INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES AND RISK CONSIDERATIONS
The following supplements the information contained in the Prospectus concerning the investment objectives, strategies and risks of investing in the Funds. This section contains a detailed discussion of the portfolio investments in which the Funds may invest. The investment practices described below, except as further set forth in “Investment Restrictions,” are not fundamental and may be changed by the Board of Trustees of the Trust (the “Board”) without the approval of shareholders.
American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), Continental Depositary Receipts (“CDRs”), European Depositary Receipts (“EDRs”) and Global Depositary Receipts (“GDRs”)
ADRs are securities, typically issued by a U.S. financial institution (a “depositary”), that evidence ownership interest in a security or a pool of securities issued by a foreign issuer and deposited with the depositary. EDRs, which are sometimes referred to as CDRs, are securities, typically issued by a non-U.S. financial institution, that evidence ownership interest in a security or a pool of securities issued by either a U.S. or foreign issuer. GDRs are issued globally and evidence a similar ownership arrangement. Generally, ADRs are designed for trading in the U.S. securities market. EDRs are designed for trading in European securities markets and GDRs are designed for trading in non-U.S. securities markets. Generally, depositary receipts may be available through “sponsored” or “unsponsored” facilities. A sponsored facility is established jointly by the issuer of the security underlying the receipt and a depositary, whereas an unsponsored facility may be established by a depositary without participation by the issuer of the underlying security. Holders of unsponsored depositary receipts generally bear all the costs of the unsponsored facility. The depositary of an unsponsored facility frequently is under no obligation to distribute shareholder communications received from the issuer of the deposited security or to pass through, to the holders of the receipts, voting rights with respect to the deposited securities.
Borrowing
A Fund may not borrow money or issue senior securities, except as described in this paragraph or as described in “Investment Restrictions.” Any policy under “Investment Restrictions” which contradicts policies described in this paragraph governs that applicable Fund’s policy on borrowing. A Fund may borrow from banks or enter into reverse repurchase agreements for temporary purposes in amounts up to one-third of the value of its total assets. A Fund may not mortgage, pledge or hypothecate any assets, except in connection with permitted borrowing or other permitted investment techniques. Any borrowing will be done from a bank with asset coverage of at least 300%, if required. In the event that such asset coverage shall at any time fall below 300%, a Fund shall, within three days thereafter (not including Sundays or holidays) or such longer period as the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) may prescribe by rules and regulations, reduce the amount of its borrowings to such an extent that the asset coverage of such borrowings shall be at least 300%.
Convertible Securities
Common stock occupies the most junior position in a company’s capital structure. Convertible securities entitle the holder to exchange the securities for a specified number of shares of common stock,
usually of the same company, at specified prices within a certain period of time and to receive interest or dividends until the holder elects to convert. The provisions of any convertible security determine its ranking in a company’s capital structure. In the case of subordinated convertible debentures, the holder’s claims on assets and earnings are subordinated to the claims of other creditors and are senior to the claims of preferred and common shareholders. In the case of preferred stock and convertible preferred stock, the holder’s claims on assets and earnings are subordinated to the claims of all creditors but are senior to the claims of common shareholders.
Derivative Instruments
The term “derivatives” has been used to identify a range and variety of financial instruments. In general, a derivative is commonly defined as a financial instrument whose performance and value are derived, at least in part, from another source, such as the performance of an underlying asset, a specific security or an index of securities. As is the case with other types of investments, a Fund’s derivative instruments may entail various types and degrees of risk, depending upon the characteristics of the derivative instrument and a Fund’s overall portfolio.
Each Fund may use derivative instruments for hedging purposes, to maintain liquidity, in anticipation of changes in the composition of its portfolio holdings, or as otherwise provided in the Prospectus. A Fund will not engage in derivative investments purely for speculative purposes. A Fund will invest in one or more derivatives only to the extent that the instrument under consideration is judged by the investment adviser or the subadviser to be consistent with a Fund’s overall investment objective and policies. In making such judgment, the potential benefits and risks will be considered in relation to a Fund’s other portfolio investments.
Where not specified, investment limitations with respect to a Fund’s derivative instruments will be consistent with such Fund’s existing percentage limitations with respect to its overall investment policies and restrictions. The types of derivative securities in which the Funds are permitted to invest include, but are not limited to, forward commitments, foreign currency contracts, futures contracts, options, and swap agreements.
Certain investment transactions expose the Funds to an obligation to make future payments to third parties. Examples of these types of transactions, include, but are not limited to, derivatives such as swaps, futures, forwards, and options. To the extent that a Fund engages in such transactions, the Fund will (to the extent required by applicable law) either (1) segregate cash or liquid assets in the prescribed amount or (2) otherwise “cover” its future obligations under the transaction, such as by holding an offsetting investment. If a Fund segregates sufficient cash or other liquid assets or otherwise “covers” its obligations under such transactions, the Fund will not consider the transactions to be borrowings for purposes of its investment restrictions or “senior securities” under the 1940 Act, and therefore, such transactions will not be subject to the 300% asset coverage requirement under the 1940 Act otherwise applicable to borrowings by the Fund.
In some cases (e.g., with respect to futures and forwards that are contractually required to “cash-settle”), a Fund will segregate cash or other liquid assets with respect to the amount of the daily net (marked-to-market) obligation arising from the transaction, rather than the notional amount of the underlying contract. By segregating assets in an amount equal to the net obligation rather than the notional amount, a Fund will have the ability to employ leverage to a greater extent than if it set aside cash or other liquid assets equal to the notional amount of the contract, which may increase the risk associated with such transactions. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account.
Assets used as segregation or “cover” cannot be sold while the position in the corresponding transaction is open, unless they are replaced with other appropriate assets. As a result, the commitment of a large portion of the Fund’s assets for segregation and “cover” purposes could impede portfolio management or the Fund’s ability to meet redemption requests or other current obligations. Segregating assets or otherwise “covering” for these purposes does not necessarily limit the percentage of the assets of the Fund that may be at risk with respect to certain derivative transactions.
Emerging Market Securities
Investments in emerging market countries may be subject to additional and potentially higher risks than investments in developed countries or in foreign countries in general. Such additional risks include (i) less social, political and economic stability; (ii) a small market for securities and/or a low or nonexistent volume of trading, which result in a lack of liquidity and in greater price volatility; (iii) foreign exchanges and broker-dealers may be subject to less scrutiny and regulation by local authorities; (iv) certain national policies that may restrict a Fund’s investment opportunities, including restrictions on investment in issuers or industries deemed sensitive to national interests; (v) foreign taxation; (vi) issuers facing restrictions on U.S. dollar or euro payments imposed by local governments may attempt to make dividend or interest payments to foreign investors in the local currency; (vii) investors may experience difficulty in enforcing legal claims related to the securities and/or local judges may favor the interests of the issuer over those of foreign investors; (viii) bankruptcy judgments may only be permitted to be paid in the local currency; (ix) limited public information regarding the issuer may result in greater difficulty in determining market valuations of the securities, and (x) infrequent financial reporting, substandard disclosure, and differences in accounting standards may make it difficult to ascertain the financial health of an issuer. In addition, unlike developed countries, many emerging countries’ economic growth highly depends on exports and inflows of external capital, making them more vulnerable to downturns in the world economy. The recent global financial crisis weakened the global demand for emerging countries’ exports and tightened international credit supplies and, as a result, many emerging countries faced significant economic difficulties and some countries fell into recession.
