multi-facility thermal image monitoring without any software development work.

Leading Sensor Platform

Our sensor platform utilizes precise device sensor technology coupled with software-defined products that continue to drive low-cost customization. With this combination, we expect to develop new solutions for industry-specific applications, expanding our product offering without requiring significant manufacturing or inventory changes.

Large and Diversified Enterprise Customer Base

We believe that the diversity of our customer base and our established presence in our four target markets gives us several advantages. First, our customer diversity adds stability to our business. By having a diverse customer base, we have reduced exposure to individual customers. Second, we believe our participation across these four target markets provides some level of resilience to market or regulatory changes within a particular end market. Third, our enterprise customers provide the potential for growth across these customers’ respective global footprints, enabling benefits of scale should we be successful in further penetrating these customers’ accounts. As an example, an increase in our sales volume may result in a lower cost per device, allowing us to compete more effectively in each of the target markets. Finally, we believe our early entrance into these markets with our SmartIR SaaS solution will enable us to gain market- specific expertise, informing our product development decisions so that we may more effectively customize our solutions’ fit for the end market customers’ needs. We also believe that our early entrance into our target markets affords us an early-mover advantage useful to establish strong relationships globally with key customers in each market.

Proven Management Team

To achieve our vision of making our technology platform widely available to enterprise customers, we have attracted an experienced executive leadership team. Our company executives have extensive backgrounds in technology, finance, and operations.

Our Growth Strategies

Our goal is to increase our market share. In order to achieve that goal, key elements of our growth strategy include:

Expand Our Sales and Marketing Presence

To further grow our market share in our target markets, we intend to strategically hire, scaling our dedicated business units to serve each end market. As our market presence grows through targeted sales and marketing activity, we believe our customer base will grow. In addition, we are increasingly cross-selling within accounts, accessing new projects and opportunities within accounts where we have a beachhead

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position and increasing the number of addressable opportunities even within single accounts. Finally, we work closely with selected Strategic Channel Partners, including Amazon Web Services and Motion Industries, to leverage our commercial efforts into their existing customer base.

Increase Investment in SaaS Solution

Our SmartIR SaaS platform has been sold and is being used by key blue-chip accounts across our core vertical markets. We believe the opportunity to cross-sell our value-added SaaS solutions alongside our sensors is an attractive opportunity to grow revenue. We plan to continue to develop our software development capabilities in order to bring to market software products that fulfill current and evolving market applications and customer needs.

Execute On Our Product Roadmap

We continue to place a priority on innovation and product development to be competitive in our target markets over time in order to win new and expanded business opportunities. We believe the high performance of our thermal sensors, in conjunction with the flexibility of our software will allow us to continue providing new solutions to our customers, and further expand the use cases for our systems across various vertical markets.

Grow Wallet Share with Enterprise Customers

We possess an established customer base in each of our four target markets that we believe can be further strengthened as our relationships with customers mature. As our hardware and device customers also become users of our SmartIR SaaS solution, we expect we will be able to increase our order volumes. We expect these deep relationships to inform our product development strategy while simultaneously increasing customer retention rates via multi-year agreements. Sales for these programs are often, but not always, memorialized in multi-year contracts that provide a closer relationship to the customer and increased growth opportunities.

Among our existing enterprise customers are a leading ecommerce company and a leading automaker. Both customers bought our camera systems during the COVID-19 pandemic for biorisk applications, and while the purchases for biorisk applications have nearly entirely ceased, we have worked closely with both customers to develop further industrial applications for our devices and software technology. In July 2022, the ecommerce company initiated a paid pilot program for approximately $350,000 for 87 integrated devices and one-year SmartIR subscriptions across 18 of its facilities in the United Kingdom. These subscriptions were each renewed for a minimum of one additional year in the third quarter of 2023. In the fourth quarter of 2024, the ecommerce company contracted with MSAI to roll out our solutions at 57 additional facilities in the U.K. and European Union, representing a total of approximately 650 subscriptions (approximately $2.3 million in annual recurring revenue), which implementation is currently in progress. The ecommerce company has preliminary plans to deploy our devices at approximately 700 total sites by the end of 2025 in order to monitor conveyor belts, rollers, bearings and motors to detect imminent failures and avoid costly maintenance downtime. We estimate that there is an aggregate annual recurring revenue opportunity of approximately $30 million associated with deploying devices at all of those sites.

We also have a pilot project in place with the automaker customer. We and the customer have identified at least 16 potential additional applications for which we believe that our technology would provide high- ROI solutions to condition monitoring challenges or productivity improvement opportunities. In addition to rolling out the pilot project (early fire detection in electric vehicle battery facilities) across multiple facilities, the automaker is currently evaluating the additional applications, with an eye toward broader rollout in 2024 and 2025. The automaker customer has informed us that it intends to deploy our devices at 12 additional sites before the middle of 2025, primarily to continuously monitor temperature levels of electric vehicle batteries to avoid potential fires. We estimate that there is an aggregate $2.5 million annual recurring revenue opportunity associated with deploying devices at all of those sites.

The ultimate sale by us of these devices and software subscriptions, the deployment of these devices by each of these customers at these additional sites and their timeline for doing so is subject to risks and uncertainties, including those described in the section titled Risk Factors of this prospectus.

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Expand Our Distribution Network

While the majority of our sales are direct to customers, we also sell our thermal sensors through a distribution network. We believe these distributors enable us to reach more end customers in an operationally efficient manner. We plan to grow our existing network and establish new distribution partnerships in regions where we do not currently have partnerships. By leveraging these relationships, we believe we will be able to reach more customers faster and rapidly grow our sales. As accounts grow, we maintain the right to begin selling directly to ensure close relationships with our most strategically and commercially important accounts.

Pursue Strategic Acquisitions

We may pursue acquisitions as a means to complement our technology and corporate capabilities should they represent a strategic fit and are consistent with our overall growth strategy. While there is demand for our products today, we believe such acquisitions could create more expansive use cases for our products or provide greater access to our current target markets or access additional markets.

Manufacturing

We leverage our years of expertise in infrared and related sensors and devices to design, develop, source, and manufacture a variety of engineered products. We have developed a flexible manufacturing strategy combining contract manufacturing for high-volume products and in-house manufacturing for lower- volume specialized products. For our in-house manufacturing we purchase many subcomponents pre-assembled, including certain detectors, coolers and optics, as well as other sensors. These components are then assembled into finished systems, calibrated and tested at our primary production facility located in Beaumont, Texas. For both of these manufacturing approaches, we often apply our proprietary calibration process as part of final assembly, in order to achieve superior sensor accuracy than competitors.

Competition

The global market for infrared sensing devices is well established with large scale manufacturers, such as Teledyne FLIR and Fortive, selling primarily into military and commercial applications. Newer and lower-cost manufacturers, both domestic and overseas, have made inroads into the market in recent decades, contributing to a meaningful decline in sensing device prices as well as an expansion of device capabilities. This in turn has led to new end market applications for which infrared sensing devices are a useful and cost- effective solution.

We believe that our infrared sensing platform is competitive in this current market, as we offer high resolution and accuracy at an attractive price, and we offer differentiated device form factors, including multi-sensor devices. While we expect our product costs to continue to decline and our functionality to continue to increase, we have faced and will continue to face competition from existing competitors and new entrants both on a cost and functionality basis.

The market for cloud-based, infrared sensing software is less developed, as larger infrared device manufacturers have historically been more focused on device design and manufacturing than on software development or cloud-based solutions.

The market for turn-key infrared sensing solutions is even less mature, as complete solutions have either been “Build-Your-Own” or installed by integrators. We have established a differentiated position in the market providing turn-key infrared sensing solutions for specific end markets, including sensors, sensor devices, edge software, and cloud software, along with specific software modules such as integrations or AI/ ML, tailor-made for each specific end market. Although we believe our position as a market leader here is strong and that our continued innovation will support our position, we have faced and will continue to face competition from existing competitors and new companies, as well as the potential for customers to develop their own end-to-end infrared sensing solutions.

We believe our competitive landscape varies somewhat across our four target markets. In distribution & logistics, we mainly compete with large scale manufacturers of handheld sensor devices that provide on- device thermal image display and basic on-device software. In manufacturing, we generally compete with

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handheld sensor devices offered by large scale manufacturers as well as less-common fixed camera solutions installed by industry-specialist consultants and integrators that source and install sensor devices from large scale manufacturers and offer limited software solutions without cloud or AI/ML feature sets. In utilities, we mainly compete with large scale manufacturers of handheld sensor devices that provide on- device thermal image display and basic on-device software, as well as smaller integrators that offer sensing device payloads for fixed-wing or UAV applications. In oil & gas, we generally compete with handheld sensor devices offered by large scale manufacturers, with smaller integrators that offer sensing device payloads for fixed-wing or UAV applications, and with fixed camera solutions installed by industry specialists that offer more fully-featured software solutions that sometimes include basic AI/ML capabilities.

Sales And Marketing

We plan to expand our sales and marketing efforts to attract new customers and grow orders from existing customers. We maintain a global sales presence and sell directly to the majority of our customers. Members of our sales team are technical and understand use cases and value drivers across our four core vertical target markets.

While we maintain direct relationships with the majority of our customers, we have also developed a global network of active direct dealers and distributors to sell, install, and support our solutions. We collect feedback directly from our customers to generate insights that drive our business and innovation strategies. We will continue to expand and optimize our dealer network to ensure that we have sufficient geographic coverage across both existing and new markets.

We take a targeted, data-driven marketing approach to each of our four focused markets. We develop and publish digital content, including blogs, webinars, videos, and other digital solutions to educate potential customers and expand our reach. We leverage a full technology stack, including a CRM system, marketing automation platforms, and account-based marketing tools to optimize target end user interactions and to drive efficient digital marketing efforts. We also actively pursue thought-leaderships opportunities to present and speak at market-specific conferences, executive events, trade shows and industry events to further develop our brand and reputation. These opportunities also allow us to showcase our technology and attract additional customer interest. We also sponsor universities and other non-profit organizations to increase awareness of our technology and demonstrate its capabilities.

Research and Development

We have invested significant resources into research and development of our infrared sensor platform. Our success has been, and will continue to be, substantially affected by our ability to innovate these new products and technologies to both augment our existing offerings and create new avenues for growth. We strive to differentiate ourselves from our competition with our R&D capabilities. We intend to continue to have significant internal R&D expenses in the future to provide a continuing flow of innovative and high- quality products to maintain and enhance our competitive position in each of our business segments. In addition to these internally funded activities, we may engage in R&D projects that are reimbursed by government agencies or prime contractors pursuant to development contracts we undertake.

Government Regulation

The laws governing exportation of our thermal imaging technology vary from country to country and product to product. Exporting our thermal cameras, infrared cameras, or infrared sensors to certain countries may be restricted by the United States Government’s thermal camera export restrictions and many fall under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). All ITAR items are designated by the U.S. Department of State. Some of MSAI’s thermal cameras fall under specific Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) codes. ECCN items are governed by the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Industry and Security. Likewise, most but not all of MSAI’s cameras also have Commodity Jurisdiction (CJ) codes. Depending on the sensor size and pixel pitch, MSAI can export many of its thermal imaging cameras to most non U.S.-embargoed countries without restriction. Other countries can receive thermal imaging cameras with restrictions and proper licensing and documentation.

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Intellectual Property

We own and control various intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, confidential information, trademarks, trade names, and copyrights. We are licensed to use certain patents, technology and other intellectual property rights owned and controlled by others. Similarly, other companies are licensed to use certain patents, technology and other intellectual property rights owned and controlled by us. The annual royalties received or paid under license agreements are not significant to our overall operations. Patents, patent applications and license agreements will expire or terminate over time by operation of law, in accordance with their terms or otherwise. We do not expect the expiration or termination of these patents, patent applications and license agreements to have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. The table below sets out summary information for each patent that we consider to be material to our business, each of which is owned by us.

Patent

Title

Type of Patent

Jurisdiction

Scheduled Date
of Expiration

9,745,059 B2

System to Adapt An Optical Device To Calculate A Condition Value

Machine

United States

4/7/2036

9,880,552 B1

Wireless Remote Control To Operate A Radiometric Camera Mounted To An Aerial Vehicle

Machine

United States

7/2/2036

11,549,827 B1

System And Method For Automated Condition Value Reporting

Machine and
Method of Use

United States

3/11/2037

Provisional Application

Apparatus For Noninvasive Veterinary Screening And Diagnosis

Machine

United States

11/14/2043

In addition to our patent portfolio, we assert copyright, and enjoy copyright protection on multiple elements of our intellectual property, including edge and cloud software, product manuals, marketing materials, implementation materials, and training materials. This copyright protection is further supplemented by extensive know how and proprietary trade secrets.

Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we employed a total of 35 people on a full-time basis in the United States. We employ 16 engineers and technical talent, and we are continuing to look to significantly expand our technical employee count in order to meet our goals. We also engage numerous consultants and contractors to supplement our permanent workforce. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We believe we have strong and positive relations with our employees.

Corporate Information

Prior to the Business Combination, the registrant was a blank check company incorporated as a Delaware corporation on May 14, 2021, originally formed for the purpose of entering into a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, recapitalization, reorganization or other similar business combination with one or more businesses or entities. In connection with the Merger, Legacy SMAP changed its name to “Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc.” The registrant subsequently changed its name to MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc. on February 9, 2024.

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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES

The following is a description of the capital stock and publicly traded warrants of MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc. (“MSAI,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our”) and certain provisions of our second amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation”), bylaws, the Warrant Agreement, dated October 18, 2021, between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (the “Warrant Agreement”), and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”). This description is summarized from, and qualified in its entirety by reference to, our certificate of incorporation, bylaws, the Warrant Agreement, and the applicable provisions of the DGCL.

General

Our purpose is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the DGCL as it now exists or may hereafter be amended or supplemented. Our Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes 300,000,000 shares of Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, the rights, preferences and privileges of which may be designated from time to time by our board of directors.

Common Stock

Dividend Rights

Subject to preferences that may apply to shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, the holders of outstanding shares of our Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends out of funds legally available if our board of directors, in its discretion, determines to issue dividends and only then at the times and in the amounts that our board of directors may determine, and will share in any such dividends pro rata in proportion to the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder.

Liquidation

Subject to preferences that may apply to shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time, in the event our company is liquidated or dissolved, the holders of outstanding shares of our Common Stock will be entitled to receive the net assets of our company legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all debts and other liabilities of our company and after making provision for preferential and other amounts (if any) to which holders of shares of preferred stock outstanding at the time are entitled, and will share in any such distribution pro rata in proportion to the number of shares of Common Stock held by each such holder.

Voting Rights

The holders of our Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders. The holders of our Common Stock do not have cumulative voting rights.

No Preemptive or Similar Rights

Shares of our Common Stock are not entitled to preemptive rights and are not subject to redemption or sinking fund provisions.

Preferred Stock

Pursuant to the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the total authorized shares of preferred stock of our company is 10,000,000 shares. Upon the consummation of the Business Combination, no shares of preferred stock will be issued or outstanding.

Under the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, our board of directors is authorized to issue shares of preferred stock in one or more series without stockholder approval. Our board of directors has the discretion to determine the rights, designations, preferences, qualifications, limitations and restrictions of any series of preferred stock, including dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights,

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exchange rights, redemption privileges and prices, liquidation and dissolution preferences, and distribution rights. Our board of directors also has discretion to increase or decrease (but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding) the number of shares of any series of preferred stock. However, under the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding stock entitled to vote thereon is required to increase or decrease (but not below the number of shares of preferred stock then outstanding) the number of authorized shares of preferred stock.

The purpose of authorizing our board of directors to issue preferred stock and determine its rights and preferences is to eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions, future financings and other corporate purposes, could have the effect of making it more difficult for a third party to acquire, or could discourage a third party from seeking to acquire, a majority of the outstanding voting stock. Additionally, the issuance of preferred stock may adversely affect the holders of Common Stock by restricting dividends on the Common Stock, diluting the voting power of the Common Stock or subordinating the liquidation rights of the Common Stock. As a result of these or other factors, the issuance of preferred stock could have an adverse impact on the market price of the Common Stock.

Anti-Takeover Provisions

The provisions of the DGCL, the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our bylaws could have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another person from acquiring control of our company. These provisions, which are summarized below, are expected to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and encourage persons seeking to acquire control of our company to first negotiate with our board of directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our potential ability to negotiate with an unfriendly or unsolicited acquirer outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging a proposal to acquire our company because negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

Section 203 of the DGCL

We are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL regulating corporate takeovers. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a three-year period following the date that this stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. Under Section 203, a business combination between a corporation and an interested stockholder is prohibited unless it satisfies one of the following conditions:

•

before the stockholder became interested, our board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction, which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;

•

upon consummation of the transaction, which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of our company outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, shares owned by persons who are directors and also officers, and employee stock plans in some instances, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder; or

•

at or after the time the stockholder became interested, the business combination was approved by our board and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock, which is not owned by the interested stockholder.

•

Section 203 defines a business combination to include:

•

any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;

•

any sale, transfer, lease, pledge or other disposition involving the interested stockholder of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation;

•

subject to exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance of transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;

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•

subject to exceptions, any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock of any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; and

•

the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits provided by or through the corporation.

In general, Section 203 defines an interested stockholder as any entity or person beneficially owning 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation and any entity or person affiliated with or controlling or controlled by the entity or person.

Authorized but Unissued Shares

The authorized but unissued shares of our Common Stock and preferred stock are available for future issuance without stockholder approval, subject to any approvals required under the listing requirements of any stock exchange on which our Common Stock is listed or quoted. These additional shares may be used for a variety of corporate finance transactions, acquisitions and employee benefit plans. The existence of authorized but unissued and unreserved Common Stock and reserved stock could make more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of our company by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

Special Meetings of Stockholders; Stockholder Action

The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that, subject to the rights of the holders of any preferred stock, special meetings of the stockholders may be called only by (i) our board of directors, (ii) the chairperson of our board of directors, or (iii) our chief executive officer or president, and special meetings of stockholders may not be called by any other person or persons. The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our bylaws also prohibit the conduct of any business at a special meeting other than as specified in the notice for such meeting. These provisions might delay the ability of stockholders to force consideration of a proposal or for stockholders controlling a majority of our capital stock to take any action, including the removal of directors.

Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals and Director Nominations

In addition, our bylaws establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder proposals to be brought before an annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders. Generally, in order for any matter to be “properly brought” before a meeting, the matter must be (a) specified in a notice of meeting given by or at the direction of our board of directors, (b) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by our board of directors or the Chairman of board of directors, or (c) otherwise properly brought before the meeting by any stockholder present in person (x) who was a stockholder of record entitled to vote at such annual meeting on the date on which notice of the meeting was given pursuant to our bylaws and on the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled vote at such meeting and is entitled to vote at such meeting, and (y) who complies with the notice procedures set forth in our bylaws, or properly makes such proposal in accordance with Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder and complies with requirements of such rules for inclusion of the proposal in the proxy statement for the annual meeting. Further, for business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a stockholder, the stockholder must provide timely notice thereof in proper written form to our Secretary and the proposed business must be a proper matter for stockholder action. To be timely, a stockholder’s notice must be received by our Secretary at our executive offices not later than close of business on the 90th day nor earlier than the opening of business on the 120th day before the one-year anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting; provided, however, that if the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 60 days after such anniversary date, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so delivered not earlier than close of business on the 120th day before the annual meeting or, if later, not later than the later of (x) the close of business on the 90th day before the meeting and (y) the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which public announcement of the date of the annual meeting was first made.