Authoritarian governments in certain developing countries may require that a governmental or quasi-governmental authority act as custodian of a Fund’s assets invested in such country. To the extent such governmental or quasi-governmental authorities do not satisfy the requirements of the 1940 Act with respect to the custody of a Fund’s cash and securities, a Fund’s investment in such countries may be limited or may be required to be effected through intermediaries. The risk of loss through governmental confiscation may be increased in such countries.
Many emerging market countries in which a Fund may invest lack the social, political, and economic stability characteristic of the U.S. Political instability among emerging market countries can be common and may be caused by an uneven distribution of wealth, social unrest, labor strikes, civil wars, and religious oppression. Economic instability in emerging market countries may take the form of: (i) high interest rates; (ii) high levels of inflation, including hyperinflation; (iii) high levels of unemployment or underemployment; (iv) changes in government economic and tax policies, including confiscatory taxation (or taxes on foreign investments); and (v) imposition of trade barriers. In recent years, many emerging market countries have undergone political changes that have reduced government’s role in economic and personal affairs and have stimulated investment and growth.
Currencies of emerging market countries are subject to significantly greater risks than currencies of developed countries. Some emerging market currencies may not be internationally traded or may be subject to strict controls by local governments, resulting in undervalued or overvalued currencies. Some emerging market countries have experienced balance of payment deficits and shortages in foreign exchange reserves. As a result, some governments have responded by restricting currency conversions.
Future restrictive exchange controls could prevent or restrict a company’s ability to make dividend or interest payments in the original currency of the obligation (usually U.S. dollars). In addition, even though the currencies of some emerging market countries may be convertible into U.S. dollars, the conversion rates may be artificial to their actual market values.
Securities of issuers located in countries with developing securities markets pose greater liquidity risks and other risks than securities of issuers located in developed countries and traded in more established markets. Low liquidity in markets may adversely affect a Fund’s ability to buy and sell securities and cause increased volatility. Developing countries may at various times have less stable political environments than more developed nations. Changes of control may adversely affect the pricing of securities from time to time. Some developing countries may afford only limited opportunities for investing. In certain developing countries, a Fund may be able to invest solely or primarily through ADRs or similar securities and government approved investment vehicles, including closed-end investment companies.
The settlement systems in certain emerging markets, including Asian, South American and Eastern European countries, are less developed than in more established markets. As a result, there may be a risk that settlement may be delayed and that cash or securities of a Fund may be in jeopardy because of failures or of defects in the systems used. In particular, market practice may require that payment be made prior to receipt of the security which is being purchased or that delivery of a security must be made before payment is received. In such cases, default by the executing broker or bank might result in a loss to a Fund investing in emerging market securities.
Governments of many emerging market countries have become overly reliant on the international capital markets and other forms of foreign credit to finance large public spending programs which cause large budget deficits. Often, interest payments have become too overwhelming for these governments to meet, as these payments may represent a large percentage of a country’s total GDP. Accordingly, these foreign obligations have become the subject of political debate and resulted in pressure on governments not to make payments to foreign creditors, but instead to use these funds for social programs. Either due to an inability to pay or submission to political pressure, some governments have been forced to seek a restructuring of their credit obligations, have declared a temporary suspension of interest payments, or have defaulted on their outstanding obligations. These events have adversely affected the values of securities issued by the governments and corporations domiciled in these emerging market countries and have negatively affected not only their cost of borrowing, but their ability to borrow in the future as well.
Equity Securities
Equity securities represent a share of an issuer’s earnings and assets, after the issuer pays its liabilities. A Fund cannot predict the income it will receive from equity securities because issuers generally have discretion as to the payment of any dividends or distributions. However, equity securities offer greater potential for appreciation than many other types of securities, because their value may increase with the value of the issuer’s business. The following describes various types of equity securities in which the Funds invest.
Common Stocks
Common stocks are the most prevalent type of equity security. Common stocks receive the issuer’s earnings after the issuer pays its creditors and any preferred stockholders. As a result, changes in an issuer’s earnings may influence the value of its common stock.
Preferred Stocks
Preferred stocks have the right to receive specified dividends or distributions before the issuer makes payments on its common stock. Some preferred stocks also participate in dividends and distributions paid on common stock. Preferred stocks may also permit the issuer to redeem the stock. A Fund may treat such redeemable preferred stock as a fixed income security.
Warrants and Rights
Warrants give a Fund the option to buy the issuer’s equity securities at a specified price (the exercise price) at a specified future date (the expiration date). A Fund may buy the designated securities by paying the exercise price before the expiration date. Warrants may become worthless if the price of the stock does not rise above the exercise price by the expiration date. This increases the market risks of warrants as compared to the underlying security.
Rights are the same as warrants, except companies typically issue rights to existing stockholders.
Exchange-Traded Notes
Exchange-traded notes (“ETNs”) are securities that combine aspects of a bond and an exchange-traded fund (“ETF”). ETN returns are based upon the performance of a market index or other reference asset less fees, and can be held to maturity as a debt security. ETNs are traded on a securities exchange. Their value is based on their reference index or strategy and the credit quality of the issuer. ETNs are subject to the additional risk that they may trade at a premium or discount to value attributable to their reference index. When a Fund invests in an ETN, shareholders of the Fund bear their proportionate share of the ETN’s fees and expenses, as well as their share of the Fund’s fees and expenses. There may also not be an active trading market available for some ETNs. Additionally, trading of ETNs may be halted or delisted by the listing exchange under certain circumstances.
Fixed Income Securities
Fixed income securities pay interest, dividends or distributions at a specified rate. The rate may be a fixed percentage of the principal or adjusted periodically. In addition, the issuer of a fixed income security must repay the principal amount of the security, normally within a specified time. Fixed income securities provide more regular income than equity securities. However, the returns on fixed income securities are limited and normally do not increase with the issuer’s earnings. This limits the potential appreciation of fixed income securities as compared to equity securities.
A security’s yield measures the annual income earned on a security as a percentage of its price. A security’s yield will increase or decrease depending upon whether it costs less (a discount) or more (a premium) than the principal amount. If the issuer may redeem the security before its scheduled maturity, the price and yield on a discount or premium security may change based upon the probability of an early redemption. Securities with higher risks generally have higher yields.
The following describes various types of fixed income securities in which a Fund may invest.
Treasury Securities
Treasury securities are direct obligations of the federal government. Treasury securities are generally regarded as having the lowest credit risks.
Agency Securities
Agency securities are issued or guaranteed by a federal agency or other government sponsored entity (a “GSE”) acting under federal authority. The U.S. government supports some GSEs with its full faith and credit. Other GSEs receive support through federal subsidies, loans or other benefits. A few GSEs have no explicit financial support, but are regarded as having implied support because the federal government sponsors their activities. Agency securities are generally regarded as having low credit risks, but not as low as treasury securities.
Although a GSE guarantee protects against credit risks, it does not reduce the market and prepayment risks of these mortgage-backed securities.
Forward Foreign Currency Exchange Contracts
Many international equity securities in which a Fund may invest will be traded in foreign currencies. A Fund may engage in certain foreign currency transactions, such as forward foreign currency exchange contracts, to guard against fluctuations in currency exchange rates in relation to the U.S. dollar or to the weighting of particular foreign currencies. In addition, a Fund may buy and sell foreign currency futures contracts and options on foreign currencies and foreign currency futures. A Fund may use such investments for hedging purposes or as otherwise provided in the Prospectus, including for total return purposes. A Fund will not engage in such investments purely for speculative purposes.
A forward foreign currency exchange contract involves an obligation to purchase or sell a specific currency at a future date, which may be any fixed number of days from the date of the contract agreed upon by the parties, at a price set at the time of the contract. By entering into a forward foreign currency exchange contract, a Fund “locks in” the exchange rate between the currency it will deliver and the currency it will receive for the duration of the contract. As a result, a Fund reduces its exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will deliver and increases its exposure to changes in the value of the currency it will exchange into. Contracts to sell foreign currencies would limit any potential gain which might be realized by a Fund if the value of the hedged currency increases. A Fund may enter into these contracts for the purpose of hedging against foreign exchange risks arising from a Fund’s investment or anticipated investment in securities denominated in foreign currencies. Such hedging transactions may not be successful and may eliminate any chance for a Fund to benefit from favorable fluctuations in relevant foreign currencies. In the case of a forward foreign currency exchange contract, a Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities at least in an amount equal to its obligations under the contract. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
A Fund may also enter into forward foreign currency exchange contracts for purposes of increasing exposure to a foreign currency or to shift exposure to foreign currency fluctuations from one currency to another. To the extent that it does so, a Fund will be subject to the additional risk that the relative value of currencies will be different than anticipated by the Fund’s investment adviser or subadviser. A Fund may use one currency (or a basket of currencies) to hedge against adverse changes in the value of another currency (or a basket of currencies) when exchange rates between the two currencies are positively correlated. A Fund may also use foreign currency futures contracts and related options on currencies for the same reasons for which forward foreign currency exchange contracts are used.
The use of currency transactions can result in a Fund incurring losses as a result of a number of factors including the imposition of exchange controls, suspension of settlements, or the inability to deliver or receive a specified currency.
Foreign Securities
Foreign securities may subject a Fund to investment risks that differ in some respects from those related to investments in domestic issuers. Such risks may include costs in connection with conversions between various currencies, limited publicly available information regarding foreign issuers, lack of uniformity in accounting, auditing and financial standards and requirements, greater securities market volatility, less liquidity of securities, less government supervision and regulations of securities markets, future adverse political and economic developments, the possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest, dividends or other income, possible seizure, nationalization, or expropriation of foreign deposits, the possible establishment of exchange controls or taxation at the source, greater fluctuations in value due to changes in exchange rates, or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. Such investments may also entail higher custodial fees and sales commissions than domestic investments. Foreign issuers of securities or obligations are often subject to accounting treatment and engage in business practices different from those with respect to domestic issuers of similar securities or obligations. Foreign branches of U.S. banks and foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Government regulation in many of the countries of interest to a Fund may limit the extent of a Fund’s investment in companies in those countries. Further, it may be more difficult for a Fund’s agents to keep currently informed about corporate actions that may affect the prices of portfolio securities. Communications between the U.S. and foreign countries may be less reliable than within the U.S., increasing the risk of delayed settlements of portfolio securities. Certain markets may require payment for securities before delivery. A Fund’s ability and decisions to purchase and sell portfolio securities may be affected by laws or regulations relating to the convertibility of currencies and repatriation of assets. Some countries restrict the extent to which foreigners may invest in their securities markets.
Investments in securities of foreign issuers are frequently denominated in foreign currencies (including the Euro and other multinational currency units) and the value a Fund’s assets measured in U.S. dollars may be affected favorably or unfavorably by changes in currency rates and in exchange control regulations, and a Fund may incur costs in connection with conversions between various currencies. A Fund may enter into forward foreign currency contracts as a hedge against possible variations in foreign exchange rates or to hedge a specific security transaction or portfolio position. Currently, only a limited market, if any, exists for hedging transactions relating to currencies in emerging markets, including Latin American and Asian markets. This may limit a Fund’s ability to effectively hedge its investments in such markets if it chose to do so.
Foreign investments involve risks unique to the local political, economic, and regulatory structures in place, as well as the potential for social instability, military unrest, or diplomatic developments that could prove adverse to the interests of U.S. investors. Individual foreign economies can differ favorably or unfavorably from the U.S. economy in such respects as growth of gross national product, rate of inflation, capital reinvestment, resource self-sufficiency, and balance of payments position. In addition, significant external political and economic risks currently affect some foreign countries. For example, both Taiwan and China still claim sovereignty over one another and there is a demilitarized border and hostile relations between North and South Korea. War and terrorism affect many countries, especially those in Africa and the Middle East. Many countries throughout the world are dependent on a healthy U.S. economy and are adversely affected when the U.S. economy weakens or its markets decline. For example, in 2007 and 2008, the meltdown in the U.S. subprime mortgage market quickly spread throughout global credit markets, triggering a liquidity crisis that affected fixed-income and equity markets around the world. European countries can be significantly affected by the tight fiscal and monetary controls that the European Economic and Monetary Union (“EMU”) imposes for membership. Europe’s economies are diverse, its governments are decentralized, and its cultures vary
widely. In addition, the budget issues faced by several EU countries, including Greece, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, may have negative long-term effects for the economies of those countries and other EU countries. There is continued concern about national-level support for the euro and the accompanying coordination of fiscal and wage policy among EMU member countries. Member countries are required to maintain tight control over inflation, public debt, and budget deficit to qualify for membership in the EMU. These requirements can severely limit EMU member countries’ ability to implement monetary policy to address regional economic conditions.
Governments in certain foreign countries continue to participate to a significant degree, through ownership interest or regulation, in their respective economies. Action by these governments could have a significant effect on market prices of securities and payment of dividends. The economies of many foreign countries are heavily dependent upon international trade and are accordingly affected by protective trade barriers and economic conditions of their trading partners. The enactment by these trading partners of protectionist trade legislation could have a significant adverse effect upon the securities markets of such countries.
In making investment decisions for a Fund, the subadviser evaluates the risks associated with investing Fund assets in a particular country, including risks stemming from a country’s financial infrastructure and settlement practices; the likelihood of expropriation, nationalization or confiscation of invested assets; prevailing or developing custodial practices in the country; the country’s laws and regulations regarding the safekeeping, maintenance and recovery of invested assets; the likelihood of government-imposed exchange control restrictions which could impair the liquidity of Fund assets maintained with custodians in that country, as well as risks from political acts of foreign governments. The investment adviser’s or subadviser’s decisions regarding these risks may not be correct or may prove to be unwise and any losses resulting from investing in foreign countries will be borne by the Fund.
Holding Fund assets in foreign countries presents additional risks including, but not limited to, the risks that a particular foreign custodian or depositary will not exercise proper care with respect to Fund assets or will not have the financial strength or adequate practices and procedures to properly safeguard Fund assets. A Fund may be precluded from investing in certain foreign countries until such time as adequate custodial arrangements can be established.