Stockholders at an annual meeting or special meeting may only consider proposals or nominations “properly brought” before such meeting by our board of directors or stockholders pursuant to the

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requirements described above. These provisions could have the effect of delaying stockholder actions that are favored by the holders of a majority of the outstanding voting securities until the next stockholder meeting.

Stockholder Action by Written Consent

The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation precludes stockholder action by written consent.

Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation further provides that the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds (66 and 2/3%) of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of our voting stock entitled to vote thereon, voting as a single class, is required to amend certain provisions of the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation, including, among other things, provisions relating to our board’s ability to create and issue preferred stock, the size of our board of directors, the election and removal of directors, actions by stockholders, limitation of liability of directors, indemnification of directors and officers, and forum for stockholder actions and proceedings. The affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 and 2∕3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of our voting stock entitled to vote generally in an election of directors, voting as a single class, is required for stockholders to adopt, amend or repeal our bylaws, although the bylaws may be adopted, amended or repealed by our board of directors.

Forum Selection

The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Delaware Chancery Court (or, in the event that the Chancery Court does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) will be the sole and exclusive forum for (1) any derivative action brought on behalf of our company, (2) any claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors or officers to us or to our stockholders, (3) any action, suit or proceeding arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation or our bylaws (as either may be amended from time to time) or (4) any claim against us governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation designates the federal district courts of the United States as the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause or causes of action arising under the Securities Act. The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that the foregoing forum selection provisions will not apply to any claim as to which the Delaware Chancery Court or the federal courts, as applicable, determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of such court (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of such court within ten days following such determination), or for which such court does not have subject matter jurisdiction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the foregoing forum selection provisions shall not apply to any suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act, as amended, or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction.

Although we believe this provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law in the types of lawsuits to which it applies, a court may determine that this provision is unenforceable, and to the extent it is enforceable, the provision may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors and officers, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Limitations on Liability and Indemnification of Officers of Directors

The Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our bylaws provide indemnification and advancement of expenses for our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the applicable law, subject to certain limited exceptions. We have entered into, or will enter into, indemnification agreements with each of our directors and officers. In some cases, the provisions of those indemnification agreements may be broader than the specific indemnification provisions contained under the applicable law. In addition, as permitted by applicable law, the Second Amended & Restated Certificate of Incorporation

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includes provisions that eliminate the personal liability of directors for monetary damages resulting from breaches of certain fiduciary duties as a director. The effect of this provision is to restrict our rights and the rights of our stockholders in derivative suits to recover monetary damages against a director for breach of fiduciary duties as a director.

These provisions may be held not to be enforceable for violations of the federal securities laws of the United States.

Dissenters’ Rights of Appraisal and Payment

Under the DGCL, with certain exceptions, our stockholders will have appraisal rights in connection with a merger or consolidation of our company. Pursuant to Section 262 of the DGCL, stockholders who properly demand and perfect appraisal rights in connection with such merger or consolidation will have the right to receive payment of the fair value of their shares as determined by the Delaware Court of Chancery.

Stockholders’ Derivative Actions

Under the DGCL, any of our stockholders may bring an action in the company’s name to procure a judgment in its favor, also known as a derivative action, provided that the stockholder bringing the action is a holder of our shares at the time of the transaction to which the action relates.

Public Warrants

Each whole warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment, at any time commencing 30 days after the completion of an initial business combination. However, no Public Warrants will be exercisable for cash unless we have an effective and current registration statement covering the issuance of the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to such Common Stock. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a registration statement covering the issuance of the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Public Warrants is not effective within 90 days from the closing of our initial business combination, warrant holders may, until such time as there is an effective registration statement and during any period when we shall have failed to maintain an effective registration statement, exercise warrants on a cashless basis pursuant to an available exemption from registration under the Securities Act. If an exemption from registration is not available, holders will not be able to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis. The warrants will expire five years from the closing of our initial business combination on December 19, 2028 at 5:00 p.m., New York City time or earlier redemption.

We may call the warrants for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant:

•

at any time while the warrants are exercisable,

•

upon not less than 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder,

•

if, and only if, the reported last sale price of the Common Stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share dividends, reorganizations and recapitalizations), for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period commencing after the warrants become exercisable and ending on the third trading business day prior to the notice of redemption to warrant holders, and

•

if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the issuance of the Common Stock underlying such warrants at the time of redemption and for the entire 30-day trading period referred to above and continuing each day thereafter until the date of redemption.

The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of a warrant will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s warrant upon surrender of such warrant.

The redemption criteria for our warrants have been established at a price which is intended to provide warrant holders a reasonable premium to the initial exercise price and provide a sufficient differential between the then-prevailing share price and the warrant exercise price so that if the share price declines as a result of our redemption call, the redemption will not cause the share price to drop below the exercise price of the warrants.

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If we call the warrants for redemption as described above, our management will have the option to require all holders that wish to exercise warrants to do so on a “cashless basis.” In such event, each holder would pay the exercise price by surrendering the warrants for that number of shares of Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of Common Stock underlying the warrants, multiplied by the difference between the exercise price of the warrants and the fair market value by (y) the fair market value. The “fair market value” for this purpose shall mean the average reported last sale price of the Common Stock for the 10 trading days ending on the third trading day prior to the date on which the notice of redemption is sent to the holders of warrants. For example, if a holder held 150 warrants to purchase 150 shares and the fair market value on the trading date prior to exercise was $15.00, that holder would receive 35 shares without the payment of any additional cash consideration. Whether we will exercise our option to require all holders to exercise their warrants on a “cashless basis” will depend on a variety of factors including the price of our Common Stock at the time the warrants are called for redemption, our cash needs at such time and concerns regarding dilutive share issuances.

The warrants were issued in registered form under a Warrant Agreement between Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and us. The Warrant Agreement provides that the terms of the warrants may be amended without the consent of any holder to cure any ambiguity or correct any defective provision, but requires the approval, by written consent or vote, of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding warrants (including the Private Placement Warrants) in order to make any change that adversely affects the interests of the registered holders.

The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable on exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a share dividend, extraordinary dividend or our recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Common Stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.

The warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price (or on a cashless basis, if applicable), by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised. The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of Common Stock and any voting rights until they exercise their warrants and receive shares of Common Stock. After the issuance of Common Stock upon exercise of the warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.

Except as described above, no Public Warrants will be exercisable and we will not be obligated to issue Common Stock unless at the time a holder seeks to exercise such warrant, a prospectus relating to the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is current and the shares of Common Stock have been registered or qualified or deemed to be exempt under the securities laws of the state of residence of the holder of the warrants. Under the terms of the Warrant Agreement, we have agreed to use our best efforts to meet these conditions and to maintain a current prospectus relating to the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants until the expiration of the warrants. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so and, if we do not maintain a current prospectus relating to the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants, holders will be unable to exercise their warrants and we will not be required to settle any such warrant exercise. If the prospectus relating to the Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants is not current or if the Common Stock is not qualified or exempt from qualification in the jurisdictions in which the holders of the warrants reside, we will not be required to net cash settle or cash settle the warrant exercise, the warrants may have no value, the market for the warrants may be limited and the warrants may expire worthless.

Warrant holders may elect to be subject to a restriction on the exercise of their warrants such that an electing warrant holder would not be able to exercise their warrants to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, such holder would beneficially own in excess of 9.8% of the Common Stock outstanding.

No fractional shares will be issued upon exercise of the warrants. If, upon exercise of the warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round down to the nearest whole number the number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to the warrant holder, and

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the fractional interest will be canceled. Therefore, you must separate your units in multiples of four to not have any fractional warrants canceled.

Our Warrant Agreement provides that, subject to applicable law, (i) any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to the Warrant Agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and (ii) that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction shall be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. We will waive any objection to such exclusive jurisdiction and that such courts represent an inconvenient forum.

Private Placement Warrants

Except as described in this section, the Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants sold as part of the units in the IPO.

The Private Placement Warrants (including the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) will not be transferable, assignable or salable until 30 days after the completion of our initial business combination (except as described herein). With respect to the Private Placement Warrants held by the underwriters in the IPO, for so long as such warrants are held by the underwriters, such warrants will not be exercisable more than five years from the commencement of sales in the IPO in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(g)(8)(C).

Financing Warrants

Pursuant to the subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with various investors, the Company will issue warrants (the “Financing Warrants”) to the Financing Investors to purchase an aggregate of 340,250 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per Financing Warrant share. The Financing Warrants will be allocated ratably among the Financing Investors in accordance with their respective investment pursuant to the Subscription Agreement. The Financing Warrants are exercisable at any time after issuance at Closing and before the fifth anniversary of the Closing. The Financing Warrants are not subject to any redemption provision, and can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion of the holder. The Financing Warrants are not being registered for resale pursuant to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

Transfer Agent and Registrar and Warrant Agent

The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Stock is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company and the warrant agent for our Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company.

Trading Symbols and Market

Our Common Stock and Public Warrants are listed for trading on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “MSAI” and “MSAIW”.

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SECURITIES ACT RESTRICTIONS ON RESALE OF SECURITIES

Pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act (“Rule 144”), a person who has beneficially owned restricted Common Stock for at least six months would be entitled to sell their securities provided that (i) such person is not deemed to have been an affiliate of MSAI at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale and (ii) MSAI is subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least three months before the sale and have filed all required reports under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the twelve months (or such shorter period as MSAI was required to file reports) preceding the sale.

Persons who have beneficially owned restricted shares of Common Stock for at least six months but who are affiliates of MSAI at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-month period only a number of securities that does not exceed the greater of:

•

1% of the total number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding (or approximately 134,430 shares, based on shares outstanding as of April 8, 2024).; or

•

the average weekly reported trading volume of the Common Stock during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale.

Sales by affiliates of MSAI under Rule 144 are also limited by manner of sale provisions and notice requirements and to the availability of current public information about MSAI.

Restrictions on the Use of Rule 144 by Shell Companies or Former Shell Companies

Notwithstanding the foregoing, Rule 144 is not available for the resale of securities initially issued by shell companies (other than business combination related shell companies) or issuers that have been at any time previously a shell company. However, Rule 144 also includes an important exception to this prohibition if the following conditions are met:

•

the issuer of the securities that was formerly a shell company has ceased to be a shell company;

•

the issuer of the securities is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act;

•

the issuer of the securities has filed all Exchange Act reports and material required to be filed, as applicable, during the preceding twelve months (or such shorter period that the issuer was required to file such reports and materials), other than Form 8-K reports; and

•

at least one year has elapsed from the time that the issuer filed current Form 10 type information with the SEC reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company.

Following the consummation of the Business Combination, MSAI is no longer a shell company, and as a result, once the conditions set forth in the exceptions listed above are satisfied, Rule 144 will become available for the resale of the above noted restricted securities.

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BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP

The following table sets forth information relating to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of April 16, 2024, by:

•

each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock;

•

each of our directors;

•

each of our named executive officers; and

•

all directors and executive officers as a group.

The number of shares beneficially owned by each stockholder is determined under rules issued by the SEC. Under these rules, a person is deemed to be a “beneficial” owner of a security if that person has or shares voting power or investment power, which includes the power to dispose of or to direct the disposition of such security. Except as indicated in the footnotes below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the individuals and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock beneficially owned by them, subject to any applicable community property laws.

The number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers includes shares that such persons have the right to acquire within 60 days of April 16, 2024, including through the exercise of stock options and warrants and the vesting of restricted stock units, as noted in the table footnotes. Applicable percentage ownership is based on 13,614,854 shares of common stock outstanding as of April 16, 2024. Unless otherwise indicated below, the business address for each beneficial owner listed is c/o MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc., 2105 West Cardinal Drive, Beaumont, Texas 77705.

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares		% of Ownership
Holders of more than 5%
Barclays PLC(1)		774,624		5.7%
Named executive officers and directors:
Gary Strahan(2)		6,371,018		46.6%
Steven Winch(3)		552,805		4.1%
Peter Baird(4)		210,102		1.5%
David Gow(5)		682,588		5.0%
Reid Ryan(6)		129,932		1.0%
Stuart V. Flavin III		—		—
Petros Kitsos		—		—
Margaret Chu		—		—
All executive officers and directors as a group (9 individuals)(7)		7,963,465		57.1%

Less than 1%.

(1)

Based solely on a Schedule 13G filed jointly with the SEC on February 11, 2022, Barclays PLC has sole voting and dispositive power over 774,624 shares, Barclays Bank PLC has sole voting and dispositive power over 674,624 shares and Barclays Capital, Inc. has sole voting and dispositive power over 100,000 shares. The securities reported by Barclays PLC, as a parent holding company, are owned, or may be deemed to be beneficially owned, by Barclays Bank PLC. Barclays Bank PLC, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barclays PLC. Barclays. The business address of Barclays PLC and Barclays Bank PLC is 1 Churchill Place, London, E14 5HP, England. The business address of Barclays Capital Inc. is 745 Seventh Avenue, New York, New York, 10019.

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(2)

Represents for Mr. Strahan: (i) 6,015,939 shares of common stock held by Mr. Strahan; (ii) 50,000 shares of common stock underlying private placement warrants exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024; and (iii) 305,079 shares of common stock held by the Jill A. Blashack Revocable Trust U/A May 8, 2004, as amended and restated, of which Jill A. Blashack, the wife of Mr. Strahan, is trustee and as to which Mr. Strahan has shared voting and dispositive power.

(3)

Represents for Mr. Winch: (i) 5,595 shares of common stock held by Mr. Winch and (ii) 547,210 shares of common stock held by Villard Capital, LLC, an estate-planning vehicle for Mr. Winch controlled by Mr. Winch.

(4)

Represents for Mr. Baird (i) 5,608 shares of common stock and (ii) 204,494 shares of common stock underlying stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024.

(5)

Represents for Mr. Gow (i) 636,888 shares of common stock and (ii) 45,700 shares of common stock underlying private placement warrants exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024.

(6)

Represents for Mr. Reid (i) 126,182 shares of common stock and (ii) 3,750 shares of common stock underlying private placement warrants exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024.

(7)

Consists of: (i) 7,642,501 shares of common stock, (ii) 99,450 shares of common stock underlying private placement warrants that will be exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024; and (iii) 221,514 shares of common stock underlying stock options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of April 16, 2024.

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SELLING STOCKHOLDER

This prospectus relates to the offer and sale by B. Riley Principal Capital II of up to 5,300,000 shares of our Common Stock that have been and may be issued by us to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement. For additional information regarding the shares of our Common Stock included in this prospectus, see the section titled “Committed Equity Financing” above. We are registering the shares of our Common Stock included in this prospectus pursuant to the provisions of the Registration Rights Agreement we entered into with B. Riley Principal Capital II on April 16, 2024 in order to permit the Selling Stockholder to offer the shares included in this prospectus for resale from time to time. Except for the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement and as set forth in the section titled “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” in this prospectus, B. Riley Principal Capital II has not had any material relationship with us within the past three years. As used in this prospectus, the term “Selling Stockholder” means B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC.

The table below presents information regarding the Selling Stockholder and the shares of our Common Stock that may be resold by the Selling Stockholder from time to time under this prospectus. This table is prepared based on information supplied to us by the Selling Stockholder, and reflects holdings as of April 29, 2024. The number of shares in the column “Maximum Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Offered Pursuant to this Prospectus” represents all of the shares of our Common Stock being offered for resale by the Selling Stockholder under this prospectus. The Selling Stockholder may sell some, all or none of the shares being offered for resale in this offering. We do not know how long the Selling Stockholder will hold the shares before selling them and, except as set forth in the section titled “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” in this prospectus, we are not aware of any existing arrangements between the Selling Stockholder and any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the shares of our Common Stock being offered for resale by this prospectus.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) promulgated by the SEC under the Exchange Act, and includes shares of our Common Stock with respect to which the Selling Stockholder has sole or shared voting and investment power. The percentage of shares of our Common Stock beneficially owned by the Selling Stockholder prior to the offering shown in the table below is based on an aggregate of 13,443,033 shares of our Common Stock outstanding on April 29, 2024. Because the purchase price to be paid by the Selling Stockholder for shares of our Common Stock, if any, that we may elect to sell to the Selling Stockholder in one or more VWAP Purchases and one or more Intraday VWAP Purchases from time to time under the Purchase Agreement will be determined on the applicable Purchase Dates therefor, the actual number of shares of our Common Stock that we may sell to the Selling Stockholder under the Purchase Agreement may be fewer than the number of shares being offered for resale under this prospectus. The fourth column assumes the resale by the Selling Stockholder of all of the shares of our Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus.

Number of Shares of
Common Stock Beneficially
Owned Prior to Offering

Maximum Number of Shares of
Common Stock to be Offered
Pursuant to this Prospectus(3)

Number of Shares of Common
Stock Beneficially Owned After
Offering(4)

Name of Selling Stockholder

Number(1)

Percent(2)

Number

Percent

B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC(5)

171,821

1.3%

5,300,000

—

(1)

Represents the 171,821 shares of our Common Stock we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II on April 16, 2024 as Commitment Shares as consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement with us. In accordance with Rule 13d-3(d) under the Exchange Act, we have excluded from the number of shares beneficially owned prior to the offering all of the shares that B. Riley Principal Capital II may be required to purchase under the Purchase Agreement, because the issuance of such shares is solely at our discretion and is subject to conditions contained in the Purchase Agreement, the satisfaction of which are entirely outside of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s control, including the registration statement that includes this prospectus becoming and remaining effective. Furthermore, the Purchases and the Intraday Purchases of our Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement are subject to certain agreed upon maximum amount limitations set forth in the Purchase Agreement. Also, the Purchase Agreement prohibits us from issuing and selling any shares of our Common Stock to B. Riley Principal

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Capital II to the extent such shares, when aggregated with all other shares of our Common Stock then beneficially owned by B. Riley Principal Capital II, would cause B. Riley Principal Capital II’s beneficial ownership of our Common Stock to exceed the 4.99% Beneficial Ownership Limitation. The Purchase Agreement also prohibits us from issuing or selling shares of our Common Stock under the Purchase Agreement in excess of the 19.99% Exchange Cap, unless we obtain stockholder approval to do so, or unless the average price for all shares of our Common Stock purchased by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement equals or exceeds $3.08 per share, such that the Exchange Cap limitation would not apply under applicable Nasdaq rules. Neither the Beneficial Ownership Limitation nor the Exchange Cap (to the extent applicable under Nasdaq) may be amended or waived under the Purchase Agreement.