Forward Commitments, When-Issued Securities and Delayed Delivery Transactions
A Fund may purchase or sell securities on a when-issued or delayed-delivery basis and make contracts to purchase or sell securities for a fixed price at a future date beyond customary settlement time. Securities purchased or sold on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment basis involve a risk of loss if the value of the security to be purchased declines prior to the settlement date. Although a Fund would generally purchase securities on a when-issued, delayed-delivery or forward commitment basis with the intention of acquiring the securities, a Fund may dispose of such securities prior to settlement if its investment adviser or subadviser deems it appropriate to do so.
A Fund may dispose of or re-negotiate a when-issued or forward commitment after entering into these transactions. A Fund will normally realize a capital gain or loss in connection with these transactions. For purposes of determining a Fund’s average dollar-weighted maturity, the maturity of when-issued or forward commitment securities will be calculated from the commitment date.
When a Fund purchases securities on a when-issued, delayed delivery or forward commitment basis, a Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities having a value (determined daily) at least equal to the amount of a Fund’s purchase commitments. In the case of a forward commitment to sell portfolio securities, a Fund will segregate the portfolio securities while the commitment is outstanding. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
These procedures are designed to ensure that a Fund will maintain sufficient assets at all times to cover its obligations under when-issued securities, forward commitments and delayed-delivery transactions.
Futures Contracts
Futures contracts are generally considered to be derivative securities. Typically, maintaining a futures contract or selling an option thereon requires a Fund to deposit with a financial intermediary as security for its obligations an amount of cash or other specified assets (initial margin) which initially is typically 1% to 10% of the face amount of the contract (but may be higher in some circumstances). Additional cash or assets (variation margin) may be required to be deposited thereafter on a daily basis as the marked to market value of the contract fluctuates.
At maturity, a futures contract obligates a Fund to take or make delivery of certain securities or the cash value of a securities index. A Fund may sell a futures contract in order to offset a decrease in the market value of its portfolio securities that might otherwise result from a market decline. A Fund may do so either to hedge the value of its portfolio of securities as a whole, or to protect against declines, occurring prior to sales of securities, in the value of the securities to be sold. Conversely, a Fund may purchase a futures contract in anticipation of purchases of securities. In addition, a Fund may utilize futures contracts in anticipation of changes in the composition of its portfolio holdings or to seek exposure to a particular market or asset class in an attempt to achieve its objective.
For federal income tax purposes, some gains derived by a Fund from the use of such instruments will be treated as a combination of short-term and long-term capital gains and, if not offset by realized capital losses incurred by a Fund, will be distributed to shareholders and will be taxable to shareholders as a combination of ordinary income and long-term capital gain.
A Fund may purchase and sell call and put options on futures contracts traded on an exchange or board of trade. When a Fund purchases an option on a futures contract, it has the right to assume a position as a purchaser or seller of a futures contract at a specified exercise price at any time during the option period. When a Fund sells an option on a futures contract, it becomes obligated to purchase or sell a futures contract if the option is exercised. In anticipation of a market advance, a Fund may purchase call options on futures contracts as a substitute for the purchase of futures contracts to hedge against a possible increase in the price of securities that a Fund intends to purchase. Similarly, if the market is expected to decline, a Fund might purchase put options or sell call options on futures contracts rather than sell futures contracts. In connection with a Fund’s position in a futures contract or option thereon, a Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities or will otherwise cover its position in accordance with applicable requirements of the SEC. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
A Fund may enter into a contract for the purchase or sale for future delivery of securities, including index contracts. While futures contracts provide for the delivery of securities, deliveries usually do not occur. Contracts are generally terminated by entering into offsetting transactions.
A Fund may enter into such futures contracts to protect against the adverse effects of fluctuations in security prices or interest rates without actually buying or selling the securities. For example, if interest rates are expected to increase, a Fund might enter into futures contracts for the sale of debt securities. Such a sale would have much the same effect as selling an equivalent value of the debt securities owned by a Fund. If interest rates did increase, the value of the debt securities in the portfolio would decline, but the value of the futures contracts to a Fund would increase at approximately the same rate, thereby keeping the net asset value of a Fund from declining as much as it otherwise would have. Similarly, when it is expected that interest rates may decline, futures contracts may be purchased to hedge in anticipation of subsequent purchases of securities at higher prices. Since the fluctuations in the value of futures contracts should be similar to those of debt securities, a Fund could take advantage of the anticipated rise in value of debt securities without actually buying them until the market had stabilized. At that time, the futures contracts could be liquidated and a Fund could then buy debt securities on the cash market.
A stock index futures contract obligates the seller to deliver (and the purchaser to take) an amount of cash equal to a specific dollar amount times the difference between the value of a specific stock index at the close of the last trading day of the contract and the price at which the agreement was made. Open futures contracts are valued on a daily basis and a Fund may be obligated to provide or receive cash reflecting any decline or increase in the contract’s value. No physical delivery of the underlying stocks in the index is made in the future.
With respect to options on futures contracts, when a Fund is temporarily not fully invested, it may purchase a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a market advance. The purchase of a call option on a futures contract is similar in some respects to the purchase of a call option on an individual security. Depending on the pricing of the option compared to either the price of the futures contract upon which it is based, or the price of the underlying debt securities, it may or may not be less risky than ownership of the futures contract or underlying debt securities. As with the purchase of futures contracts, when a Fund is not fully invested, it may purchase a call option on a futures contract to hedge against a market advance.
The writing of a call option on a futures contract constitutes a partial hedge against the declining price of the security or foreign currency that is deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at the expiration of the option is below the exercise price, a Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium which provides a partial hedge against any decline that may have occurred in the value of a Fund’s portfolio holdings. The writing of a put option on a futures contract constitutes a partial hedge against the increasing price of the security or foreign currency, which is deliverable upon exercise of the futures contract. If the futures price at the expiration of the option is higher than the exercise price, a Fund will retain the full amount of the option premium, which provides a partial hedge against any increase in the price of securities that a Fund intends to purchase.
Call and put options on stock index futures are similar to options on securities except that, rather than the right to purchase or sell stock at a specified price, options on a stock index future give the holder the right to receive cash. Upon exercise of the option, the delivery of the futures position by the writer of the option to the holder of the option will be accompanied by delivery of the accumulated balance in the writer’s futures margin account, which represents the amount by which the market price of the futures contract, at exercise, exceeds (in the case of a call) or is less than (in the case of a put) the exercise price of the futures contract. If an option is exercised on the last trading day prior to the expiration date of the option, the settlement will be made entirely in cash equal to the difference between the exercise price of the option and the closing price of the futures contract on the expiration date.
If a put or call option which a Fund has written is exercised, that Fund may incur a loss which will be reduced by the amount of the premium it received. Depending on the degree of correlation between changes in the value of its portfolio securities and changes in the value of its options positions, a Fund’s losses from existing options on futures may to some extent be reduced or increased by changes in the value of portfolio securities.
To the extent that market prices move in an unexpected direction, a Fund may not achieve the anticipated benefits of futures contracts or options on futures contracts or may realize a loss. For example, if a Fund is hedged against the possibility of an increase in interest rates and interest rates decrease instead, that Fund would lose part or all of the benefit of the increased value, which it has because it would have offsetting losses in its futures position. In addition, in such situations, if a Fund had insufficient cash, it may be required to sell securities from its portfolio to meet daily variation margin requirements. Such sales of securities may, but will not necessarily, be at increased prices which reflect the rising market. A Fund may be required to sell securities at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so.
Options on securities, futures contracts, options on futures contracts and options on currencies may be traded on foreign exchanges. Such transactions may not be regulated as effectively as similar transactions in the U.S., may not involve a clearing mechanism and related guarantees and are subject to the risk of governmental actions affecting trading in or the prices of foreign securities. Some foreign exchanges may be principal markets so that no common clearing facility exists and a trader may look only to the broker for performance of the contract. The value of such positions also could be adversely affected by (i) other complex foreign political, legal and economic factors, (ii) lesser availability than in the U.S. of data on which to make trading decisions, (iii) delays in the Trust’s ability to act upon economic events occurring in foreign markets during non-business hours in the U.S., (iv) the imposition of different exercise and settlement terms and procedures and margin requirements than in the U.S. and (v) lesser trading volume. In addition, unless a Fund hedges against fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the currencies in which trading is done on foreign exchanges, any profits that a Fund might realize in trading could be eliminated by adverse changes in the exchange rate, or a Fund could incur losses as a result of those changes.
Further, with respect to options on futures contracts, a Fund may seek to close out an option position by writing or buying an offsetting position covering the same securities or contracts with the same exercise price and expiration date. The ability to establish and close out positions on options will be subject to the maintenance of a liquid secondary market, which cannot be assured.
Illiquid Securities
A Fund may invest up to 15% of its net assets in securities that are illiquid. Securities are generally considered illiquid if they cannot be disposed of within seven days in the ordinary course of business at approximately the price at which a Fund values the security. Illiquid securities will generally include but are not limited to: insurance funding agreements, repurchase agreements and time deposits with notice/termination dates in excess of seven days; unlisted over-the-counter options; swap agreements, interest rate caps, floors and collars; and certain securities which are subject to trading restrictions because they are not registered under the 1933 Act. Foreign securities that are restricted as to resale in the U.S., but are freely tradable in their local market, are not considered illiquid.
Investment Company Shares
Investments by a Fund in other investment companies, including closed-end funds and ETFs, will be subject to the limitations of the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder and in certain circumstances SEC exemptive orders. The Fund may rely on SEC orders that permit it to invest in certain investment companies beyond the limits contained in the 1940 Act, subject to certain terms and conditions of those orders. The risks of investment in other investment companies typically reflect the risks of the types of securities in which those other investment companies invest. When a Fund invests in shares of another investment company, shareholders of the Fund bear their proportionate share of the other investment company’s fees and expenses, as well as their share of the Fund’s fees and expenses.
Open-End Mutual Funds
Open-end mutual funds are investment companies that issue new shares continuously and redeem shares daily. The risks of investment of open-end mutual funds typically reflect the risks of the types of securities in which the funds invest. The net asset value per share of an open-end fund will fluctuate daily depending upon the performance of the securities held by the fund. Open-end mutual funds are offered in a wide variety of asset classes including: large-cap, mid-cap, small-cap, equity, international, sector, fixed income and alternative non-traditional strategies. When a Fund invests in shares of an open-end fund, shareholders of the Fund bear their proportionate share of the open-end fund’s fees and expenses, as well as their share of the Fund’s fees and expenses.
Exchange-Traded Funds
ETFs are typically organized as open-end investment companies or unit investment trusts. ETFs are traded on exchanges similar to stocks. A passive ETF is an investment company that seeks to track the performance of an index (before fees and expenses) by holding in its portfolio either the securities that comprise the index or a representative sample of the securities in the index. An actively managed ETF is an investment company that seeks to outperform an index. ETFs offer investment in a wide variety of asset classes and ranges of securities, including: large-cap, mid-cap, small-cap, equity, international, commodities, real estate, fixed income, derivatives and currency.
Unlike interests in conventional mutual funds, ETFs are traded throughout the day on a national securities exchange, whereas mutual fund interests are typically only bought and sold at closing net asset values. ETFs are designed to be tradable in the secondary market on a national securities exchange on an intra-day basis, and to be created and redeemed principally in-kind in large blocks (typically 50,000 shares) called creation units, at each day’s next calculated net asset value. The in-kind creation or redemption is for a portfolio of the underlying securities of the ETF. There may also be a cash component. These arrangements are designed to protect ongoing shareholders from adverse effects on the portfolio of the ETF that could arise from frequent cash creation and redemption transactions. In a conventional mutual fund, redemptions can have an adverse tax impact on taxable shareholders because of the mutual fund’s need to sell portfolio securities to obtain cash to meet fund redemptions. These sales may generate taxable gains for the shareholders of the mutual fund, whereas an ETF’s in-kind redemption mechanism generally will not lead to a federal income tax event for a Fund or its ongoing shareholders. The Funds do not intend to purchase and redeem creation units, but intends to purchase and sell ETFs primarily through national securities exchanges.
There is a risk that the ETFs in which a Fund invests may terminate due to extraordinary events that may cause any of the service providers to the ETFs, such as the trustee or sponsor, to close or otherwise fail to perform their obligations to the ETF. Also, because the ETFs in which a Fund intends to principally invest may be granted licenses by agreement to use the indices as a basis for determining their compositions and/or otherwise to use certain trade names, the ETFs may terminate if such license agreements are terminated. In addition, an ETF may terminate if its entire net asset value falls below a certain amount. Although each Fund believes that, in the event of the termination of an underlying ETF, it will be able to invest instead in shares of an alternate ETF tracking the same market index or another market index with the same general market, there is no guarantee that shares of an alternate ETF would be available for investment at that time. Unlike many investment companies, many ETFs are not currently actively managed. Thus, an ETF would not necessarily sell a security because the security’s issuer was in financial trouble unless that security is removed from the index.
Closed-End Funds
Closed-end funds are investment companies that typically issue a fixed number of shares that trade on a securities exchange or over-the-counter. The risks of investment in closed-end funds typically reflect the risks of the types of securities in which the funds invest. Investments in closed-end funds are subject to the additional risk that shares of the fund may trade at a premium or discount to their net asset value per share. When a Fund invests in shares of a closed-end fund, shareholders of the Fund bear their proportionate share of the closed-end fund’s fees and expenses, as well as their share of the Fund’s fees and expenses.
Money Market Instruments
Money market instruments include but are not limited to the following: short-term corporate obligations, Certificates of Deposit (“CDs”), Eurodollar Certificates of Deposit (“Euro CDs”), Yankee Certificates of Deposit (“Yankee CDs”), foreign bankers’ acceptances, foreign commercial paper, letter of credit-backed commercial paper, time deposits, loan participations (“LPs”), variable- and floating-rate instruments, separately traded interest and principal securities (“STRIPS”) and master demand notes. Bank obligations may include bankers’ acceptances, negotiable certificates of deposit and non-negotiable time deposits earning a specified return, issued for a definite period of time by a U.S. bank that is a member of the Federal Reserve System or is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), or by a savings and loan association or savings bank that is insured by the FDIC. Bank obligations also include U.S. dollar-denominated obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks or of U.S. branches of foreign banks, all of the same type as domestic bank obligations. Investments in bank obligations are limited to the obligations of financial institutions having more than $1 billion in total assets at the time of purchase.