(2)

Applicable percentage ownership is based on 13,443,033 shares of our Common Stock outstanding as of April 29, 2024.

(3)

Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, in certain circumstances set forth in the Purchase Agreement, we may be required to pay B. Riley Principal Capital II up to $500,000, in cash, as a “make-whole” payment to the extent the aggregate amount of cash proceeds, if any, received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of the Commitment Shares offered for resale by this prospectus, prior to certain times set forth in the Purchase Agreement, is less than $500,000, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to them upon execution of the Purchase Agreement that were not previously resold by B. Riley Principal Capital II prior to the times specified in the Purchase Agreement, in which case the total number of shares of our Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus would be less than the maximum number of shares of Common Stock to be offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus set forth in this column by the number of Commitment Shares that B. Riley Principal Capital II may be required to return to us for cancelation in exchange for such cash “make-whole” payment. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” for more information about the terms of the commitment fee to be received by B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement.

(4)

Assumes the sale of all shares of our Common Stock being offered for resale pursuant to this prospectus.

(5)

The business address of B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (“BRPC II”) is 11100 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 800, Los Angeles, California 90025. BRPC II’s principal business is that of a private investor. BRPC II is a wholly-owned subsidiary of B. Riley Principal Investments, LLC (“BRPI”). As a result, BRPI may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the securities of the company held of record by BRPC II. B. Riley Financial, Inc. (“BRF”) is the parent company of BRPC II and BRPI. As a result, BRF may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the securities of the company held of record by BRPC II and indirectly beneficially owned by BRPI. Bryant R. Riley is the Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of BRF. As a result, Bryant R. Riley may be deemed to indirectly beneficially own the securities of the company held of record by BRPC II and indirectly beneficially owned by BRPI. Each of BRF, BRPI and Bryant R. Riley expressly disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities of the company held of record by BRPC II, except to the extent of its/his pecuniary interest therein. We have been advised that none of BRF, BRPI or BRPC II is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”) or an independent broker-dealer; however, each of BRF, BRPI, BRPC II and Bryant R. Riley is an affiliate of B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“BRS”), a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member, and Bryant R. Riley is an associated person of BRS. BRS will act as an executing broker that will effectuate resales of our Common Stock that have been and may be acquired by BRPC II from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement to the public in this offering. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest)” for more information about the relationship between BRPC II and BRS.

Listing of Common Stock and Warrants

Our Common Stock and Public Warrants are currently listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market and trade under the symbols “MSAI” and “MSAIW”, respectively.

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MANAGEMENT

Management and Board of Directors

The following sets forth certain information, as of April 16, 2024, concerning the persons who serve as our executive officers and members of our Board.

Name	Age	Position
Gary Strahan	64	Director and Chief Executive Officer
Steven Winch	52	Director and President
Peter Baird	57	Chief Financial Officer
Steve Guidry	66	General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
David Gow	60	Director
Reid Ryan	52	Director
Stuart V Flavin III	57	Director
Petros Kitsos	58	Director
Margaret Chu	47	Director

Gary Strahan. Since the Closing, Gary Strahan has served as a director and the Chief Executive Officer of MSAI. Mr. Strahan served as Legacy ICI’s Chief Executive Officer since its founding in 1995, using his experience in the infrared technology space and non-destructive testing (“NDT”) and other technologies to grow our business into the provider of high-resolution thermal sensing solutions it is today. Prior to starting Legacy ICI, Mr. Strahan worked at Mobil Oil from 1989 to 1994 as an Inspection Engineer, Inspection Manager and, eventually, Senior NDT Level III, during which time he established Mobil Oil’s NDT procedures. From 1994 to 1995, Mr. Strahan was a Mechanical Integrity Manager at Ameripol Synpol Corporation. Mr. Strahan was a Manufacturer’s Representative for Agema from 1995 to 1998. He was also a District Manager at FLIR Systems through its merger (now a subsidiary of Teledyne Technologies) in 1998 before leaving FLIR Systems Inc. in 2000 to work as a Manufacturer’s Representative of Mikron Infrared, Inc. until Mikron was purchased by LumaSense Technologies, Inc. in 2007. Mr. Strahan is a veteran of the U.S. Navy, where he was a Hull Technician and Diver. He is a Level III Certified Thermographer and attended Lamar University prior to joining the U.S. Navy. He attended UCSD after USN service. Mr. Strahan received certification as a mixed gas saturation diver from the College of Oceaneering and attended Don Boscoe Technical Institute where he was certified in multiple NDT methods including radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant inspection. Mr. Strahan is an Authorized Inspector for the NBBI and has had API and AWS certifications. He currently serves on the ASTM E-20 Committee and SPIE Thermosense Committee. Mr. Strahan is well qualified to serve on the MSAI Board due to having over 30 years of experience with infrared technology and NDT methods, including in his capacity as Legacy ICI’s Chief Executive Officer.

Steven Winch. Since the Closing, Steven Winch has served as a director and the President of MSAI. Mr. Winch served as Legacy ICI’s President since May 2020. Since 2014, he has also been the Managing Partner of Villard Capital, LLC, a private equity firm focused on investments in technology and industrial sectors. Previously, Mr. Winch was a Managing Director at The Blackstone Group focused on private equity and special situations investing. At Blackstone, Mr. Winch sourced, evaluated, and executed direct investment opportunities in both private and public markets. Before Blackstone, Mr. Winch was a senior advisor to Cornwall Capital Management LP. Prior to that, Mr. Winch worked at Ripplewood Holdings LLC where he sourced, analyzed, and executed direct private equity investments in technology and industrial sectors. Previously, Mr. Winch was an Engagement Manager at McKinsey & Company working across a range of industries in the U.S., Europe, Asia, South America, and Australia. He began his career in the Mergers & Acquisitions group of Salomon Brothers Inc. He previously served on the board of directors of Keweenaw Land Association, Ltd. from April 2018 to December 2021. Mr. Winch received an A.B. from Duke University, where he graduated magna cum laude and was elected Phi Beta Kappa, as well as an M.B.A. with Distinction from Harvard Business School. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Mr. Winch is well qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to his familiarity with our business and his extensive management experience.

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Peter Baird. Since the Closing, Peter Baird has served as Chief Financial Officer of MSAI. Since August 2020, Mr. Baird served as Legacy ICI’s Chief Financial Officer, where he has established and managed a range of corporate functions from accounting, treasury and finance, among others. Prior to joining Legacy ICI, Mr. Baird worked at 91 Asset Management (formerly Investec Asset Management) as Head of African Private Equity from January 2017 to March 2020, and at Standard Chartered Bank as a Senior Managing Director and Head of African Private Equity from September 2011 to December 2016. In both of these roles he managed a team of professionals investing in and managing growth companies. Prior to this, Mr. Baird was a Principal at McKinsey & Company, where he worked from September 1995 to June 2006. During his investing career he has served on and/or chaired more than 25 corporate boards. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree cum laude with Honors in Economics and Political Science from Bates College, a Master of Arts degree in Quantitative Economics from the University of Cape Town, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the Stanford Graduate School of Business. At Stanford he was an Arjay Miller Scholar (top 10% of the class) and was also awarded certificates in Public Management and Global Management. Mr. Baird is also a Charted Financial Analyst and is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Steve Guidry. Since the Closing, Steve Guidry has served as General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of MSAI. Mr. Guidry served as Legacy ICI’s General Counsel since April 2020 and as Corporate Secretary since July 2020. Previously, Mr. Guidry was a solo practitioner at his own law firm from October 2013 to April 2020 and, prior to that, he was a partner at the law firm of Germer Gertz, LLP from April 2001 to October 2012. Mr. Guidry received an Associate of Applied Science and a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering and Industrial Technology from Lamar University and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Texas at Austin.

David Gow. Since the Closing, David Gow has served as a director of MSAI. Mr. Gow previously served as the Chief Executive Officer and a director of SportsMap since its inception until the Business Combination. In August 2007, Mr. Gow founded Gow Media, a multi-platform media company with a portfolio of platforms, including ESPN Radio Houston, the SportsMap Radio Network and digital content sites, CultureMap, SportsMap, InnovationMap and AutomotiveMap, and he has continued to serve as its Chairman and CEO since such time. Prior to Gow Media, between April 2002 to August 2007, Mr. Gow worked as a management consultant, providing advisory services involving strategic planning, fundraising, financial reviews and identification of new business opportunities for a portfolio of clients with a focus on ecommerce. From January 1999 through April 2002, Mr. Gow worked at Ashford.com, first as the CFO, leading a successful IPO, and ultimately as the CEO. From January 1996 to December 1998, Mr. Gow was the Director of Corporate Strategy at Compaq Computers, and from August 1993 to January 1996, Mr. Gow was a consultant at McKinsey & Co. He received his BA in Economics from Williams College in 1985 and a MPP degree from Harvard University in 1993. Mr. Gow is the father of Lawson Gow, who serves as our Chief Strategy Officer has been a Director since October 18, 2021. We believe Mr. Gow is qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to his corporate finance, general management and public company experience.

Reid Ryan. Since the Closing, Reid Ryan has served as a director of MSAI. Mr. Ryan previously served as a director of SportsMap since October 18, 2021 until the Business Combination. In 2000, Mr. Ryan became the Founder & CEO of Ryan-Sanders Baseball, Inc., an entity that owns the Round Rock Express, the Triple-A affiliate of the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball. Ryan-Sanders Baseball, Inc. is an ownership group that includes his father, Hall of Fame pitcher Nolan Ryan, his brother, Reese, and former Houston Astros part-owner Don Sanders. Mr. Ryan also serves on the board for Major League Baseball player development license group. In 2013, Mr. Ryan left Ryan-Sanders to become the president of the Houston Astros and served in this position from 2013 to 2019, which included two trips to the World Series and a World Championship in 2017, and thereafter became Executive Advisor of Business Relations in 2020. He was the executive producer for a feature length “30-for-30 style” documentary on Nolan Ryan which debuted in 2022. Mr. Ryan also runs a family office that invests in sports tech properties and other sports-related companies. Mr. Ryan is also a former college and professional baseball player. He attended the University of Texas at Austin before transferring to Texas Christian University, where he finished his collegiate career. We believe Mr. Ryan is qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to his general management and sales and marketing experience.

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Stuart V Flavin III. Since the Closing, Stuart V Flavin III has served as a director of MSAI. Mr. Flavin served as the Chief Operating Officer of Healthier Cleaning Innovations from March 2016 to July 2022. Additionally, Mr. Flavin served as the Chief Executive Officer from April 2018 to August 2019 and served as the Chief Operating Officer from January 2015 to March 2018 of N12 Technologies, Inc. Previously, Mr. Flavin served as the VP of Innovation for P&G’s Global Shave Care business from July 2009 to October 2012, where he focused on innovation strategy, product/technical roadmap planning, and program execution. Previously, Mr. Flavin was the VP of Global Operations for the Blades and Razors Business from January 2006 to June 2009. Prior to this, Mr. Flavin was a Partner at Mckinsey & Company where he focused on operational excellence across many industrial companies and co-led the Operations Practice. Mr. Flavin served as a director of Healthier Cleaning Innovations from June 2014 to June 2015 and N12 Technologies, Inc. from October 2012 to August 2019. Mr. Flavin received a B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Rochester, where he graduated magna cum laude, as well as an M.B.A from Harvard Business School. Mr. Flavin is well qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to his experience in innovation, program management, scaling businesses, and managing global operations.

Petros Kitsos. Since the Closing, Petros Kitsos has served as a director of MSAI. Mr. Kitsos currently serves as the Managing Principal of TBL Companies, LLC, a strategic services firm, since September 2006, and Co-Founder and Trustee of the KT Family Trust, a private investment trust, since July 2004. Prior to TBL Companies, LLC, Mr. Kitsos enjoyed a distinguished 16-year career in investment banking with Citigroup, Salomon Smith Barney, and Salomon Brothers where, among other responsibilities, he served as Head of the Global Defense & Aerospace Group, Head of Western Region Mergers & Acquisitions, and Co-Head of the Los Angeles office. Mr. Kitsos currently serves as a director of Sonnedix Power Holdings Ltd., elected in December 2014, Northrop Grumman Federal Credit Union, elected in November 2018, Maritime Tactical Systems, Inc., elected in September 2021, and St. Stefanos Greek Orthodox Community, Inc., elected in January 2023. Previously, Mr. Kitsos served as a director of PrecisionHawk, Inc. from September 2016 to April 2018, and Aries I Acquisition Corp. from February 2021 to July 2021. As Director of Aries I Acquisition Corp., a publicly traded “SPAC,” he participated in the company’s IPO, and then, participated in the diligence and review of over thirty merger targets. Mr. Kitsos received an A.B. from Hamilton College, where he was elected Phi Beta Kappa, as well as an M.B.A. with honors from Harvard Business School. He also attended St. Antony’s College, Oxford. Mr. Kitsos is well qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to his extensive strategy and advisory experience in the aerospace, defense, and electronics sectors in the last thirty years.

Margaret Chu. Since the Closing, Margaret Chu has served as a director of MSAI. Ms. Chu currently serves as the Chief Financial Officer of PaeDae Inc., an advanced media-buying technology platform, since September 2022. Prior to PaeDae Inc., Ms. Chu served as the Chief Financial Officer of Vox Media, Inc. from March 2020 to March 2022. Prior to that, Ms. Chu served as an Executive Vice President at Green Pen, LLC from November 2018 to February 2022. Ms. Chu served as a director of Momo Holdings, LLC from December 2016 to October 2018, and FQS Holdings, LLC from January 2017 to October 2018. Additionally, Ms. Chu has held non-Director Board Observer positions for Momomilk, LLC, Legendary Pictures, Inc., Dayton Superior Corporation and TransDigm Group. Ms. Chu received a B.A. from Dartmouth College, where she was awarded the Milton Sims Kramer award, as well as an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School. Ms. Chu is well qualified to serve on the MSAI’s Board due to her extensive experience overseeing corporate finance, accounting, development and legal departments.

Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our Board of Directors has adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines. You can access our Corporate Governance Guidelines under the Governance section of the Investors page of our website at

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www.multisensorai.com, or by writing to our Secretary at our offices at 2105 West Cardinal Drive, Beaumont, Texas, 77705. Among the topics addressed in our Corporate Governance Guidelines are:

•

Independence of the board

•

Separate sessions of independent directors

•

Lead director

•

Director qualification standards and additional selection criteria

•

Director orientation and continuing education

•

Service on other boards

•

Directors who resign or materially change their current positions with their own company or become aware of circumstances that may adversely reflect upon the director or the company

•

Term limits

•

Director responsibilities

•

Compensation

•

Board access to senior management

•

Board access to independent advisors

•

Self-evaluations

•

Frequency of meetings

•

Attendance of non-directors

•

Advance receipt of meeting materials

•

Committee matters

•

Succession planning

Board Leadership Structure

Our Board of Directors does not have a policy on whether the role of the Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer should be separate and, if it is to be separate, whether the Chairperson should be selected from the non-employee directors or be an employee. If the chairperson of the Board is a member of management or does not otherwise qualify as independent, our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that the independent directors may elect a lead independent director (the “Lead Director”). The Lead Director’s responsibilities include, but are not limited to: presiding over all meetings of the Board at which the Chairperson of the Board is not present, including any executive sessions of the independent directors; approving Board meeting schedules and agendas; and acting as the liaison between the independent directors, on the one hand, and the Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson of the Board, on the other. Our Corporate Governance Guidelines provide that, at such times as the Chairperson of the Board qualifies as independent, the Chairperson of the Board may serve as Lead Director.

The positions of our Chair of the Board and our Chief Executive Officer are currently separate. David Gow, an independent director, serves as Chairman of the Board, and Gary Strahan serves as our Chief Executive Officer.

The Board believes that our current leadership structure of Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the Board being held by two individuals, with the Chair qualified as independent, is in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders and strikes the appropriate balance between the Chief Executive Officer’s responsibility for the strategic direction, day-to day-leadership and performance of our Company and the Chair of the Board’s responsibility to guide overall strategic direction of our Company and provide oversight of our corporate governance and guidance to our Chief Executive Officer and to set the agenda for and preside over Board meetings. We recognize that different leadership structures may be appropriate for companies in different situations and believe that no one structure is suitable for all companies. Accordingly, the Board will continue to periodically review our leadership structure and make such changes in the future as it deems appropriate and in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders.

Director Independence

Under our Corporate Governance Guidelines and the applicable Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) rules (the “Nasdaq rules”), a director is not independent unless the Board affirmatively determines that he or she does not have a direct or indirect material relationship with us or any of our subsidiaries. In addition, the director must not be precluded from qualifying as independent under the per se bars set forth by the Nasdaq rules.

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Our Board has undertaken a review of its composition, the composition of its committees and the independence of our directors and considered whether any director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our Board of Directors has determined that none of Margaret Chu, Stuart V. Flavin III, David Gow, Petros Kitsos, and Reid Ryan, representing five of our seven directors, has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors qualifies as “independent” as that term is defined under the Nasdaq rules. In making these determinations, our Board considered the relationships that each non-employee director has with us and all other facts and circumstances our Board deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the director’s beneficial ownership of our common stock.

Board Committees

Our Board of Directors has three standing committees: an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee, each of which has the composition and the responsibilities described below. In addition, from time to time, special committees may be established under the direction of our Board when necessary to address specific issues. Each of the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee operates under a written charter that has been approved by our Board and is available on our website at https://investors.multisensorai.com.

Director	Audit Committee	Compensation Committee	Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee
Gary Strahan
Steven Winch
David Gow
Reid Ryan		Chair	X
Stuart V. Flavin III	X		Chair
Petros Kitsos	X	X	X
Margaret Chu	Chair	X

Audit Committee

Our audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

appointing, compensating, retaining, evaluating, terminating and overseeing our independent registered public accounting firm;

•

discussing with our independent registered public accounting firm their independence from management;

•

reviewing, with our independent registered public accounting firm, the scope and results of their audit;

•

approving all audit and permissible non-audit services to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

•

overseeing the financial reporting process and discussing with management and our independent registered public accounting firm the annual financial statements that we file with the SEC;

•

overseeing our financial and accounting controls and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;

•

reviewing our policies on risk assessment and risk management;

•

reviewing related person transactions; and

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•

establishing procedures for the confidential anonymous submission of concerns regarding questionable accounting, internal controls or auditing matters.

Our audit committee currently consists of Margaret Chu, Petros Kitsos, and Stuart V. Flavin III, with Ms. Chu serving as chair. Our Board of Directors has determined that all members of our audit committee are financially literate and that each member of our audit committee qualifies as “independent” under Nasdaq’s additional standards applicable to audit committee members and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Chu, Mr. Kitsos, and Mr. Flavin each qualify as an “audit committee financial expert,” as such term is defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

reviewing and approving the corporate goals and objectives, evaluating the performance of and reviewing and approving, (either alone or, if directed by the board of directors, in conjunction with a majority of the independent members of the board of directors) the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer;

•

overseeing an evaluation of the performance of and reviewing and setting or making recommendations to our board of directors regarding the compensation of our other executive officers;

•

reviewing and approving or making recommendations to our board of directors regarding our incentive compensation and equity-based plans, policies and programs;

•

reviewing and approving all employment agreement and severance arrangements for our executive officers;

•

making recommendations to our board of directors regarding the compensation of our directors; and

•

retaining and overseeing any compensation consultants.

Our compensation committee currently consists of Reid Ryan, Margaret Chu, and Petros Kitsos, with Mr. Ryan serving as chair. Our Board of Directors has determined that each member of our compensation committee qualifies as “independent” under Nasdaq’s additional standards applicable to compensation committee members. Our Board of Directors has determined that each of Messrs. Ryan and Kitsos and Ms. Chu qualifies as a “non-employee director” as defined under Section 16b-3 of the Exchange Act.

Pursuant to the compensation committee’s charter, the compensation committee has the authority to retain or obtain the advice of compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors to assist in carrying out its responsibilities. Before selecting any such consultant, counsel or advisor, the compensation committee reviews and considers the independence of such consultant, counsel or advisor in accordance with applicable Nasdaq rules. We must provide appropriate funding for payment of reasonable compensation to any advisor retained by the compensation committee.

Compensation Consultants

The compensation committee has the authority under its charter to retain outside consultants or advisors, as it deems necessary or advisable. The compensation committee did not engage the services of a compensation consultant in 2023.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

•

identifying individuals qualified to become members of our board of directors, consistent with criteria approved by our board of directors;

•

overseeing succession planning for our Chief Executive Officer and other executive officers;

•

periodically reviewing our board of directors’ leadership structure and recommending any proposed changes to our board of directors;

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•

overseeing an annual evaluation of the effectiveness of our board of directors and its committees; and

•

developing and recommending to our board of directors a set of corporate governance guidelines.

Our nominating and corporate governance committee currently consists of Stuart V. Flavin III, Petros Kitsos, and Reid Ryan, with Mr. Flavin serving as chair. Our Board has determined that each member of our nominating and corporate governance committee qualifies as “independent” under applicable Nasdaq rules applicable to nominating and corporate governance committee members.

Board and Board Committee Meetings and Attendance

During 2023, while our Board of Directors regularly met to discuss matters, due to the timing of the Business Combination in December 2023, it held one meeting in 2023. Because the audit committee, compensation committee and the nominating and corporate governance committee were not formed and constituted until the closing of the Business Combination, those committees did not meet in 2023. All of our incumbent directors who served in 2023 attended at least 75% of the meetings of the Board and committees on which he or she then served as a member.

Executive Sessions

Executive sessions, which are private sessions of the independent members of the Board, that excludes management and any non-independent directors are held on a regularly scheduled basis, but no less than twice a year.

Director Attendance at Annual Meeting of Stockholders

We do not have a formal policy regarding the attendance of our Board members at our annual meetings of stockholders, but we expect all directors to make every effort to attend any meeting of stockholders. As a result of the timing of the Business Combination, we did not hold an annual meeting in 2023.

Director Nominations Process

The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for recommending candidates to serve on the Board and its committees. In considering whether to recommend any particular candidate to serve on the Board or its committees or for inclusion in the Board’s slate of recommended director nominees for election at the annual meeting of stockholders, the nominating and corporate governance committee considers the criteria set forth in our Corporate Governance Guidelines. Specifically, the nominating and corporate governance committee may take into account many factors, including, the candidate’s experience in corporate management, such as serving as an officer or former officer of a publicly held company, the candidate’s experience as a board member of another publicly held company, the candidate’s professional and academic experience relevant to the Company’s industry, the strength of the candidate’s leadership skills, the candidate’s experience in finance and accounting and/or executive compensation practices, whether the candidate has the time required for preparation, participation and attendance at Board meetings and committee meetings, diversity of background and perspective, including, but not limited to, with respect to age, gender, race, ethnicity, place of residence and specialized experience; gender identification or identification as an underrepresented minority or as LGBTQIA+, practical and mature business judgment, including, but not limited to, the ability to make independent analytical inquiries; and any other relevant qualifications, attributes or skills. In addition, the Board may consider whether there are potential conflicts of interest with the candidate’s other personal and professional pursuits.

We consider diversity, such as gender, race, gender identification or identification as an underrepresented minority or as LGBTQIA+ a meaningful factor in identifying director nominees, and view such diversity characteristics as meaningful factors in identifying director nominees, but do not have a formal diversity policy. The Board evaluates each individual in the context of the Board as a whole, with the objective of assembling a group that can best perpetuate the success of the business and represent stockholder interests through the exercise of sound judgment using its diversity of experience and background in these various areas.

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In identifying prospective director candidates, the nominating and corporate governance committee may seek referrals from other members of the Board, management, stockholders and other sources, including third party recommendations. The nominating and corporate governance committee also may, but need not, retain a search firm in order to assist it in identifying candidates to serve as directors of the Company. The nominating and corporate governance committee uses the same criteria for evaluating candidates regardless of the source of the referral or recommendation. When considering director candidates, the nominating and corporate governance committee seeks individuals with backgrounds and qualities that, when combined with those of our incumbent directors, provide a blend of skills and experience to further enhance the Board’s effectiveness. In connection with its annual recommendation of a slate of nominees, the nominating and corporate governance committee also may assess the contributions of those directors recommended for re-election in the context of the Board evaluation process and other perceived needs of the Board.

David Gow and Reid Ryan were each initially recommended to serve on our Board by Legacy SMAP. Margaret Chu, Stuart V. Flavin III and Petros Kitsos were each initially recommended to serve on our Board by the board of directors of Legacy ICI. In determining to nominate each of the director nominees to be elected at the Annual Meeting, each were evaluated in accordance with our standard review process for director candidates described herein.

When considering whether the directors and nominees have the experience, qualifications, attributes and skills, taken as a whole, to enable the Board to satisfy its oversight responsibilities effectively in light of our business and structure, the Board focused primarily on the information discussed in each of the board member’s biographical information set forth above. We believe that our directors provide an appropriate mix of experience and skills relevant to the size and nature of our business. This process resulted in the Board’s nomination of the incumbent directors named in this Proxy Statement and proposed for election by you at the Annual Meeting.

The nominating and corporate governance committee will consider director candidates recommended by stockholders. The nominating and corporate governance committee will review and evaluate information available to it regarding candidates proposed by stockholders and will apply the same criteria and follow substantially the same process in considering them as it does in considering other director candidates Stockholders wishing to propose a candidate for consideration may do so by submitting their recommendation to the attention of the Secretary, 2105 West Cardinal Drive, Beaumont, Texas, 77705.

Board Role in Risk Oversight

The Board of Directors has overall responsibility for risk oversight, including, as part of regular Board and committee meetings, general oversight of executives’ management of risks relevant to the Company. A fundamental part of risk oversight is not only understanding the material risks a company faces and the steps management is taking to manage those risks, but also understanding what level of risk is appropriate for the Company. The involvement of the Board of Directors in reviewing our business strategy is an integral aspect of the Board’s assessment of management’s tolerance for risk and its determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk for the Company. While the full Board has overall responsibility for risk oversight, it is supported in this function by its audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee. Each of the committees regularly reports to the Board.

The audit committee assists the Board in fulfilling its risk oversight responsibilities by periodically reviewing our accounting, reporting and financial practices, including the integrity of our financial statements, the surveillance of administrative and financial controls, our compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, and our enterprise risk management program, including oversight of financial risks cybersecurity risks and information security risks. Through its regular meetings with management, including the finance, legal, internal audit, tax, compliance, and information technology functions, the audit committee reviews and discusses significant areas of our business and summarizes for the Board areas of risk and the appropriate mitigating factors. The compensation committee assists the Board by overseeing and evaluating risks related to the Company’s compensation policies and practices. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the Board by overseeing and evaluating programs and risks associated with Board organization, membership and structure, and corporate governance. In addition, our Board receives periodic detailed operating performance reviews from management.

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Committee Charters and Corporate Governance Guidelines

Our Corporate Governance Guidelines, charters of the audit committee, compensation committee and nominating and corporate governance committee and other corporate governance information are available under the Governance section of the Investors page of our website located at www.multisensorai.com, or by writing to our Secretary at our offices at 2105 West Cardinal Drive, Beaumont, Texas, 77705.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics and Conduct (the “Code”) that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. Our Code is available under the Governance section of the Investors page of our website at www.multisensorai.com. In addition, we intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or the Nasdaq rules concerning any amendments to, or waivers of, any provisions of our Code.

Anti-Hedging Policy

Our Board of Directors has adopted an Insider Trading Compliance Policy, which applies to all of our directors, officers and employees, as well as their family members and entities under their control. The policy prohibits such persons and entities from engaging in hedging transactions involving our equity securities, such as prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars and exchange funds, or other transactions that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of our equity securities.

Policy Relating to Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation (Clawback Policy)

We have instituted a clawback policy in accordance with the Nasdaq’s final rules implementing the incentive-based compensation recovery provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, effective December 19, 2023 to support a culture of focused, diligent and responsible management that discourages conduct detrimental to our growth. The policy applies to each person who serves as an executive officer of the Company, as defined in Rule 10D-1(d) under the Exchange Act, which include our named executive officers (each, a “covered employee”). In the event of a qualifying financial restatement, a covered employee will be required to forfeit erroneously awarded incentive compensation to the Company to the extent required under applicable law.

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EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

In this section, “we,” “us” and “our” generally refer to ICI prior to the Business Combination and MSAI from and after the Business Combination.

This section discusses the material components of the executive compensation program for our executive officers who are named in the “2023 Summary Compensation Table” below. In 2023, our “named executive officers” and their positions were as follows:

•

Gary Strahan, Chief Executive Officer;

•

Steven Winch, President; and

•

Peter Baird, Chief Financial Officer.

2023 Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Name and Principal Position	Year		Salary ($)		Bonus ($)		Stock Awards ($)(1)		All Other Compensation ($)(2)		Total ($)
Gary Strahan CEO		2023		125,068		—		—		3,000		128,068
Gary Strahan CEO		2022		119,944		—		—		—		119,944
Steven Winch President		2023		329,876		—		4,144,342		—		4,444,218
Steven Winch President		2022		839,912				—		149,400		989,312
Peter Baird Chief Financial Officer		2023		230,838		200,000		4,259,254		—		4,690,091
Peter Baird Chief Financial Officer		2022		238,345		—		—				238,345

(1)

Represents the grant date fair value of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted in the 2023 fiscal year computed in accordance with ASC 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on March 29, 2024. This amount does not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized upon the vesting of the awards or the sale of the Common Stock underlying such awards.

(2)

This amount includes reimbursement of auto insurance premiums.

Narrative to Summary Compensation Table

Employment Agreements with Named Executive Officers

The Company entered into an amended and restated employment agreements with Messrs. Strahan, Winch and Baird, each effective on December 19, 2023. The material terms of these employment agreements are described below.

Gary Strahan. Pursuant to his amended employment agreement, Mr. Strahan is entitled to receive a base salary of $240,000 per year and he is eligible to receive an annual bonus payment in the discretion of the Board.

Steven Winch. Pursuant to his amended employment agreement, Mr. Winch is entitled to receive a base salary of $350,000 per year. Under the terms of the agreement, he received a grant of RSUs from ICI prior to the Closing, and received a grant of 635,649 RSUs from MSAI following the Closing.

Peter Baird. Pursuant to his amended employment agreement, Mr. Baird is entitled to receive a base salary of $240,000 per year and is eligible to receive an annual bonus payment in the discretion of the Board. Under the terms of the agreement, he received a grant of RSUs from ICI prior to the Closing, and received a grant of 373,630 RSUs from MSAI following the Closing.

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General. Each of the amended and restated employment agreements has a one-year term and automatically renews for successive one-year terms unless a notice of non-renewal is provided at least 60 days prior to the end of the then-current term. If Mr. Strahan is removed or chooses to step down from his position as Chief Executive Officer, he will continue to be employed by the Company as an advisor and to receive payment of his base salary for the remainder of the then-current term. The Company can terminate the employment of each of Messrs. Winch and Baird without “cause” (as defined in each agreement) by providing ninety days’ notice or pay in lieu of notice. Each agreement also includes perpetual confidentiality and non-disparagement covenants and non-competition, non-solicitation covenants that apply during employment with the Company and for twelve months following termination of employment.

2023 Salaries

The named executive officers receive a base salary to compensate them for services rendered to our company. The base salary payable to each named executive officer is intended to provide a fixed component of compensation reflecting the executive’s skill set, experience, role and responsibilities. The 2023 annual base salaries for our named executive officers were $130,000 for Mr. Strahan after $350,000 for Mr. Winch and $240,000 for Mr. Baird. Mr. Strahan’s base salary was increased to $240,000 per year effective December 19, 2023. The actual base salaries earned by our named executive officers for services in 2023 are set forth above in the Summary Compensation Table in the column entitled “Salary.”

2023 Bonuses

Our named executive officers were eligible to earn discretionary cash bonuses for calendar year 2023, as determined by our board of directors. Our board of directors decided not to grant any discretionary bonuses for 2023.

Equity Compensation

2020 Equity Incentive Plan

Prior to the Business Combination, we maintained the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan of Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc. (the “2020 Plan”), under which awards of ICI options were granted to eligible service providers, including certain of our named executive officers. No awards were granted under the 2020 Plan to our NEOs in 2023. In connection with the completion of the Business Combination and the adoption of MSAI’s new equity incentive plan, we amended and restated the 2020 Plan to reflect the Business Combination and to provide that, following the Business Combination, awards may not be granted under the 2020 Plan.

2023 Incentive Plan

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the Company’s 2023 Incentive Plan (the “MSAI Incentive Plan”), under which we may grant cash and equity incentive awards to eligible service providers in order to attract, motivate and retain the talent for which we compete, which is essential to our long-term success. The MSAI Incentive Plan became effective on the date of the Closing.

Transaction-Related RSU Awards

In connection with the Business Combination, certain employees of ICI, including Messrs. Winch and Baird, received two separate restricted stock unit awards (the “Transaction RSU Awards”). The material terms of the Transaction RSU Awards are summarized below.

The first Transaction RSU Award was granted by ICI on December 19, 2023 (the “Pre-Closing ICI Transaction RSU Awards”) and vested on January 1, 2024. The second Transaction RSU Award was granted by MSAI pursuant to the MSAI Incentive Plan on April 1, 2024, the effective date of the Form S-8 that registered Common Stock issuable under the MSAI Incentive Plan (“MSAI Transaction RSU Awards”). The MSAI Transaction RSU Awards were fully vested at grant. Each Transaction RSU Award

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will be settled in twelve substantially equal monthly installments starting on the first anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination.

The Pre-Closing ICI Transaction RSU Awards covered ICI Class B Common Stock that were assumed by SportsMap in connection with the Business Combination and converted into a comparable restricted stock unit award covering shares of Common Stock, based upon the Exchange Ratio, and are otherwise subject to the same terms and conditions as applied to the underlying award immediately prior to the Closing.

The following table presents the number of shares of Common Stock covered by the Transaction RSU Awards granted to Messrs. Winch and Baird.

	Pre-Closing ICI Transaction RSU Awards		MSAI Transaction RSU Awards
Steven Winch		603,276		635,649
Peter Baird		624,524		373,630

Other Elements of Compensation

In 2023, the named executive officers also participated in standard health plans maintained by the Company, and Mr. Strahan was provided with personal use of a Company-owned vehicle and his auto insurance premiums were paid for by the Company. We do not provide any other perquisites to any of our named executive officers.

We do not make gross-up payments to cover our named executive officers’ personal income taxes that may pertain to any of the compensation paid or provided by our company.

Merit Bonus

In 2023, our board of directors preliminarily approved a discretionary, merit- based bonus opportunity to Mr. Baird. The aggregate amount of the bonus is expected to be $600,000, but the actual amount (if any) and payment terms and conditions, including timing, will be determined from time to time by our board of directors or a subcommittee of the board in its discretion. In February 2024, Mr. Baird received a payment of $200,000 in respect of his performance in 2023. The amount and timing of future payments, if any, will be determined by the board of directors, or a subcommittee of the board, in its sole discretion.

Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

The following table summarizes the number of shares of Common Stock underlying outstanding equity incentive plan awards held by each named executive officer as of December 31, 2023. All outstanding Options were granted pursuant to the 2020 Plan and became fully vested immediately prior to the Closing pursuant to the terms of the 2020 Plan. All other awards were granted pursuant to the MSAI Incentive Plan.

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		Option Awards							Stock Awards
Name	Grant Date	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable		Option Exercise Price ($)		Option Expiration Date	Number of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested (#)(1)		Market Value of Shares or Units of Stock That Have Not Vested ($)
Gary Strahan	—		—		—		—	—		—		—
Steven Winch	December 19, 2023		—		—		—	—		603,276
Peter Baird	December 19, 2023		—		—		—	—		624,524
	October 9, 2020		68,085		—		5.83	October 8, 2030
	January 18, 2021		80,098		—		5.83	January 17, 2031
	July 30, 2021		31,858		—		7.28	July 29, 2031
	December 7, 2021		24,438		—		7.28	December 6, 2031

(1)

The restricted stock units vested on January 1, 2024.

(2)

Calculated based on the closing price per share of $3.35 of the Company’s Common Stock on December 29, 2023 (the last trading day of 2023).

Director Compensation

No director, including any SportsMap director, received compensation for services provided as a director in 2023. Steve Guidry, an executive officer who was not a named executive officer in 2023, served as a director in 2023 but did not receive any additional compensation for his services as a director.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table summarizes securities available for future issuance under our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2023.

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)		Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)			Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders(1)		1,120,185(2)		$	6.61(3)		3,040,486(4)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders(5)		1,886,166(6)			—		—
Total		3,006,351		$	6.61		3,040,486

(1)

Consists of the 2023 Incentive Award Plan (the “2023 Plan”) and the Amended and Restated 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”).

(2)

Consists of 1,120,185 options to purchase Common Stock under the 2020 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, no awards had been granted under the 2023 Plan.

(3)

As of December 31, 2023, the weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options under the 2020 Plan was $6.61.

(4)

Consists of (a) 3,040,486 shares initially reserved for future issuance under the 2023 Plan. To the extent that outstanding awards under the 2020 Plan expire, lapse or are terminated, exchanged for or settled in cash, surrendered, repurchased, cancelled without having been fully exercised or forfeited, in any case, in a manner that results in the Company acquiring the shares covered by the awards under the 2020 Plan at a price not greater than the price paid by the participant for such shares or not issuing any shares covered by the awards, the unused shares covered by such 2020 Plan awards will become available for

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issuance under the 2023 Plan. No additional awards will be granted under the 2020 Plan and, as a result, no shares remain available for issuance under the 2020 Plan.

(5)

Consists of awards made to Messrs. Winch, Baird and Guida pursuant to individual award agreements entered into in connection with the Business Combination.

(6)

Consists of 603,276, 624,524 and 658,366 outstanding restricted stock units that were granted to Messrs. Winch, Baird and Guida, respectively, pursuant to individual award agreements. Each restricted stock unit award vested on January 1, 2024 and is expected to be settled in twelve substantially equal monthly installments starting on the date following the first anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination.