Domestic and foreign banks are subject to extensive but different government regulations, which may limit the amount and types of their loans and the interest rates that may be charged. In addition, the profitability of the banking industry is largely dependent upon the availability and cost of funds to finance lending operations and the quality of underlying bank assets.
Investments in obligations of foreign branches of U.S. banks and of U.S. branches of foreign banks may subject a Fund to additional investment risks, including future political and economic developments, possible imposition of withholding taxes on interest income, possible seizure or nationalization of foreign deposits, possible establishment of exchange controls or the adoption of other foreign governmental restrictions which might adversely affect the payment of principal and interest on such obligations. In addition, foreign branches of U.S. banks and U.S. branches of foreign banks may be subject to less stringent reserve requirements and to different accounting, auditing, reporting and record keeping standards than those applicable to domestic branches of U.S. banks. Investments in the obligations of U.S. branches of foreign banks or foreign branches of U.S. banks will be made only when the investment adviser or subadviser believes that the credit risk with respect to the investment is minimal.
Euro CDs, Yankee CDs and foreign bankers’ acceptances involve risks that are different from investments in securities of U.S. banks. The major risk, which is sometimes referred to as “sovereign risk,” pertains to possible future unfavorable political and economic developments, possible withholding taxes, seizures of foreign deposits, currency controls, interest limitations or other governmental restrictions which might affect payment of principal or interest. Investment in foreign commercial paper also involves risks that are different from investments in securities of commercial paper issued by U.S. companies. Non-U.S. securities markets generally are not as developed or efficient as those in the U.S. Such securities may be less liquid and more volatile than securities of comparable U.S. corporations. Non-U.S. issuers are not generally subject to uniform accounting and financial reporting standards, practices and requirements comparable to those applicable to U.S. issuers. In addition, there may be less public information available about foreign banks, their branches and other issuers.
Time deposits usually trade at a premium over Treasuries of the same maturity. Investors regard such deposits as carrying some credit risk, which Treasuries may not. Also, investors regard time deposits as being sufficiently less liquid than Treasuries; hence, investors demand some extra yield for buying time deposits rather than Treasuries.
Commercial paper may include variable- and floating-rate instruments, which are unsecured instruments that permit the interest on indebtedness thereunder to vary. Variable-rate instruments provide for periodic adjustments in the interest rate. Floating-rate instruments provide for automatic adjustment of the interest rate whenever some other specified interest rate changes. Some variable- and floating-rate obligations are direct lending arrangements between the purchaser and the issuer and there may be no active secondary market. However, in the case of variable- and floating-rate obligations with the demand feature, a Fund may demand payment of principal and accrued interest at a time specified in the instrument or may resell the instrument to a third party. In the event an issuer of a variable- or floating-rate obligation defaulted on its payment obligation, a Fund might be unable to dispose of the note because of the absence of a secondary market and could, for this or other reasons, suffer a loss to the extent of the default. Substantial holdings of variable- and floating-rate instruments could reduce portfolio liquidity.
Options
A call option enables the purchaser, in return for the premium paid, to purchase securities from the writer of the option at an agreed price up to an agreed date. The advantage is that the purchaser may hedge against an increase in the price of securities it ultimately wishes to buy or may take advantage of a rise in a particular index. Except as otherwise provided in the Prospectus or in this SAI, a Fund will only purchase call options to the extent that the premiums paid on all outstanding call options do not exceed 20% of such Fund’s total assets. A Fund will only sell or write call options on a covered basis (e.g., on securities it holds in its portfolio). A put option enables the purchaser of the option, in return for the premium paid, to sell the security underlying the option to the writer at the exercise price during the option period. The writer of the option has the obligation to purchase the security from the purchaser of the option. The advantage is that the purchaser can be protected should the market value of the security decline or should a particular index decline. Except as otherwise provided in the Prospectus or in this SAI, a Fund will only purchase put options to the extent that the premiums on all outstanding put options do not exceed 20% of that Fund’s total assets. A Fund will only write put options on a secured basis. Cash or other collateral will be segregated by a Fund for such options. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. A Fund will receive premium income from writing put options, although it may be required, when the put is exercised, to purchase securities at higher prices than the current market price. At the time of purchase, a Fund will receive premium income from writing call options, which may offset the cost of purchasing put options and may also contribute to that Fund’s total return. A Fund may lose potential market appreciation if the judgment of its investment adviser or subadviser is incorrect with respect to interest rates, security prices or the movement of indices. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
An option on a securities index gives the purchaser of the option, in return for the premium paid, the right to receive cash from the seller equal to the difference between the closing price of the index and the exercise price of the option.
Closing transactions essentially let a Fund offset put options or call options prior to exercise or expiration. If a Fund cannot effect a closing transaction, it may have to hold a security it would otherwise sell, or deliver a security it might want to hold.
A Fund may use exchange traded options, and as permitted by law, options traded over-the-counter. It is the position of the SEC that over-the-counter options are illiquid. Accordingly, a Fund will invest in such options only to the extent consistent with its 15% limit on investments in illiquid securities.
Options are generally considered to be derivative securities. Options may relate to particular securities, stock indices or financial instruments, they may or may not be listed on a national securities exchange and they may or may not be issued by the Options Clearing Corporation. Options trading is a highly specialized activity which entails greater than ordinary investment risk. Options on particular securities may be more volatile than the underlying securities, and on a percentage basis, an investment in options may be subject to greater fluctuation than an investment in the underlying securities themselves.
A Fund will write call options only if they are “covered.” In the case of a call option on a security, the option is “covered” if a Fund owns the security underlying the call or has an absolute and immediate right to acquire that security without additional cash consideration (or, if additional cash consideration is required, cash or liquid securities in such amount will be segregated by a Fund) upon conversion or exchange of other securities held by it. For a call option on an index, the option is covered if a Fund maintains with its custodian a diversified stock portfolio or liquid assets equal to the contract value.
A call option is also covered if a Fund holds a call on the same security or index as the call written where the exercise price of the call held is (i) equal to or less than the exercise price of the call written or (ii) greater than the exercise price of the call written provided the difference is maintained by a Fund in cash or liquid securities in a segregated account with its custodian or fund accounting agent. A Fund will write put options only if they are “secured” by liquid assets maintained in a segregated account by the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent in an amount not less than the exercise price of the option at all times during the option period. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. See also “Derivative Instruments.” A Fund’s obligation to sell a security subject to a covered call option written by it, or to purchase a security subject to a secured put option written by it, may be terminated prior to the expiration date of the option by a Fund’s execution of a closing purchase transaction, which is effected by purchasing on an exchange an option of the same series as the previously written option. Such a purchase does not result in the ownership of an option. A closing purchase transaction will ordinarily be effected to realize a profit on an outstanding option, to prevent an underlying security from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying security or to permit the writing of a new option containing different terms on such underlying security. The cost of such a liquidation purchase plus transaction costs may be greater than the premium received upon the original option, in which event a Fund will have incurred a loss in the transaction.