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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS

In this section, unless the context otherwise requires, the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to ICI before the Business Combination and MSAI from and after the Business Combination.

Legacy SMAP Related Party Transactions

Prior to Legacy SMAP’s initial public offering (the “IPO”), Legacy SMAP issued an aggregate of 2,875,000 shares (the “Founder Shares”) of common stock of SportsMap, par value $0.001 per share (“SportsMap Common Stock”) to SportsMap, LLC (the “Sponsor”), Roth Capital Partners, LLC, the representative of the underwriters in the IPO, and Legacy SportsMap officers and directors (together, the “SportsMap Initial Stockholders”) for an aggregate purchase price of $25,000, or approximately $0.009 per share.

Subject to certain limited exceptions, the SportsMap Initial Stockholders agreed not to transfer, assign or sell their SportsMap Founder Shares until six months after the date of the consummation of the Business Combination or earlier if, subsequent to the Business Combination, we consummate a subsequent liquidation, merger, stock exchange or other similar transaction which results in all of our stockholders having the right to exchange their SportsMap Common Stock for cash, securities or other property.

The SportsMap Initial Stockholders purchased an aggregate of 675,000 private placement units at a price of $10.00 per unit in the private placement that occurred simultaneously with the closing of Legacy SMAP’s IPO.

Legacy SMAP entered into agreements with its officers and directors to provide contractual indemnification in addition to the indemnification provided for in Legacy SMAP’s certificate of incorporation.

Legacy SMAP was party to an administrative services agreement pursuant to which Legacy SMAP paid Gow Media, LLC, a total of $10,000 per month for office space, utilities, secretarial support and other administrative and consulting services. Upon completion of Legacy SMAP’s Business Combination Legacy SMAP ceased paying these monthly fees. Legacy SMAP paid a total of $234,516 for office space, utilities, secretarial support and other administrative and consulting services. Gow Media, LLC paid Lawson Gow, who served as Legacy SMAP’s Chief Strategy Officer, approximately $100,000 per year in connection with services related to identifying and consummating the Business Combination.

Other than reimbursement of any out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with activities on Legacy SMAP’s behalf such as identifying potential target businesses and performing due diligence on suitable business combinations, no compensation or fees of any kind, including finder’s fees, consulting fees or other similar compensation, has been or will be paid to Legacy SMAP’s Sponsor, officers or directors, or to any of their respective affiliates, prior to or with respect to Legacy SMAP’s Business Combination (regardless of the type of transaction that it is).

As of June 23, 2021, Legacy SMAP’s Sponsor advanced Legacy SMAP, pursuant to a promissory note, a total of $50,025 used for a portion of the expenses of Legacy SMAP’s IPO. The loan was, at the discretion of the Sponsor, due on the earlier of February 28, 2022, the consummation of Legacy SMAP’s IPO or the abandonment of Legacy SMAP’s IPO. The promissory note was payable without interest. The promissory note was repaid out of the proceeds of Legacy SMAP’s IPO available to Legacy SMAP for payment of offering expenses.

Legacy SMAP entered into a registration rights agreement with respect to the SportsMap Founder Shares and Private Placement Units, among other securities.

MSAI Related Party Transactions

Promissory Notes

Stockholder Promissory Note

On July 14, 2020, the Company issued a promissory note to its majority stockholder and chief executive officer, Gary Strahan, in an amount of $29,718,000, representing the retained earnings of the

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Company prior to July 15, 2020 (the “Stockholder Promissory Note”). Prior to its conversion, the Stockholder Promissory Note bore interest at the rate of 0.45% per annum, with all principal and accrued interest due and payable in full on July 14, 2025.

The Stockholder Promissory Note was unsecured and was subordinate to an asset-based revolving agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the “Credit Agreement”). Principal and interest payments were payable by the Company in cash or in-kind prior to maturity so long as the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Credit Agreement.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 the Company made principal cash payments of $100,000 and $3,989,000, respectively. The Company received additional proceeds in the amount of $200,000 in November and December 2022.

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the year ended December 31, 2022 were $32,000 and $83,000, respectively. Interest expense was paid in kind.

On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the conversion of the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interests of the Stockholder Promissory Note of $18,504,000 into 142,028 shares of Legacy ICI common stock.

Related Party Promissory Notes

On August 9, 2022, the Company borrowed $1,000,000 under an unsecured non-interest bearing promissory note with an immediate family member of Mr. Strahan to fund short-term working capital needs (the “Related Party Promissory Note”). The Related Party Promissory Note was to be payable in full on any future date on which the lender demands repayment and, if still outstanding, was to be repaid in full in connection with the Business Combination. The holder of the Related Party Promissory Note has agreed to roll such note into Financing Notes in connection with the Financing.

In December 2023, the Company borrowed $200,000 under an unsecured non-interest bearing promissory note with Mr. Strahan to fund short-term working capital needs. The promissory note was repaid during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Legacy ICI Convertible Notes

From December 2022 through September 2023, Legacy ICI issued convertible notes (the “Legacy ICI Convertible Notes”) to several accredited private investors in an aggregate principal amount of $2,925,000. The Legacy ICI Convertible Notes had a stated maturity date of 6 months from the effective date and bore a paid-in-kind interest rate of 10% per annum increasing to 12% effective on February 15, 2023. Of the $2,925,000 aggregate principal amount of the Legacy Convertible Notes, $300,000 were held by related parties of Legacy SMAP and Legacy ICI, including $100,000 held by David Gow, $50,000 held by Reid Ryan, $25,000 held by each of Peter Baird and Steven Winch and $100,000 held by an immediate family member of Reid Ryan.

The Legacy ICI Convertible Notes converted into shares of Legacy ICI common stock immediately prior to the effective time of the Business Combination and converted into shares of our common stock in the merger in the same manner as other shares of Legacy ICI common stock

Compensation of Immediate Family Member of Gary Strahan

We employ two immediate family members of Mr. Strahan in non-executive officer positions. In each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, each of these family members received total compensation from MSAI of less than $200,000 per year.

Financing and Subsequent Conversion Transactions

On December 1, 2023, Legacy SMAP entered into the Subscription Agreement with certain investors (the “Financing Investors”) pursuant to which Legacy SMAP issued and sold to the Financing Investors an aggregate of $6.805 million in Financing Notes in connection with the Closing. David Gow, formerly a

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director of Legacy SMAP and its Chief Executive Officer and now a member of our board of directors, Steven Webster, a former director of Legacy SMAP, and Oliver Luck, a former director of Legacy SMAP, were among the Financing Investors and were issued $200,000 of Financing Notes (all in exchange for previously existing SportsMap promissory notes) and $100,000 of Financing Notes, respectively. The spouse of Gary Strahan was also among the Financing Investors and the holder of $1.0 million of promissory notes that were exchanged for an equivalent amount of Financing Notes.

Under their terms, each Financing Note and scheduled to mature on the third anniversary of the Closing (the “Maturity Date”) and is convertible at any time at the Financing Investors’ option at a conversion price of $10.00 per share, subject to certain customary adjustments (such shares issuable upon conversion of Financing Notes, the “Conversion Shares”). Except with the consent of the holder of the applicable Financing Note, MSAI may not repay any principal amount of any Financing Note prior to the Maturity Date.

Following the issuance of the Financing Notes, MSAI is to pay interest on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of such notes at the rate of 9% per annum, payable (i) quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1, beginning April 1, 2024, (ii) on each date on which a Holder elects to convert any amount of Financing Notes and (iii) on the Maturity Date (each such date, an “Interest Payment Date”), in cash or, if the Holder elects to receive interest on the Financing Note in the form of shares of our common stock. If the Holder elects to receive interest in shares of our common stock, such interest shall be payable at a rate of 11% per annum in duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common stock at a volume-weighted average price for the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Interest Payment Date (which shall not be less than $1.00) (such shares payable in lieu of cash interest, the “Interest Shares”). Failure to pay interest is deemed an event of default and the interest rate shall increase automatically to 15% per annum until repaid.

Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, Legacy SMAP also issued warrants (the “Financing Warrants”) to the Financing Investors to purchase an aggregate of 340,250 shares of our common stock (such shares issuable upon exercise of the Financing Warrants, the “Financing Warrant Shares”), at an exercise price of $11.50 per Financing Warrant Share. The Financing Warrants are allocated ratably among the Financing Investors in accordance with their respective investment pursuant to the Subscription Agreement. The Financing Warrants are exercisable at any time after issuance at Closing and before the fifth anniversary of the Closing. The Financing Warrants are not subject to any redemption provision, and can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion of the holder. In addition, in order to induce the Financing Investors to enter into the Subscription Agreement, certain holders of SportsMap Founder Shares and Legacy ICI Stockholders transferred, and Legacy ICI issued prior to Closing for exchange at the Exchange Ratio at Closing, an aggregate of 680,500 shares (the “Inducement Shares”) of our common stock to the Financing Investors at Closing.

Pursuant to the terms of the Subscription Agreement, the Financing Notes, the Financing Warrants, the Conversion Shares, the Interest Shares and Financing Warrant Shares may not be transferred in the first six months following the Closing.

Conversion of Loan Obligation

On March 30, 2024, the Company entered into a subscription agreement (the “Gow Subscription Agreement”) whereby the Company agreed to issue 60,060 shares of common stock to David Gow in exchange for the cancellation of his Financing Note described above (at an effective price per share of $3.33). The Gow Subscription Agreement contains prohibitions against the direct or indirect transfer, pledge, sale or other disposal of the shares of common stock issued as a result of the conversion for a period of six months.

Amendment of Convertible Promissory Notes

Effective March 31, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the modification of the terms of the $3.53 million in principal amount of convertible promissory notes among other things, to reduce the conversion price of the principal and interest to $5.00 per share of common stock. Two of those Remaining Notes (which hereafter are referred to as the “Related Party Notes”) are owned by David Gow, a director

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of the Company, and the Jill A. Blashack Strahan Trust, which is deemed to be beneficially owned by Gary Strahan, Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company. The aggregate principal balance of such Related Party Notes was $1.2 million. As an incentive to induce the holders of the Remaining Notes to convert such notes, and with the objective of meeting Nasdaq’s listing requirements specific to stockholders’ equity, the Board of Directors approved the reduction of the conversion price of the principal and interest to $5.00 per share of Common Stock and entered into Note Amendments with David Gow and the Jill A. Blashack Strahan Trust (the “Note Amendments”). Thereafter David Gow and the Jill A. Blashack Strahan Trust elected to convert the Remaining Notes into shares of our common stock effective as of March 31, 2024. The Company issued 243,048 shares of its common stock pursuant to David Gow’s and the Jill A. Blashack Strahan Trust’s respective elections to convert their Remaining Notes. The Note Amendments contain prohibitions against the direct or indirect transfer, pledge, sale or other disposal of the shares of Common Stock issued as a result of the conversion for a period of six months.

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PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION (CONFLICT OF INTEREST)

The shares of our Common Stock offered by this prospectus are being offered by the Selling Stockholder, B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC. The shares may be sold or distributed from time to time by the Selling Stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of the shares of our Common Stock offered by this prospectus could be effected in one or more of the following methods:

•

ordinary brokers’ transactions;

•

transactions involving cross or block trades;

•

through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents;

•

“at the market” into an existing market for our Common Stock;

•

in other ways not involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected through agents;

•

in privately negotiated transactions; or

•

any combination of the foregoing.

In order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the shares may be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the state or an exemption from the state’s registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.

B. Riley Principal Capital II is an “underwriter” within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act.

B. Riley Principal Capital II has informed us that it presently anticipates using, but is not required to use, B. Riley Securities, Inc. (“BRS”), a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member and an affiliate of B. Riley Principal Capital II, as a broker to effectuate resales, if any, of our Common Stock that it may acquire from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, and that it may also engage one or more other registered broker-dealers to effectuate resales, if any, of such Common Stock that it may acquire from us. Such resales will be made at prices and at terms then prevailing or at prices related to the then current market price. Each such registered broker-dealer will be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act. B. Riley Principal Capital II has informed us that each such broker-dealer it engages to effectuate resales of our Common Stock on its behalf, excluding BRS, may receive commissions from B. Riley Principal Capital II for executing such resales for B. Riley Principal Capital II and, if so, such commissions will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.

B. Riley Principal Capital II is an affiliate of BRS, a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member, which will act as an executing broker that will effectuate resales of our Common Stock that may be acquired by B. Riley Principal Capital II from us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement to the public in this offering. Because B. Riley Principal Capital II will receive all the net proceeds from such resales of our Common Stock made to the public through BRS, BRS is deemed to have a “conflict of interest” within the meaning of FINRA Rule 5121. Consequently, this offering will be conducted in compliance with the provisions of FINRA Rule 5121, which requires that a “qualified independent underwriter,” as defined in FINRA Rule 5121, participate in the preparation of the registration statement that includes this prospectus and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect thereto. Accordingly, we have engaged Seaport Global Securities LLC, a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member (“Seaport”), to be the qualified independent underwriter in this offering and, in such capacity, participate in the preparation of the registration statement that includes this prospectus and exercise the usual standards of “due diligence” with respect thereto. B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed to pay Seaport a cash fee of $50,000 upon the completion of this offering as consideration for its services and to reimburse Seaport up to $5,000 for expenses incurred in connection with acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, such cash fee and expense reimbursement to be paid to Seaport for acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering are deemed to be underwriting compensation in

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connection with sales of our Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public. Seaport will receive no other compensation for acting as the qualified independent underwriter in this offering. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5121, BRS is not permitted to sell shares of our Common Stock in this offering to an account over which it exercises discretionary authority without the prior specific written approval of the account holder.

Except as set forth above, we know of no existing arrangements between the Selling Stockholder and any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the shares of our Common Stock offered by this prospectus.

Brokers, dealers, underwriters or agents participating in the distribution of the shares of our Common Stock offered by this prospectus may receive compensation in the form of commissions, discounts, or concessions from the purchasers, for whom the broker-dealers may act as agent, of the shares sold by the Selling Stockholder through this prospectus. The compensation paid to any such particular broker-dealer by any such purchasers of shares of our Common Stock sold by the Selling Stockholder may be less than or in excess of customary commissions. Neither we nor the Selling Stockholder can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any agent will receive from any purchasers of shares of our Common Stock sold by the Selling Stockholder.

We may from time to time file with the SEC one or more supplements to this prospectus or amendments to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part to amend, supplement or update information contained in this prospectus, including, if and when required under the Securities Act, to disclose certain information relating to a particular sale of shares offered by this prospectus by the Selling Stockholder, including with respect to any compensation paid or payable by the Selling Stockholder to any brokers, dealers, underwriters or agents that participate in the distribution of such shares by the Selling Stockholder, and any other related information required to be disclosed under the Securities Act.

We will pay the expenses incident to the registration under the Securities Act of the offer and sale of the shares of our Common Stock covered by this prospectus by the Selling Stockholder.

As consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase our Common Stock at our direction under the Purchase Agreement, we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II 171,821 shares of our Common Stock as Commitment Shares, which Commitment Shares have a total aggregate value equal to 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 total dollar amount purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement (assuming a value of $2.91 per Commitment Share, representing the closing sale price of the Common Stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date of the Purchase Agreement), in each case upon execution of the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

We have further agreed that if, after the Commencement Date, the aggregate amount of cash proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of all of the Commitment Shares is less than $500,000, or 2.0% of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s $25,000,000 total dollar amount purchase commitment under the Purchase Agreement, then we will pay B. Riley Principal Capital II, in cash, the amount by which $500,000 exceeds the aggregate net proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of all of the Commitment Shares offered through this prospectus. Furthermore, we have agreed that if B. Riley Principal Capital has not resold all of the Commitment Shares that we had issued to them upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, all of which are being offered for resale through this prospectus, prior to the earliest of (i) the effective date of the termination of the Purchase Agreement by us or B. Riley Principal Capital II in accordance with its terms, (ii) the 121st calendar day after the date of this prospectus, (iii) the calendar day on which the effectiveness of the registration statement that includes this prospectus lapses, or this prospectus otherwise becomes unavailable for any reason to B. Riley Principal Capital II for the resale of all of the Commitment Shares being offered hereby, or (iv) the date on which our Common Stock fails to be listed or has ceased to trade on Nasdaq (or another eligible national securities exchange under the Purchase Agreement) for a period of three trading days, other than due to any material breach by B. Riley Principal Capital II of its obligations under the Purchase Agreement, and if the aggregate amount of cash proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of any of the Commitment Shares that B. Riley Principal Capital II was able to resell before such earliest date is less than $500,000, then we will pay B. Riley Principal Capital II, in cash, the amount by which $500,000 exceeds the aggregate net proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of the Commitment Shares that B. Riley Principal

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Capital II was able to resell before such earliest date, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to them that they were not able to resell before such earliest date. Lastly, if, for any reason whatsoever, other than due to any material breach by B. Riley Principal Capital II of its obligations under the Purchase Agreement or the Registration Rights Agreement, either the registration statement that includes this prospectus is not declared effective by the SEC or the Commencement fails to occur under the Purchase Agreement, in either case prior to the 181st calendar day after the date of the Purchase Agreement (or October 14, 2024) and, as a result, B. Riley Principal Capital II was not able to resell any of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to them prior to such 181st calendar day, then we will pay $500,000 in cash to B. Riley Principal Capital II, in exchange for B. Riley Principal Capital II returning to us for cancelation all of the Commitment Shares we originally issued to them pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. In this prospectus, we sometimes refer to this cash “make-whole” payment that we may be required to pay to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement under the circumstances described above (as applicable) as the “Cash Make-Whole Payment.” We will not make any Cash Make-Whole Payment to B. Riley Principal Capital II if, after the Commencement under the Purchase Agreement, the aggregate net proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of all or any portion of the Commitment Shares being offered by this prospectus equals or exceeds $500,000. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, the 171,821 Commitment Shares we issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II, and the up to $500,000 Cash Make-Whole Payment that we may be required to pay to B. Riley Principal Capital II under the Purchase Agreement, are deemed to be underwriting compensation in connection with sales of our Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public. Thus such 171,821 Commitment Shares are therefore subject to a 180-day lockup pursuant to FINRA Rule 5110(e)(1)(A) and Rule 5110(e)(2)(A)(iii). B. Riley Principal Capital II will not sell, transfer, assign, pledge, or hypothecate the 171,821 Commitment Shares, nor will B. Riley Principal Capital II engage in any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the 171,821 Commitment Shares for a period of 180 days following the commencement of sales of the securities issued in this offering, subject to certain exceptions permitted pursuant to Rule 5110(e)(2).

In addition, we have agreed to reimburse B. Riley Principal Capital II for the reasonable legal fees and disbursements of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s legal counsel in an amount not to exceed (i) $75,000 prior to our execution of the Purchase Agreement and Registration Rights Agreement and (ii) $5,000 per fiscal quarter, in each case in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement. In accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, these reimbursed fees and expenses are deemed to be underwriting compensation in connection with sales of our Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public. Moreover, in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110, the 3.0% fixed discount to current market prices of our Common Stock reflected in the purchase prices payable by B. Riley Principal Capital II for our Common Stock that we may require it to purchase from us from time to time under the Purchase Agreement is deemed to be underwriting compensation in connection with sales of our Common Stock by B. Riley Principal Capital II to the public.