There is no assurance that a liquid secondary market will exist for any particular option. An option writer, unable to effect a closing purchase transaction, will not be able to sell the underlying security (in the case of a covered call option) or liquidate the segregated securities (in the case of a secured put option) until the option expires or the optioned security is delivered upon exercise with the result that the writer in such circumstances will be subject to the risk of market decline or appreciation in the security during such period.
Purchasing Call Options
. Except as otherwise provided in the Funds’ Prospectus or in this SAI, each Fund may purchase call options to the extent that premiums paid by the Fund do not aggregate more than 20% of the Fund’s total assets. When a Fund purchases a call option, in return for a premium paid by the Fund to the writer of the option, the Fund obtains the right to buy the security underlying the option at a specified exercise price at any time during the term of the option. The writer of the call option, who receives the premium upon writing the option, has the obligation, upon exercise of the option, to deliver the underlying security against payment of the exercise price. The advantage of purchasing call options is that a Fund may alter portfolio characteristics and modify portfolio maturities without incurring the cost associated with transactions, except the cost of the option.
Following the purchase of a call option, a Fund may liquidate its position by effecting a closing sale transaction by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased. A Fund will realize a profit from a closing sale transaction if the price received on the transaction is more than the premium paid to purchase the original call option; a Fund will realize a loss from a closing sale transaction if the price received on the transaction is less than the premium paid to purchase the original call option.
Although a Fund will generally purchase only those call options for which there appears to be an active secondary market, there is no assurance that a liquid secondary market on an exchange will exist for any particular option, or at any particular time, and for some options no secondary market on an exchange may exist. In such event, it may not be possible to effect closing transactions in particular options, with the result that a Fund would have to exercise its options in order to realize any profit and would incur brokerage commissions upon the exercise of such options and upon the subsequent disposition of the underlying securities acquired through the exercise of such options. Further, unless the price of the underlying security changes sufficiently, a call option purchased by a Fund may expire without any value to a Fund, in which event a Fund would realize a capital loss which will be short-term unless the option was held for more than one year.
Covered Call Writing
. A Fund may write covered call options from time to time on such portions of their portfolios, without limit, as the investment adviser or subadviser determines is appropriate in pursuing a Fund’s investment objective. The advantage to a Fund of writing covered calls is that the Fund receives a premium that is additional income. However, if the security rises in value, a Fund may not fully participate in the market appreciation.
During the option period, a covered call option writer may be assigned an exercise notice by the broker-dealer, through whom such call option was sold, requiring the writer to deliver the underlying security against payment of the exercise price. This obligation is terminated upon the expiration of the option or upon entering a closing purchase transaction. A closing purchase transaction, in which a Fund, as writer of an option, terminates its obligation by purchasing an option of the same series as the option previously written, cannot be effected with respect to an option once the option writer has received an exercise notice for such option.
Closing purchase transactions will ordinarily be effected to realize a profit on an outstanding call option, to prevent an underlying security from being called, to permit the sale of the underlying security or to enable a Fund to write another call option on the underlying security with either a different exercise price or expiration date or both. A Fund may realize a net gain or loss from a closing purchase transaction depending upon whether the net amount of the original premium received on the call option is more or less than the cost of effecting the closing purchase transaction. Any loss incurred in a closing purchase transaction may be partially or entirely offset by the premium received from a sale of a different call option on the same underlying security. Such a loss may also be wholly or partially offset by unrealized appreciation in the market value of the underlying security. Conversely, a gain resulting from a closing purchase transaction could be offset in whole or in part by a decline in the market value of the underlying security.
If a call option expires unexercised, a Fund will realize a short-term capital gain in the amount of the premium on the option less the commission paid. Such a gain, however, may be offset by depreciation in the market value of the underlying security during the option period, if such security is sold or there is another recognition event. If a call option is exercised, a Fund will realize a gain or loss from the sale of the underlying security equal to the difference between the cost of the underlying security and the proceeds of the sale of the security plus the amount of the premium on the option less the commission paid.
A Fund will write call options only on a covered basis, which means that a Fund will own the underlying security subject to a call option at all times during the option period. Unless a closing purchase transaction is effected, a Fund would be required to continue to hold a security which it might otherwise wish to sell, or deliver a security it would want to hold. The exercise price of a call option may be below, equal to, or above the current market value of the underlying security at the time the option is written.
Purchasing Put Options
. Except as otherwise provided in the Funds’ Prospectus or in this SAI, a Fund will only purchase put options to the extent that the premiums on all outstanding put options do not exceed 20% of the Fund’s total assets. Except as otherwise provided in the Prospectus or in this SAI, with regard to the writing of put options, each Fund will limit the aggregate value of the obligations underlying such put options to 50% of its total assets. The purchase of the put option on substantially identical securities held by a Fund will constitute a short sale for federal income tax purposes, which may result in a short-term capital gain on the sale of the security if such substantially identical securities were held by that Fund for not more than one year as of the date of the short sale or were acquired by that Fund after the short sale and on or before the closing date of the short sale.
A put option purchased by a Fund gives it the right to sell one of its securities for an agreed price up to an agreed date. A Fund may purchase put options in order to protect against a decline in the market value of the underlying security below the exercise price less the premium paid for the option (“protective puts”). The ability to purchase put options allows a Fund to protect unrealized gains in an appreciated security in its portfolio without actually selling the security. If the security does not drop in value, a Fund will lose the value of the premium paid. A Fund may sell a put option which it has previously purchased prior to the sale of the securities underlying such option. Such sale will result in a net gain or loss depending on whether the amount received on the sale is more or less than the premium and other transaction costs paid on the put option.
A Fund may sell a put option purchased on individual portfolio securities. Additionally, a Fund may enter into closing sale transactions. A closing sale transaction is one in which a Fund, when it is the holder of an outstanding option, liquidates its position by selling an option of the same series as the option previously purchased.
Writing Put Options
. A Fund may also write put options on a secured basis which means that a Fund will segregate liquid assets with its custodian or fund accounting agent in an amount not less than the exercise price of the option at all times during the option period. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. The amount of liquid assets held in the segregated account will be adjusted on a daily basis to reflect changes in the market value of the securities covered by the put option written by a Fund. Secured put options will generally be written in circumstances where the investment adviser or subadviser wishes to purchase the underlying security for a Fund’s portfolio at a price lower than the current market price of the security. In such event, that Fund would write a secured put option at an exercise price which, reduced by the premium received on the option, reflects the lower price it is willing to pay. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
Following the writing of a put option, a Fund may wish to terminate the obligation to buy the security underlying the option by effecting a closing purchase transaction. This is accomplished by buying an option of the same series as the option previously written. However, a Fund may not effect such a closing transaction after it has been notified of the exercise of the option.