We also have agreed to indemnify B. Riley Principal Capital II and certain other persons against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of our Common Stock offered hereby, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from certain written information furnished to us by B. Riley Principal Capital II specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.

We estimate that the total expenses for the offering will be approximately $359,559.

B. Riley Principal Capital II has represented to us that at no time prior to the date of the Purchase Agreement has B. Riley Principal Capital II, its sole member, any of their respective officers, or any entity managed or controlled by B. Riley Principal Capital II or its sole member, engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, for its own account or for the account of any of its affiliates, any short sale (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of our Common

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Stock or any hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to our Common Stock. B. Riley Principal Capital II has agreed that during the term of the Purchase Agreement, none of B. Riley Principal Capital II, its sole member, any of their respective officers, or any entity managed or controlled by B. Riley Principal Capital II or its sole member, will enter into or effect, directly or indirectly, any of the foregoing transactions for its own account or for the account of any other such person or entity.

We have advised the Selling Stockholder that it is required to comply with Regulation M promulgated under the Exchange Act. With certain exceptions, Regulation M precludes the Selling Stockholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the securities offered by this prospectus.

This offering will terminate on the date that all shares of our Common Stock offered by this prospectus have been sold by the Selling Stockholder.

Our Common Stock is currently listed on Nasdaq under the symbol “MSAI”.

B. Riley Principal Capital II and/or one or more of its affiliates has provided, currently provides and/or from time to time in the future may provide various investment banking and other financial services for us and/or one or more of our affiliates that are unrelated to the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the offering of shares for resale by B. Riley Principal Capital II to which this prospectus relates, for which investment banking and other financial services they have received and may continue to receive customary fees, commissions and other compensation from us, aside from any discounts, fees and other compensation that B. Riley Principal Capital II has received and may receive in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement, including (i) the 171,821 Commitment Shares issued to B. Riley Principal Capital II as consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase shares of our Common Stock from us at our direction under the Purchase Agreement, as well as the up to $500,000 Cash Make-Whole Payment we may be required to pay B. Riley Principal Capital II to the extent the aggregate net proceeds received by B. Riley Principal Capital II from their resale of all or any portion of the Commitment Shares being offered by this prospectus is less than $500,000, (ii) the 3.0% fixed discount to current market prices of our Common Stock reflected in the purchase prices payable by B. Riley Principal Capital II for our Common Stock that we may require it to purchase from us from time to time under the Purchase Agreement, and (iii) our reimbursement of up to an aggregate of $135,000 of B. Riley Principal Capital II’s legal fees ($75,000 prior to our execution of the Purchase Agreement and $5,000 per fiscal quarter for the maximum three year term of the Purchase Agreement) in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

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LEGAL MATTERS

ArentFox Schiff LLP will pass upon the validity of the securities registered hereby.

EXPERTS

The financial statements of MSAI as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, included in this prospectus, have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report. Such financial statements are included in reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We have filed a registration statement on Form S-1, including exhibits, under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with respect to the shares of Common Stock and Private Placement Warrants offered by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information included in the registration statement. For further information pertaining to us and our securities, you should refer to the registration statement and our exhibits.

In addition, we file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public on a website maintained by the SEC located at www.sec.gov. We also maintain a website at www.infraredcameras.com. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, our website is not part of, and is not incorporated into, this prospectus.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Index to the Consolidated Financial Statements

	Pages
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No.34)		F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022		F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022		F-4
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022		F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022		F-6
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements		F-8 – F-32

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, statements of changes in shareholders’ equity, and statements of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company is developing its customer base and has not completed its efforts to establish a stabilized source of revenue sufficient to cover its expenses. The Company has suffered net losses, negative cash flows from operations, and negative net working capital; which raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP

Houston, TX
March 29, 2024

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	1,155		$	654
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances of $180 and $290, respectively			2,440			1,508
Inventories, current			6,930			9,634
Income taxes receivable			57			58
Other current assets			1,931			3,075
Total current assets			12,513			14,929
Property, plant and equipment, net			3,084			2,426
Right-of-use assets, net			129			103
Inventories. noncurrent			643			—
Other noncurrent assets			3			3
Total assets		$	16,372		$	17,461
Liabilities and shareholders’ deficit
Current liabilities
Trade accounts payable		$	2,630		$	1,360
Income taxes payable			991			511
Accrued expense			3,543			2,564
Contract liabilities			1,944			287
Line of credit			622			—
Convertible notes, current			—			950
Related party promissory note			575			1,000
Legacy SMAP promissory note			200			—
Right-of-use liabilities, current			138			103
Other current liabilities			114			224
Total current liabilities			10,757			6,999
Shareholder promissory note			—			18,571
Contract liabilities, noncurrent			121			10
Convertible notes, noncurrent			5,695			—
Warrants			49			—
Deferred tax liabilities, net			18			90
Total liabilities		$	16,640		$	25,670
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Shareholders’ equity (deficit)
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; 300,000,000 and 7,708,163 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 11,956,823 and 5,292,384 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively			1			—
Additional paid-in capital			32,862			2,654
Accumulated deficit			(33,131)			(10,863)
Total shareholders’ deficit			(268)			(8,209)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ deficit		$	16,372		$	17,461

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share and per share data)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Revenue, net		$	5,430		$	7,268
Cost of goods sold (exclusive of depreciation)			3,986			4,964
Operating expenses:
Selling, general and administrative			22,105			13,606
Depreciation			872			561
Casualty losses, net of recoveries			—			155
Total operating expenses			22,977			14,322
Operating loss			(21,533)			(12,018)
Interest expense			64			32
Interest expense, related parties			30			83
Change in fair value of convertible notes			(970)			—
Tariff refund			(2,401)			—
Change in fair value of warrants liabilities			(195)			—
Loss on financing transaction			4,043			—
Other (income) expenses, net			(44)			(48)
Loss before income taxes			(22,060)			(12,085)
Income tax expense			208			1,205
Net loss		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted
Basic			6,257,476			5,292,384
Diluted			6,257,476			5,292,384
Net loss per share, basic and diluted
Basic			(3.56)			(2.51)
Diluted			(3.56)			(2.51)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars, except share data)

	Class A Common Stock					Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Earnings (Deficit)			Total Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)
	Shares		Amount			Additional Paid-In Capital			Retained Earnings (Deficit)			Total Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)
January 1, 2022, as previously reported		514,946		$	—		$	2,010		$	2,427		$	4,437
Elimination of historical equity		(514,946)			—			—			—			—
Retroactive application of recapitalization		5,292,384			—			—			—			—
Adjusted Balance at January 1, 2022		5,292,384		$	—		$	2,010		$	2,427		$	4,437
Net loss		—			—			—			(13,290)			(13,290)
Share-based compensation		—			—			644			—			644
Balance at December 31, 2022		5,292,384		$	—		$	2,654		$	(10,863)		$	(8,209)
Net loss		—			—			—			(22,268)			(22,268)
Conversion of shareholder promissory note		1,459,700			—			18,501			—			18,501
Conversion of convertible notes		550,486			—			2,054			—			2,054
Financing transaction shares		680,500			—			4,641			—			4,641
Issuance of common stock		282,074			—			—			—			—
Merger recapitalization (Note 3)		3,691,679			1			(1,454)			—			(1,453)
Deferred transaction costs		—			—			(7,595)			—			(7,595)
Share-based compensation		—			—			14,061			—			14,061
Balance at December 31, 2023		11,956,823		$	1		$	32,862		$	(33,131)		$	(268)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands of U.S. dollars)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Operating Activities
Net loss		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash: (used in) provided by operating activities
Depreciation			872			561
Allowance for doubtful accounts			194			158
Inventories impairment			1,689			—
Non-cash lease expense			(26)			102
Inventory casualty losses			—			1,376
Deferred income tax expense			(72)			1,200
Share-based compensation			14,061			644
Non-cash PIK interest			30			83
(Gain) on sale of equipment			(18)			—
Loss on financing transaction			4,043			—
Change in fair value of warrants liabilities			(195)			—
Change in fair value of convertible notes			(970)			—
Increase (decrease) in cash resulting from changes in:
Trade accounts receivable			(928)			(211)
Deferred transaction costs			(1,098)			—
Inventories			372			284
Other current assets			1,144			1,306
Other noncurrent assets			—			(1)
Trade accounts payable			(14)			461
Income taxes payable			480			511
Income taxes receivable			1			1,645
Contract liability			1,657			212
Other current liabilities			(110)			(14)
Right of use liabilities			(163)			(105)
Accrued expenses			(3,343)			1,897
Other liabilities			111			11
Net cash used in operating activities			(4,551)			(3,170)
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures			(1,542)			(1,600)
Proceeds from sale of equipment			30			—
Net cash used in investing activities			(1,512)			(1,600)
Financing Activities
Proceeds of First Insurance Funding line of credit			647			—
Repayments of First Insurance Funding line of credit			(25)			—
Proceeds of Wells Fargo line of credit			—			1,400

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2023			2022
Repayments of Wells Fargo line of credit			—			(1,400)
Proceeds of B1 Bank line of credit			900			—
Repayments of B1 Bank line of credit			(900)			—
Proceeds from SMAP related party promissory note			1,524			—
Proceeds from related party promissory notes			575			1,000
Proceeds from shareholder promissory notes			—			200
Repayments on shareholder promissory notes			(100)			(100)
Proceeds from convertible notes			1,806			950
Proceeds from financing transaction			4,481			—
Merger recapitalization			(2,344)			—
Net cash provided by financing activities			6,564			2,050
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents			501			(2,720)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year			654			3,374
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the year		$	1,155		$	654
Supplemental cash flow information
Interest paid		$	52		$	29
Income taxes paid			6			33
Non-cash investing and financing transactions
Conversion of shareholder promissory note and accrued interests into common stock		$	18,501		$	—
Conversion of convertible notes and accrued interest into common stock		$	2,054		$	—
Conversion of related party promissory note into convertible note		$	1,000		$	—
Conversion of Legacy SMAP related party promissory notes into convertible notes		$	1,324		$	—
Transfer of inducement shares in financing transaction		$	4,641		$	—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Dollars in thousands)

Note 1 — Organization and Business Operations

MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc. (“MSAI”, “the Company”, “we” or “our”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries manufacture and distribute multi-sensor systems (hardware and software) for thermographic and other use in a variety of industrial applications. The Company also provides on-prem and cloud-based software and services, including training, calibration, and repairs for its customers. The Company’s customers operate in the distribution and logistics, manufacturing, utility and oil and gas sectors.

The Company is domiciled in Delaware and is a C corporation for tax purposes.

Business Prior to the Business Combination

Prior to the Business Combination, the Company as a corporate entity was SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp. (“Legacy SMAP”), and the Company’s sponsor was SportsMap, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The registration statement for Legacy SMAP’s initial public offering (“IPO”) was declared effective on October 18, 2021 (the “Effective Date”). On October 21, 2021, Legacy SMP consummated the IPO of 11,500,000 units (the “Units” and, with respect to the Common stock included in the Units being offered, the “public shares”) at $10.00 per Unit, including the full exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment of 1,500,000 units, generating gross proceeds to Legacy SMAP of $115,000.

Simultaneously with the consummation of the IPO, Legacy SMAP consummated the private placement of 675,000 Units at a price of $10.00 per Unit to the Sponsor and the representative of the underwriters and/or certain of their designees or affiliates, generating gross proceeds to Legacy SMAP of $6,750.

Transaction costs for Legacy SMAP’s IPO amounted to $2,823, consisting of $2,300 of underwriting commissions and $523 of other offering costs. Of these transaction costs, $2,687 was charged to temporary equity and $137 was charged to additional paid-in capital. All activity for the period from October 21, 2021 (inception) through December 18, 2023 related to the Company’s formation and IPO, subsequent to closing of the IPO, and identifying a target company for an initial business combination, and consummating the Business Combination (described below). Legacy SMAP generated non-operating income in the form of interest income on cash and cash equivalents from the proceeds derived from the IPO.

Business Combination Agreement and Related Financing

On December 19, 2023, Legacy SMAP, through its subsidiary ICH Merger Sub Inc. (“Merger Sub”), and Infrared Cameras Holdings Inc (“Legacy ICI”), all of them Delaware corporations, consummated the closing of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, initially entered on December 5, 2022, by and among Legacy SMAP, Legacy ICI, and Merger Sub (the “Business Combination”).

Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, a merger of Legacy SMAP and Legacy ICI was effected by the merger of Merger Sub with and into Legacy ICI, with Legacy ICI surviving the Merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Legacy SMAP. As a result of the consummation of the Business Combination, Legacy SMAP changed its name from “SportsMap Tech Acquisition Corp.” to “Infrared Cameras Holdings, Inc.” (“ICI”). In February 2024, ICI changed its name to MultiSensor AI Holdings, Inc.”

Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, at the effective time of the Business Combination, (i) each outstanding share of Legacy ICI common stock was converted into the right to receive a number of shares of Company common stock equal to the Exchange Ratio (as defined below), and (ii) each Legacy ICI option, restricted stock unit, restricted stock award that was outstanding immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination (and by its terms did not terminate upon the closing of the Business Combination) remained outstanding and (x) in the case of options, represented the right to purchase a number of shares of Company common stock equal to the number of shares of Legacy ICI’s common stock subject to such option multiplied by the Exchange Ratio used for Legacy ICI common stock (rounded down to the nearest whole share) at an exercise price per share equal to the exercise price per share for such

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option divided by the Exchange Ratio (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) and (y) in the case of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards, represented a number of shares of Company common stock equal to the number of shares of Legacy ICI’s common stock subject to such restricted stock unit or restricted stock award multiplied by the Exchange Ratio (rounded down to the nearest whole share).

The Exchange Ratio was 10.2776 of a share of Company common stock per fully diluted share of Legacy ICI common stock.

On December 19, 2023, the Company received $2,137 held in Legacy SMAP’s trust account net of redemptions. Transaction costs related to the issuance of the trust shares were $3,910.

Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combination.

As a result of Legacy ICI being the accounting acquirer in the Merger, the financial reports filed with the SEC by the Company subsequent to the Merger are prepared as if ICI is the accounting predecessor of the Company. The historical operations of Legacy ICI are deemed to be those of the Company. Thus, the financial statements included reflect (i) the historical operating results of Legacy ICI prior to the Merger; (ii) the consolidated results of the Company, following the Merger on December 19, 2023; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Legacy ICI at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented. The recapitalization of the number of shares of common stock is reflected retroactively to the earliest period presented and will be utilized for calculating loss per share in all prior periods presented.

Going Concern

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. The going concern assumption contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company is developing its customer base and has not completed its efforts to establish a stabilized source of revenue sufficient to cover its expenses. The Company has suffered net losses, negative cash flows from operations, and negative net working capital. The Company expects it may continue to incur losses or limited income in the future. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

In response to these conditions, the Company plans to obtain additional liquidity including raising additional funds from investors (in the form of debt, equity or equity-like instruments) and continuing to reduce operating expenses. However, these plans are subject to market conditions, and are not within the Company’s control, and therefore, cannot be deemed probable. As a result, the Company has concluded that management’s plans do not alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures of

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assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates are adjusted to reflect actual experience when necessary. Significant estimates reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to revenue recognition, useful life of fixed assets, allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, capitalization of internal-use software, share-based compensation, estimation of contingencies and estimation of income taxes. The Company assesses estimates on an ongoing basis; however, actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Warrants

The Company has 9,131,250 warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2023, that were assumed from SMAP (comprised of 8,625,000 warrants issued in SMAP’s initial public offering and 506,250 warrants issued in a private placement to SMAP’s sponsor concurrently with SMAP’s initial public offering), and 340,250 warrants were issued in connection with the financing transaction consummated concurrently with the Business Combination.

The warrants are accounted in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815-40-15-7D. The Company accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”) and ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480, and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of the Company’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded at their initial fair value on the date of issuance, and each balance sheet date thereafter.

The 9,131,250 warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2023, that were assumed from SMAP, are classified as equity-classified instruments, and the 340,250 warrants that were issued in connection with the financing transaction consummated concurrently with the Business Combination are classified as liability-classified instruments.

Segments and geographical information

Segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) to allocate resources and assess performance. The CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for the purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, the Company operates and manages its business as one operating segment.

The following table summarizes revenue based upon the customers country of origin:

	2023			2022
United States		$	4,361		$	5,813
International			1,069			1,455
Total revenue, net		$	5,430		$	7,268

The Company holds 100% of its assets within the United States.

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Revenue Recognition

Revenue is accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers through the following steps:

•

Identify the contract with a customer;

•

Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

•

Determine the transaction price;

•

Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract; and

•

Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

Revenue is recognized net of allowances for returns and any sales taxes collected from customers.

Revenue Sources

The Company’s revenues are derived from multiple sources. The following are descriptions of principal revenue generating activities.

— Product Sales

The Company recognizes revenue from product sales at point of time, at the amount to which it expects to be entitled when control of the products is transferred to its customers. Control is transferred at Free On Board (“FOB”) Destination. Payment for products is collected within 30 – 90 days following transfer of control. Product sales are considered one performance obligation.

— Software as a Service (“SaaS”) and Related Services

The Company sells SaaS subscriptions that comprise access to the cloud platform and technical support and upgrades of the software.

The software subscription is accounted for as service obligation. The access to the cloud platform has stand-alone functionality and represents one performance obligation, and the technical support and upgrades of the software are considered distinct from another, are not considered critical for the functionality of the software, and are considered a separate stand ready performance obligation.

The Company’s SaaS subscription services are generally contracted for a period of 12 – 36 months. Annual subscription payments are made in advance, are initially recognized as customer prepayments and revenue is recognized ratably over the subscription period.

— Ancillary Services

Ancillary services derived from on-site inspections, the calibration of infrared cameras, maintenance and training are recognized at point of time when service is provided to the customer.

Shipping and Handling

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and included in cost of goods sold as incurred.

Transaction Price Allocated to Performance Obligations

The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative stand-alone selling price (SSP) basis.

Contract Liabilities

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also include customer prepayments consisting of advances from customers related to products and SaaS subscriptions, as well as repair and service agreements, for which the Company has not yet recognized revenue.

Product Warranties

The Company provides a warranty for the repair or replacement of any defective products within one year of purchase. Estimated future warranty costs are accrued and charged to cost of goods sold in the period that the related revenue is recognized. These estimates are derived from historical data and trends of product reliability and costs of repairing and replacing defective products.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivables are stated at net realizable value. The allowance for doubtful accounts is determined through an evaluation of the aging of the Company’s accounts receivable balances, and considers such factors as the customer’s creditworthiness, the customer’s payment history and current economic conditions. A provision is recognized to bad debt expense and the allowance for doubtful accounts for accounts determined to be uncollectible. Bad debt written-off and any recovery of bad debt write-off is applied to the allowance for doubtful accounts.

Customer Concentration

For the year ended December 31, 2023, one customer accounted for 82% or $2,011 of accounts receivables and one customer accounted for 44% or $2,374 of revenue.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, two customers accounted for 21% or $317 and 10% or $151, respectively of accounts receivables and two customers accounted for 11% or $799 and 6%or $436, respectively of revenue.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. Cash in the Company’s bank accounts may exceed federally insured limits. Restricted cash, if any, represents amounts that the Company is unable to access for operational purposes. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company had no restricted cash.

Offering Costs

The Company complies with the requirements of the ASC 340-10-S99-1 and SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) Topic 5A — “Expenses of Offering”. Offering costs consist of underwriting, legal, accounting and other expenses incurred through the balance sheet date that are directly related to the IPO. Offering costs are allocated to the separable financial instruments to be issued in the IPO based on a relative fair value basis, compared to total proceeds received. Offering costs directly attributable to the issuance of an equity contract to be classified in equity are recorded as a reduction of equity. Offering costs for equity contracts that are classified as assets and liabilities are expensed immediately. Upon closing of the IPO on October 21, 2021, offering costs associated with the common stock and the warrants were charged to temporary equity. Transaction costs amounted to $2,823, consisting of $2,300 of underwriting commissions and $523 of other offering costs. $2,686 was all charged to temporary equity and $137 was charged to additional paid-in capital. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred transaction costs related to the Business Combination of approximately $7,595 which are included as a reduction in APIC on the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity. The Company paid $3,910 in transaction costs related to legal, banking, and accounting advisory fees at the closing of the Business Combination.

Inventories

Inventories are carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value and primarily consist of infrared cameras and various other components and parts. The Company accounts for inventory using the weighted average cost method. Inventory is evaluated and adjusted for excess or obsolete quantities when conditions

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exist to indicate that inventories are likely to be in excess of anticipated demand or are obsolete based upon the Company’s assumptions about future demand for its products.

At the end of each quarter and at year-end the Company evaluates its inventory based on i) its current operating plan to estimate the demand of inventories based on market environment, current portfolio of customers and upcoming purchase orders from customers, ii) full count of inventory at year end and 80% coverage count on a quarterly basis to identify if there are any inventories that are not sold in the operating business cycle, have slow movement and/or are obsolete, iii) assessing whether the costs of individual line items in inventory are greater than net realizable value and should be impaired. Inventory is evaluated and adjusted for excess or obsolete quantities when conditions exist to indicate that inventories are likely to be more than anticipated demand or are obsolete based upon the Company’s assumptions about future demand for its products.

On October 8, 2022, the Company incurred a casualty loss. The Company performed a physical inventory count of all inventories on January 19, 2023, accounting for a casualty loss of $1,376 related to a flood in the Beaumont warehouse. The Company did not identify material count discrepancies between its inventory count and its corresponding inventory/financial accounting records and did not identify any material weakness in controls for inventories as of December 31, 2022. This amount is offset by insurance recoveries of $1,221, resulting in a net $155 of casualty losses, net of recoveries presented on the consolidated statement of operations. Of the $1,221 in insurance recoveries, $225 was received in cash in December 2022 and the remaining $996 was received in cash in January 2023.At the end of each quarter, the Company reviews short-term and long-term classification of inventories related to infrared cameras, as well as to replacement, maintenance and spare parts. Using similar analyses and sources of information as for the inventory write down to net realizable value assessment, the Company makes the following determinations:

•

The Company classifies as short-term inventories that are expected to be sold in the subsequent twelve months.

•

The Company recognizes an inventory write down for inventories that cannot be sold in the market and net realizable value is below cost.

•

The Company classifies as long-term inventories the inventories that are not expected to be sold in the following twelve months but for which ones there is an active market, and the Company has not identified any indicator of impairment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company updated its operating plan and recorded an inventory write down of $1,689, which were charged to costs of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, primarily related to products that are not expected to be sold, based on customer demand and current market conditions. No inventory write down was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant, and equipment is recorded at cost and is depreciated on the straight-line basis over its estimated useful life. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed, and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to operating income (loss). Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized and minor replacements, maintenance, and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

All property, plant, and equipment is depreciated (to the extent of estimated salvage values) on the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:

Assets			Estimated Useful Life
Vehicles			5 years
Buildings			25 – 39 years
Computer equipment			3 – 5 years
Furniture and fixtures			7 years
Machinery and equipment			4 – 7 years

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Capitalized Software

The Company capitalizes certain internal and external costs incurred to acquire or create internal use software in the development stage. Internal costs capitalized are directly attributable to the development of the software. Capitalized software is included in property, plant and equipment and is amortized over 5 years on the straight-line method once development is complete.

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising costs were $345 and $609 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Impairment

Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews the carrying value of property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If a long-lived asset is tested for recoverability and the undiscounted estimate future cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, the asset cost is adjusted to fair value and an impairment loss is recognized as the amount by which the carrying amount of a long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. No impairment was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022.

Leases

Leases are accounted under ASC 842, Leases. The Company’s lease portfolio consists of real estate leases. Some leases have the option to extend or terminate the lease and the Company recognizes these terms when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.

As a lessee, the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at commencement. The Right-of-Use (ROU) lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments related to the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. We use incremental borrowing rates based on information available at the commencement date to determine the present value of our lease payments. The Company leases relate to its corporate office and production facilities. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, all leases are classified as operating leases.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company recognizes a net deferred tax asset or liability based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax basis of assets and liabilities. Enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from the change in the net deferred tax asset or liability between periods. The deferred tax asset is reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not to be sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. The Company does not have any uncertain tax positions that require recognition or measurement in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes

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interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits on the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included on the related tax liability line in the consolidated balance sheet.

ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” requires the Company to reduce its deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income of appropriate character during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the weight of available evidence, both positive and negative, including the scheduled reversal of deferred tax assets and liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. To the extent the Company believes that it does not meet the test that recovery is more likely than not, it establishes a valuation allowance. To the extent that the Company establishes a valuation allowance or changes this allowance in a period, it adjusts the tax provision or tax benefit in the consolidated statement of operations. Management uses its best judgment in determining provisions or benefits for income taxes, and any valuation allowance recorded against previously established deferred tax assets. The Company has measured the value of deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, 2023, based on the cumulative weight of positive and negative evidence that exists as of the date of the financial statements. Should the cumulative weight of all available positive and negative evidence change in the forecast period, the expectation of realization of deferred tax assets existing as of December 31, 2023, prospectively may change.

As a result, the Company established a valuation allowance based on the weight of available evidence, both positive and negative, including results of recent and current operations and our estimates of future taxable income or loss. In order to determine the amount of deferred tax assets or liabilities, as well as the valuation allowances, the Company used estimates and assumptions regarding future taxable income and other business considerations. Changes in these estimates and assumptions, including changes in tax laws and other changes impacting the ability to recognize the underlying deferred tax assets, could require adjustments to the valuation allowances.

Shared-Based Compensation

The Company issues share-based awards to certain employees and non-employees in the form of stock options, which are measured at fair value at the date of grant. The fair value determined at the grant date and is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The share-based awards are classified as equity. Share-based compensation expense is included within selling and general administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company estimates grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The use of a valuation model requires management to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs. The Company grants stock options at exercise prices determined equal to the fair value of common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the Company’s common stock is based on the Company’s historical financial performance and observable arms-length sales of the Company’s capital stock.

The expected term represents the period that the share-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The stock option grants are “plain vanilla” and the Company determines the expected term using the simplified method as provided by the Securities and Exchange Commission. The simplified method deems the term to be the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options. The risk-free rate for the expected term of the options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve at the date of the grant. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur (Note 10).

Contingencies

The Company accrues costs relating to litigation claims and other contingent matters when such liabilities become probable and reasonably estimable. Such estimates may be based on advice from third parties or on management’s judgment, as appropriate. Revisions to contingent liabilities are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which different facts or information become known or

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circumstances change that affect the Company’s previous judgments with respect to the likelihood or amount of loss. Amounts paid upon the ultimate resolution of contingent liabilities may be materially different from previous estimates and could require adjustments to the estimated reserves to be recognized in the period such new information becomes known.

In circumstances where the most likely outcome of a contingency can be reasonably estimated, the Company accrues a liability for that amount. Where the most likely outcome cannot be estimated, a range of potential losses is established and if no one amount in that range is more likely than others, the low end of the range is accrued.

Fair Value

The Company uses valuation approaches that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. A three-tiered hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value. This hierarchy requires that the Company use observable market data, when available, and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value:

•

Level 1: observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

•

Level 2: inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•

Level 3: unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires that the Company develop its own assumptions.

Deferred transaction costs

Deferred transaction costs represent amounts paid for legal, consulting, and other offering expenses in conjunction with the future raising of additional capital to be performed within one year. These costs are netted against additional paid-in capital after the Merger was complete.

Tariff refund

Tariff refund includes refunds from the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) resulting from overpayment of customs duties, taxes, and fees.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. As the Company is a smaller reporting company, ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company’s annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2022, and requires a cumulative effect adjustment to the balance sheet as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326). ASU 2019-04 provides narrow-scope amendments to help apply ASU 2016-13 and is effective with the adoption of ASU 2016-13. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and ASU 2019-04 on January 1, 2023, and it did not have a material impact on its financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting — Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments require disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. The amendments also require companies

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with a single reportable segment to provide all disclosures required by this amendment and all existing segment disclosures in Accounting Standards Codification 280, Segment Reporting. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of the amendments to have a material impact on its financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, Income Taxes — Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require (i) enhanced disclosures in connection with an entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and (ii) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company does not expect the adoption of the amendments to have a material impact on its financial statements.

Note 3 — Reverse Recapitalization

On December 19, 2023, the Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization under U.S. GAAP. Legacy ICI was the accounting acquirer and Legacy SMAP was the accounting acquiree for financial reporting purposes.

Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the Company represent a continuation of the financial statements of Legacy ICI with the Merger being treated as the equivalent of ICI issuing stock for the net assets of Legacy SMAP, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Legacy SMAP are stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. Operations prior to the Merger are presented as those of Legacy ICI.

The following table reconciles the elements of the Merger to the consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Recapitalization and associated transactions
Cash (Trust)		$	17,996
Redemptions			(16,430)
Less: fees to underwriters and advisors			(3,910)
Net cash due to Merger recapitalization			(2,344)
Issuance of Financing notes			4,481
Net cash received from Financing transaction and Merger recapitalization		$	2,137

The number of outstanding shares of common stock of the Company as of December 31, 2023, is summarized as follows:

Shares by Type	Number of shares
ICI Class A Common Stock outstanding previous to the Merger		8,265,144
Number of Shares issued at the date of the business combination (Recapitalization)
SMAP Class A Common Stock outstanding previous to the Merger		5,184,944
Less: Redemption of SMAP Class A previous to the Merger		(1,493,265)
Total Class A Shares issued to former SMAP shareholders		3,691,679
Number of Basic Share issued at the Merger and Total Common Stock as of December 31, 2023		11,956,823

Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, each Transaction RSU Award immediately prior to the closing of the Business Combination, and which based on their terms did not terminate upon the closing of the Business Combination, remained outstanding. In the case each Transaction RSU Award, they were converted based on the number of shares of Company common stock equal to the number of shares of Legacy ICI common stock subject to that award, multiplied by the Exchange Ratio.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred transaction costs related to the Business Combination of approximately $7,595 which are included as a reduction in APIC on the consolidated statements of changes in shareholders’ equity.

Class A Common Stock

Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, at the effective time of the Merger each outstanding share of Legacy ICI common stock (804,194 shares) were converted into common stock of the Company based on the Exchange Ratio described in Note 1.

Under the Business Combination Agreement, the surviving company would have been obligated under certain circumstances to issue 2.4 million shares of common stock following the Business Combination (the “Earnout Shares”). The Earnout Shares would be issued pro rata to the holders of Legacy ICI common stock prior to the Business Combination, under certain qualifying conditions, if either (a) during the period beginning six months after the closing of the Business Combination and ending on December 31, 2024, the common stock of the Company achieved a market price of $12.50 per share for a specified number of days, or the Company consummated a transaction in which its stockholders have the right to receive consideration implying a value of at least $12.50 per share, or (b) the Company achieved revenue of $68.5 million during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. The earnout provision under the Business Combination Agreement was subsequently cancelled on March 7, 2024.

Financing Transaction

We will pay interest on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of such notes at the rate of 9% per annum, payable (i) quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1, beginning April 1, 2024, (ii) on each date on which a Holder elects to convert any amount of Financing Notes and (iii) on the Maturity Date (each such date, an “Interest Payment Date”), in cash or, if the Holder elects to receive interest on the Financing Note in the form of shares of our common stock. If the Holder elects to receive interest in shares of our common stock, such interest shall be payable at a rate of 11% per annum in duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of our common stock at a volume-weighted average price for the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Interest Payment Date (which shall not be less than $1.00) (such shares payable in lieu of cash interest, the “Interest Shares”). Failure to pay interest is deemed an event of default and the interest rate shall increase automatically to 15% per annum until repaid.

As part of the financing transaction, we also issued warrants (the “Financing Warrants”) to the Financing Investors to purchase an aggregate of 340,250 shares of our common stock (such shares issuable upon exercise of the Financing Warrants, the “Financing Warrant Shares”), at an exercise price of $11.50 per Financing Warrant Share. The Financing Warrants were allocated ratably among the Financing Investors in accordance with their respective investment amounts. The Financing Warrants are exercisable at any time before the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination. The Financing Warrants are not subject to any redemption provision, and can be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis at the discretion

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of the holder. In addition, in order to induce the Financing Investors’ investments, certain holders of SMAP’s founder shares and stockholders of Legacy ICI transferred, and Legacy ICI issued prior to the closing of the Business Combination for exchange at the Exchange Ratio at Closing, an aggregate of 680,500 shares of our common stock to the Financing Investors at the closing.

Note 4 — Revenue

The following table summarizes the Company’s revenue disaggregated by type of product and service:

	2023			2022
Product sales		$	4,270		$	6,681
Software as a service and related services			784			348
Ancillary services			376			239
Total revenue		$	5,430		$	7,268

In 2023 and 2022, $4,646 and $6,920 of the Company’s revenues were recognized as point in time and $784 and $348 revenues were recognized over time, respectively.

Contract Liabilities

Contract liabilities consist of sales of SaaS subscriptions and related services, as well as repair and service agreements, where in most cases, the Company receives prepayments and recognizes revenue over the support term of 12-36 months. The Company classifies these contract liabilities as either current or non- current liabilities based on the expected timing of recognition of related revenue. The following table summarizes the change in contract liabilities:

	Contract liabilities
Balance at January 1, 2022		$	75
Prepayments			570
Revenue recognition			(348)
Balance at December 31, 2022			297
Prepayments			2,552
Revenue recognition			(784)
Balance at December 31, 2023		$	2,065
Contract liabilities, noncurrent			121

Remaining performance obligations

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $2,065 in remaining performance obligations, of which $1,944 will be completed by the year ended December 31, 2024, and $121 will be completed by the year ended January 31, 2028.

Accounts Receivables Allowance

The following table summarizes the change in the accounts receivables allowance:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Beginning balance		$	290		$	145
Reversal of account receivables allowance			(304)			(13)
Bad debt expense			194			158
Ending balance		$	180		$	290

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Note 5 — Property, Plant and Equipment

The following table summarizes our property, plant and equipment:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Vehicles		$	354		$	386
Buildings			43			43
Computer equipment			25			23
Furniture and fixtures			3			3
Machinery and equipment			1,404			1,140
Internal-use software			3,126			1,851
Property, plant and equipment, gross		$	4,955		$	3,446
Less: accumulated depreciation			(1,871)			(1,020)
Property, plant and equipment, net		$	3,084		$	2,426

Depreciation expenses were $872 and $561 for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Note 6 — Other Current Assets

The following table summarizes our other current assets:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Deposits		$	1,209		$	1,962
Prepaid expenses			683			102
Other receivables			39			1,011
Total other current assets		$	1,931		$	3,075

As of December 31, 2022, other receivables reflect the amount recoverable by the insurance, related to the damage of inventories in the production facility in Beaumont, Texas as noted in Note 2.

Note 7 — Inventories

The following table summarizes inventories:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Infrared cameras		$	4,955		$	5,904
Replacement, maintenance, and spare parts			1,975			3,730
Inventories, current		$	6,930		$	9,634
Infrared cameras		$	389		$	—
Replacement, maintenance, and spare parts			254			—
Inventories, noncurrent		$	643		$	—
Total inventories		$	7,573		$	9,634

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded an inventory write down of $1,689, which were charged to costs of goods sold in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, related to products that are not expected to be sold in one year based on customer demand and current market conditions. No inventory write down was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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The following table summarizes the amount of inventory write-downs to net realizable value recorded for each period (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Amount of inventory write-down to net realizable value		$	1,689		$	—

Note 8 — Accrued Expense

The following table summarizes accrued expenses:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Professional fees		$	3,298		$	1,705
Salaries and wages			121			615
Interest payable			70			184
Taxes payable			—			54
Other			54			6
Total accrued expense		$	3,543		$	2,564

Note 9 — Debt

Wells Fargo Line of Credit

On April 2, 2021, the Company entered into an asset based revolving credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as amended on June 18, 2021 (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provided an aggregate revolving credit commitment of $15,000 subject to a borrowing base consisting of eligible accounts receivable and inventory. The Credit Agreement included borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and revolving loans available for working capital and other general corporate purposes. This Credit Agreement had a maturity date of April 3, 2023.

The interest rate applicable to the Credit Agreement was either (i) the Base Rate, which is the higher of the Prime Rate, the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.5% and the Daily Floating LIBOR Rate plus 1.0%, or (ii) LIBOR plus a margin of 2.0%. The Company was subjected to a non-use fee of 0.375% on the daily average unused portion of the commitment under the Credit Agreement.

Obligations under the Credit Agreement were secured (with certain exceptions) by first priority security interests on all of the Company’s assets.

The Credit Agreement permitted voluntary prepayments (without reducing availability for future revolving borrowings) and voluntary commitment reductions at any time, in each case without premium or penalty.

In March and May 2022, the Company borrowed $400 and $1,000, respectively and in June 2022, the Company repaid the entire $1,400 borrowing.

On July 12, 2022, the Company voluntarily reduced the revolving credit commitment to zero ($0) and terminated the Credit Agreement. At the time of the termination, the interest expense was $10 and termination fees were $51, which were charged to selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

B1 Bank Line of Credit

On January 22, 2023, the Company entered into an asset-based revolving credit agreement with B1 Bank (the “Line of Credit”). The Line of Credit provided an aggregate revolving credit commitment of $3,000, subject to a borrowing base consisting of eligible accounts receivable and inventory. The Line of

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Credit included borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and revolving loans available for working capital and other general corporate purposes. The maturity date is January 22, 2024.

The interest rate applicable to the Credit Agreement is 8.5% and is secured by inventories and cash flows.

In March and June 2023, the Company borrowed $300 and $600, respectively. In December 2023, the Company repaid the entire $900 borrowing. Throughout 2023, the Company paid $52 in interest.

Shareholder Promissory Note

On July 14, 2020, the Company issued a promissory note to its majority shareholder in an amount of $29,718 (the “Shareholder Promissory Note”). The Shareholder Promissory Note bore interest at the rate of 0.45% per annum, with all principal and accrued interest due and payable in full on July 14, 2025.

The Shareholder Promissory Note was unsecured. Principal and interest payments were made by the Company in cash or in kind prior to maturity.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 the Company made principal cash payments of $100 and $100, respectively. The Company received additional proceeds in the amount of $200 in 2022.

On December 31, 2022, the principal outstanding balance was $18,347 and accrued unpaid interest was $224.

Interest expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 were $30 and $83, respectively. Interest expense is paid-in-kind.

On May 31, 2023, the Company completed the conversion of the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interests of the Shareholder Promissory Note into shares of Class A Common Stock. At the time of conversion, the total face value of the Shareholder Promissory Note was $18,501, comprising $18,247 in principal and $254 in accrued interest. In exchange for the contribution of the Shareholder Promissory Note, the Company issued 142,028 shares of its Class A Common Stock to the creditor, in accordance with ASC 405-20-40, “Liabilities — Extinguishments of Liabilities — Derecognition”. No cash was exchanged as part of this transaction.

Related Party Promissory Notes

On August 9, 2022, the Company borrowed $1,000 under an unsecured non-interest-bearing promissory note with a related party to fund short-term working capital needs. The promissory note shall be payable in full on any future date on which the lender demands repayment On December 19, 2023, in connection with the Business Combination, the promissory note was exchanged for an equal amount of Financing Notes which resulted in loss on the extinguishment of debt of $594 recorded under loss on financing transaction within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In June 2023, the Company borrowed $375 under an unsecured non-interest-bearing promissory note with a related party to fund short-term working capital needs. The Related Party Promissory Note shall be payable in full on any future date on which the lender demands repayment. The Notes have a maturity date of 12 months from the effective date and beared an interest rate of 12%. Accrued unpaid interest was $25 on December 31, 2023.

On December 8, 2023, the Company borrowed $200 under an unsecured non-interest-bearing promissory note with a related party to fund short-term working capital needs. The Related Party Promissory Note shall be payable in full on any future date on which the lender demands repayment.

Legacy SMAP Related Party Promissory Notes

In April, May and November 2023, Legacy SMAP secured operational working capital of $1,524. The promissory notes were not interest bearing and were not convertible into any securities of the company. The promissory notes were to be payable upon consummation of an initial business combination; provided that the Company has the right to extend the repayment date for up to 12 months thereafter in the event

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that the minimum cash transaction is not met or would not be met but for such extension. The minimum cash transaction proceeds were not met at the closing of the Business Combination, and as such, the Company has elected to extend repayment of the promissory notes beyond the closing. The principal balance may be prepaid at any time.

On December 19, 2023, in connection with the Business Combination, $1,324 of the promissory notes was exchanged for an equal amount of financing notes which resulted in loss on the extinguishment of debt of $787 recorded under loss on financing transaction within the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Convertible Notes

In September 2023, August 2023, July 2023, June 2023, May 2023, January 2023 and December 2022, Legacy ICI issued unsecured convertible notes with several accredited private investors in an aggregate principal amount of $100, $500, $400, $350, $100, $150 and $950, respectively. The notes had a maturity date of 6 months from the effective date and beared a paid-in-kind interest rate of 10% per annum which was increased to 12% effective on February 15, 2023.

In the event of and prior to the consummation of an initial public offering (“IPO”) or de-SPAC transaction, the unpaid principal balance and accrued interest were to be automatically converted into ICI Class A Common Stock at the imputed price per share of common stock of the IPO, discounted at 50%.

On December 19, 2023, in connection with the Business Combination, Legacy ICI completed the conversion of the outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interests of the convertible notes into shares of Class A Common Stock. At the time of conversion, the total face value of the convertible notes was $2,754, comprising $2,550 in principal and $204 in accrued interest.

Financing Notes

On December 19, 2023, in connection with the Business Combination, the Company issued the Financing Notes to several accredited private investors in an aggregate principal amount of $6,805, including $2,324 of which were issued in exchange for other debt instruments as described above.

Each Financing Note will mature on the third anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination (the “Maturity Date”) and is convertible at any time at the holder’s option at a conversion price of $10.00 per share, subject to certain customary adjustments (such shares issuable upon conversion of Financing Notes, the “Conversion Shares”). Except with the consent of the holder of the applicable Financing Note, the Company may not repay any principal amount of any Financing Note prior to the Maturity Date.

The Company will pay interest on the aggregate unconverted and then outstanding principal amount of such notes at the rate of 9% per annum, payable (i) quarterly on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1, beginning April 1, 2024, (ii) on each date on which a holder elects to convert any amount of Financing Notes and (iii) on the Maturity Date (each such date, an “Interest Payment Date”), in cash or, if the holder elects to receive interest on the Financing Note in the form of shares of the Company’s common stock. If the Holder elects to receive interest in shares of the Company’s common stock, such interest shall be payable at a rate of 11% per annum in duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable shares of the Company’s common stock at a volume-weighted average price for the 30 consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately prior to the applicable Interest Payment Date (which shall not be less than $1.00) (such shares payable in lieu of cash interest, the “Interest Shares”). Failure to pay interest is deemed an event of default and the interest rate shall increase automatically to 15% per annum until repaid.

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Debt Obligations and Schedule Maturities

As of December 31, 2023, aggregate principal repayments of total debt for the next five years were as follows:

2024	$	1,397
2025		—
2026		—
2027		6,805
2028		—
Thereafter		—
	$	8,202

Note 10 — Share-Based Compensation

Stock Options

On October 9, 2020, the Company implemented the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, (the “Plan”) pursuant to which the Company’s Board of Directors may grant stock options to employees and non-employees. The Plan initially authorized grants to purchase up to 26,500 shares of authorized but unissued Class B non- voting Common Stock of Legacy ICI.

In December 2020, May 2021 and December 2021, the Plan was amended to increase the number of stock options granted for issuance under the Plan by an additional 43,257, 40,000 and 40,000 shares, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the amount of stock options granted was 149,757 shares.

Stock options could be granted under the Plan with an exercise price equal to the share’s fair value at the grant date. The options vest and become fully exercisable over service periods ranging from two to four years from the date of grant. The options expire ten years after issuance.

On December 19, 2023, in connection with the Business Combination, which triggered accelerated vesting of all outstanding stock options, resulted in an additional $845 share-based compensation expense.

The grant date fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes- Merton option-pricing model based on the following weighted average assumptions:

	2023			2022
Valuation assumptions:
Exercise price per share		$	74.73		$	74.73
Expected term (in years)			6.0			6.0
Expected share volatility			39.14%			37.07%
Expected dividend yield			—			—
Risk free rate			4.12%			3.16%

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The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Number of shares		Weighted average exercise price			Weighted average remaining term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at January 1, 2022		123,804		$	67.66		9.3		$	—
Granted		30,956			74.56		—			—
Exercised		—			—		—			—
Forfeited		(35,634)			71.87		—
Expired		(10,260)			72.80		—			—
Balance at December 31, 2022		108,866		$	67.69		7.2		$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2022		—			—		—			—

	Number of shares		Weighted average exercise price			Weighted average remaining term		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Balance at January 1, 2023		108,866		$	67.69		7.2		$	—
Granted		2,050			74.73		—			—
Exercised		(110,916)			74.73		—			—
Forfeited		—			—		—
Expired		—			—		—			—
Balance at December 31, 2023		—		$	—		—		$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2023		—			—		—			—

The weighted average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2023 and 2022 was $33.50 and $30.91, respectively. 110,916 and zero shares were exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Total share-based compensation expense related to stock options recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses in 2023 and 2022 was $1,197 and $644, respectively.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was none and $1,129, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options granted under the Plan.

The total fair value of shares vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 was $1,197 and $841, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Prior to the effective time of the Business Combination, the Company granted 1,886,166 Transaction RSU Awards to certain employees. Each Transaction RSU Award vests on January 1, 2024. In addition, each Transaction RSU Award is expected to be settled in twelve substantially equal monthly installments starting on the date following the first anniversary of the closing of the Business Combination.

An additional award of restricted stock units is expected to be granted by the Company to certain employees upon the effectiveness of the Form S-8 that will register common stock issuable under the Company’s 2023 incentive award plan, which is expected to occur in 2024.

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Presented below is a summary of the status of outstanding RSUs, including showing the vesting status based on the service and criteria.

	Number of shares		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023		—		$	—
Granted		1,886,166			6.82
Exercised		—			—
Forfeited		—			—
Expired		—			—
Nonvested at December 31, 2023		1,886,166		$	6.82

As of December 31, 2023, there are 1,886,166 RSUs outstanding, all with only service conditions. None have vested as of December 31, 2023. All RSUs were assigned a fair value of $6.82, which is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant.

Stock compensation expense for Transaction RSU Awards have only service vesting conditions. Expense will be recognized on a straight-line basis for all RSU awards with only service conditions. In the event that a RSU grant holder is terminated before the award is fully vested for RSUs granted under the 2023 incentive award plan, the full amount of the unvested portion of the award will be recognized as a forfeiture in the period of termination. We recognized a total shared based compensation expense related to RSUs of $12,864 during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Note 11 — Shareholders Equity

Total authorized capital stock of the Company as of December 31, 2023 is 300,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2023, there were 11,956,823 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

As of December 31, 2022, there were 5,292,384 shares of Legacy ICI Class A common stock issued and outstanding.

Note 12 — Earnings (loss) per Share

Basic earnings (loss) per share is computed in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, by dividing the net loss attributable to holders of common stock by the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, including the dilutive effects of stock options.

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share:

Since the Company was in a net loss position for the years ended 2023 and 2022, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been antidilutive.

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	2023			2022
Numerator:
Basic and Diluted Net loss attributable to common stockholders		$	(22,268)		$	(13,290)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of shares:
Basic – Common Stock			6,257,476			5,292,384
Add: Dilutive effects, as shown separately below
Unvested Stock Options			—			—
Diluted – Common Stock			6,257,476			5,292,384
Basic Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders		$	(3.56)		$	(2.51)
Diluted Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders		$	(3.56)		$	(2.51)

The diluted earnings (loss) per share is the same as the basic earnings (loss) share for years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 as all potential common shares including stock options are anti-dilutive and are therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net profit per share. The table above does not include (i) up to 680,500 shares of new Common Stock that will be issuable upon conversion of $6,805 in Financing Notes at a conversion rate of $10.00 per share, (ii) up to 2,245,650 shares of new Common stock that may be issuable as interest payments on the Financing Notes, (iii) up to 8,625,000 shares of new Common Stock that will be issuable upon exercise of the Company’s outstanding public warrants at an exercise price of $11.50 per share for cash, (iv) up to 2,400,000 Earnout Shares that will be issuable if certain conditions are met (v) up to 506,250 shares of new Common Stock that will be issuable upon exercise of the Company’s outstanding private warrants at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, (vi) up to 340,250 shares of new Common Stock that will be issuable upon exercise of the Financing Warrants at an exercise price of $11.50 per share for cash, (vii) shares of new Common Stock that will be issuable upon the exercise of Company’s Options, (viii) shares of new Common Stock underlying the Company’s RSU Awards or (ix) shares of new Common Stock that will be available for issuance under the 2023 Incentive Award Plan, which will initially be equal to 12% of the fully-diluted shares as of the Business Combination (excluding the Earnout Shares and shares payable as interest on the Financing Notes).

Note 13 — Related Party Transactions

Shareholder and Related Party Promissory Notes

See Note 9.

Leases

The Company leases its corporate office and one production facility from its majority shareholder under three operating lease agreements. The Company paid the majority shareholder total lease payments $163, for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, under these lease agreements.

Note 14 — Leases

Operating leases

The Company leases consist of operating leases related to corporate offices and production facilities.

Supplemental Consolidated Balance Sheet information for operating leases on December 31, 2023, and 2022, is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Assets
Right-of-use assets, net		$	129		$	103
Liabilities
Right-of-use liabilities, current			138			103

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Components of operating lease cost for the twelve months ending December 31, 2023, and 2022:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Components operating lease cost
Operating lease cost		$	134		$	102
Short-term leases			40			124

For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company incurred operating lease expense totaling $174 and $225, respectively, and operating lease expense was recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Remaining operating lease term and discounted rates as of December 31, 2023, and 2022, are as follows:

	December 31,
	2023		2022
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)		0.9		0.9
Weighted-average discount rate		8%		8%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the twelve months ending December 31, 2023, and 2022, is as follows:

	December 31,
	2023			2022
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for lease liabilities		$	376		$	198
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities			163			105
Cash paid for short term operating leases
Operating lease payments			40			124

Maturities of operating lease liabilities for continuing operations under the new lease standard as of December 31, 2023, are as follows:

For the twelve months ending December 31,
2024	$	142
2025		—
2026		—
2027		—
2028		—
Thereafter		—
Total operating lease payments	$	142
Less: imputed interest		(4)
Present value of operating lease liabilities	$	138

Note 15 — Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, earn-outs, assessments, litigation, fines, and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. Legal costs incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

In the ordinary course of the business, the Company is subject to periodic legal or administrative proceedings. As of December 31, 2023, and 2022, the Company was not involved in any material claims or

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legal actions which, in the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

Note 16 — Income taxes

The components of the provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 were as follows:

	2023			2022
Current:
Federal		$	272		$	—
State			7			5
Total current			279			5
Deferred:
Federal			(71)			1,096
State			—			104
Total deferred			(71)			1,200
Total income tax provision		$	208		$	1,205

	2023			2022
Deferred Tax Assets:
Impairment		$	1,134		$	1,147
Accruals			107			108
Reserves			52			75
Interest carryforward			31			31
Net operating losses			3,849			2,387
Other			60			40
Financial instruments			1,392			—
Start-up costs			982			—
UNICAP 263A			175			395
Valuation allowance			(7,011)			(3,583)
Total deferred tax assets		$	771			600
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Prepaid Expense		$	(162)			(24)
Other			(30)			(157)
Depreciation			(597)			(509)
Total deferred tax liabilities			(789)			(690)
Deferred tax (liabilities) assets, net		$	(18)		$	(90)

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The total provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 varies from the federal statutory rate as a result of the following:

	2023			2022
Loss before income tax expense		$	(22,060)		$	(12,085)
Statutory tax rate			21%			21%
Income tax (benefit) expense at federal statutory rate			(4,633)			(2,538)
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Permanent differences			2,300			494
State income tax, net of federal benefit			(177)			(343)
Valuation allowance			3,428			3,583
Other, net			(710)			9
Income tax expense			208			1,205
Current income tax expense			279			5
Deferred income tax (benefit)			(71)			1,200
Total		$	208		$	1,205

Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amount of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and such amounts recognized for tax purposes. As a result of the Company’s evaluation of both the positive and negative evidence, the Company determined it does not believe it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will be utilized in the foreseeable future and has recorded a valuation allowance. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized income tax expense because of a true-up on the federal tax payable and interest on late payment of the federal tax payable. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized income tax expense because of a change in valuation allowance.

Changes in the valuation allowance are as follows:

	2023			2022
Balance, beginning of the year		$	3,583		$	—
Additions to valuation allowance			3,428			3,583
Balance, end of the year			7,011			3,583

The Company intends to continue maintaining a valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets until there is sufficient evidence to support reversal of all or some portion of these allowances.

The Company reported U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of $16,771 and state net operating loss carryforward of $22,416. For state income tax purposes, the Company has $20,218 of net operating losses which are subject to expiration. The carryforward life for the net operating losses is dependent on the rules for each jurisdiction and therefore the losses are subject to expiration with the earliest year being 2033 and the latest year being 2044. The U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of $16,771 of federal and $2,198 of state NOLs will not expire. In addition, the Company also had U.S. interest limitation carryforwards of $133 with an indefinite expiration date.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

	2023			2022
Balance, beginning of the year		$	—		$	—
Additions			—			—
Balance, end of the year			—			—

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the provision for income taxes in the consolidated statement of operation and as of December 31, 2023, and

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2022, the Company did not accrue interest and penalties. The Company does not expect its unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly in the next twelve months. We file income tax returns in the U.S. as well as in various states and the Company notes that the earliest year open to examination is 2020. The Company is not currently under examination by any major tax jurisdiction.

Note 17 — Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, earn-outs, and accounts payable where the carrying value approximates fair value due to the short — term nature of each instrument.

•

Level 1: observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

•

Level 2: inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•

Level 3: unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which requires that the Company develop its own assumptions.

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables and accounts payables, where the carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of each instrument.

On October 9, 2020, the Company implemented the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan, (the “Plan”) pursuant to which the Company’s Board of Directors may grant stock options to employees and non-employees. The common stock granted as part of the Plan were recorded in equity and classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

On December 19, 2023, prior to the closing of the Business Combination, the Board of Directors of Legacy ICI authorized that the shares of common stock which were subject to the Transaction RSU Awards would be delivered in accordance with the terms of the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. All Transaction RSU Awards issued were valued using a fair value of $6.82, which was the closing share price of our common stock on that date. The common stock granted as part of the Plan were recorded in equity and classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

The convertible note was valued using a probability-weighted expected return method (“PWERM”) based on the probabilities of different potential outcomes for the note. The fair value of the convertible note was determined using the following significant unobservable inputs.

Fair Value Assumption — Financing Note			December 31, 2023
Principal			$6,805
Discount rate			20.00%
Note term			2.97 years
Stock Price			$3.35
Maturity date			12/19/2026
Risk rate			3.92%
Volatility			32.49%

The fair value of the Financing Notes as of December 31, 2023 is $5,695 and is classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy.

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The fair value of the Company’s outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2023 and is classified as Level 1 within the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value Assumption — Warrants			December 31, 2023
Exercise Price			$11.50
Warrant term			4.97 years
Maturity date			12/19/2028
Stock Price			$3.35
Risk rate			3.75%
Volatility			33.29%

Note 18 — Subsequent Events

For the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023, the Company has evaluated subsequent events through March 29, 2024, the date the financial statements were available to be issued.

In March 2024, the Company entered into an earnout waiver agreement whereby the Company and other parties thereto agreed to cancel the earnout provision in the Business Combination Agreement referenced in Note 1.

In March 2024, the Company entered into an agreement to waive the lock-up restrictions with respect to 2,146,067 shares of the Company’s common stock which are currently subject to lock-up pursuant to that certain Lock-Up Agreement, dated December 19, 2023, between the Company, SportsMap, LLC, and certain other holders of the Company’s common stock. The 2,146,067 shares being released from lock-up restrictions are held by certain holders who are not affiliates of the Company. Without such waiver, these shares would have been subject to lock-up restrictions until June 19, 2024.

F-32

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