Foreign Currency Options
. A Fund may buy or sell put and call options on foreign currencies either on exchanges or in the over-the-counter market. A put option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to sell a foreign currency at the exercise price until the option expires. A call option on a foreign currency gives the purchaser of the option the right to purchase the currency at the exercise price until the option expires. Currency options traded on U.S. or other exchanges may be subject to position limits that may limit the ability of a Fund to reduce foreign currency risk using such options.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
Securities of real estate investment trusts (“REITs”) may be affected by changes in the value of their underlying properties and by defaults by borrowers or tenants. Mortgage REITs may be affected by the quality of the credit extended. Furthermore, REITs are dependent on specialized management skills. Some REITs may have limited diversification and may be subject to risks inherent in investments in a limited number of properties, in a narrow geographic area, or in a single property type. REITs depend generally on their ability to generate cash flow to make distributions to shareholders or unitholders, and may be subject to defaults by borrowers and to self-liquidations. Investment in REITs may subject a Fund to risks associated with the direct ownership of real estate, such as decreases in real estate values, overbuilding, increased competition and other risks related to local or general economic conditions, increases in operating costs and property taxes, changes in zoning laws, casualty or condemnation losses, possible environmental liabilities, regulatory limitations on rent and fluctuations in rental income. Equity REITs generally experience these risks directly through fee or leasehold interests, whereas mortgage REITs generally experience these risks indirectly through mortgage interests unless the mortgage REIT forecloses on the underlying real estate. Changes in interest rates may also affect the value of a Fund’s investment in REITs. In addition, the performance of a REIT may be affected by its failure to qualify for tax-free pass-through of income under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), or its failure to maintain exemption from registration under the 1940 Act. Rising interest rates may cause the value of the REIT securities in which a Fund may invest to fall. Conversely, falling interest rates may cause their value to rise. Changes in the value of portfolio securities does not necessarily affect cash income derived from these securities but may affect a Fund’s net asset value.
Repurchase Agreements
A Fund may enter into repurchase agreements pursuant to which the Fund purchases portfolio assets from a bank or broker-dealer concurrently with an agreement by the seller to repurchase the same assets from the Fund at a later date at a fixed price. If the seller should default on its obligation to repurchase the underlying security, the Fund may experience delay or difficulty in exercising its right to realize upon the security. Additionally, the Fund may incur a loss if the value of the security should decline, as well as disposition costs in liquidating the security.
The repurchase price generally equals the price paid by a Fund plus interest negotiated on the basis of current short-term rates (which may be more or less than the rate on the securities underlying the repurchase agreement).
The financial institutions with which a Fund may enter into repurchase agreements are banks and non-bank dealers of U.S. government securities that are listed on the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s list of reporting dealers and banks, if such banks and non-bank dealers are deemed creditworthy by the investment adviser or subadviser. The investment adviser or subadviser will continue to monitor the creditworthiness of the seller under a repurchase agreement and will require the seller to maintain during the term of the agreement the value of the securities subject to the agreement at not less than the repurchase price.
Restricted Securities
Each Fund will limit investments in securities of issuers which a Fund is restricted from selling to the public without registration under the 1933 Act to no more than 5% of a Fund’s total assets, excluding restricted securities eligible for resale pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation S under the 1933 Act, that have been determined to be liquid by the Fund’s investment adviser or subadviser, pursuant to guidelines adopted by the Board. Securities of foreign issuers that are restricted as to resale in the U.S., but are freely tradable in their local market, are not subject to this restriction.
Reverse Repurchase Agreements
Reverse repurchase agreements involve the sale of securities held by a Fund pursuant to that Fund’s agreement to repurchase the securities at an agreed upon price, date and rate of interest. During the reverse repurchase agreement period, a Fund continues to receive principal and interest payments on these securities. Such agreements are considered to be borrowings under the 1940 Act and may be entered into only for temporary or emergency purposes. While reverse repurchase transactions are outstanding, a Fund will segregate cash or liquid securities in an amount at least equal to the market value of the securities, plus accrued interest. (Liquid securities as used in the Prospectus and this SAI include equity securities and debt securities that are unencumbered and marked-to-market daily.) Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. Reverse repurchase agreements involve the risk that the market value of the securities sold by a Fund may decline below the price at which a Fund is obligated to repurchase such securities. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
Rule 144A Securities
A Fund may purchase securities which are not registered under the 1933 Act but which can be sold to “qualified institutional buyers” in accordance with Rule 144A under the 1933 Act. This investment practice could have the effect of increasing the level of illiquidity in a Fund during any period that qualified institutional buyers become uninterested in purchasing these restricted securities. Rule 144A securities will not be considered illiquid unless it is determined by the investment adviser or subadviser, under guidelines approved by the Board, that an adequate trading market does not exist for these securities.
Securities Lending
A Fund may seek additional income at times by lending its portfolio securities to broker-dealers and financial institutions provided that: (1) the loan is secured by collateral that is continuously maintained in an amount at least equal to the current market value of the securities loaned, (2) the Fund may call the loan at any time with proper notice and receive the securities loaned, (3) the Fund will continue to receive interest and/or dividends paid on the loaned securities and may simultaneously earn interest on the investment of any cash collateral, and (4) the aggregate market value of all securities loaned by the Fund will not at any time exceed 25% of the total assets of such Fund.
Collateral will normally consist of cash or cash equivalents, securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities or irrevocable letters of credit. Securities lending by a Fund involves the risk that the borrower may fail to return the loaned securities or maintain the proper amount of collateral. Therefore a Fund will only enter into such lending after a review by the investment adviser or subadviser of the borrower’s financial statements, reports and other information as may be necessary to evaluate the creditworthiness of the borrower. Such reviews will be conducted on an ongoing basis as long as the loan is outstanding.
Short-Term Trading
Securities may be sold in anticipation of a market decline or purchased in anticipation of a market rise and later sold. In addition, a security may be sold and another purchased at approximately the same time to take advantage of what a Fund believes to be a temporary disparity in the normal yield relationship between the two securities. Such trading may be expected to increase a Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and the expenses incurred in connection with such trading and may result in recognition of greater levels of short-term capital gain, which is taxed for federal income tax purposes to shareholders as ordinary income when distributed by a Fund.
Swap Agreements
A Fund may enter into interest rate, index, equity and currency exchange rate swap agreements. These transactions would be entered into in an attempt to obtain a particular return when it is considered desirable to do so, possibly at a lower cost to a Fund than if the Fund had invested directly in the asset that yielded the desired return. Swap agreements are two-party contracts entered into primarily by institutional investors for periods ranging from a few weeks to more than one year. In a standard swap transaction, two parties agree to exchange the returns (or differentials in rates of return) earned or realized on particular predetermined investments or instruments, which may be adjusted for an interest factor. The gross returns to be exchanged or “swapped” between the parties are generally calculated with respect to a “notional amount,” i.e., the return on or increase in value of a particular dollar amount invested at a particular interest rate, in a particular foreign currency, or in a “basket” of securities representing a particular index.
Most swap agreements entered into by a Fund calculate the obligations of the parties to the agreement on a “net basis.” Consequently, a Fund’s current obligations (or rights) under a swap agreement will generally be equal only to the net amount to be paid or received under the agreement based on the relative values of the positions held by each party to the agreement (the “net amount”). The Fund’s current obligations under a swap agreement will be accrued daily (offset against amounts owed to the Fund) and any accrued but unpaid net amounts owed to a swap counterparty will be covered by the maintenance of a segregated account consisting of liquid assets to limit any potential leveraging of the Fund’s portfolio. Whenever a Fund is required to segregate assets for 1940 Act purposes, notations on the books of the Trust’s custodian or fund accounting agent are sufficient to constitute a segregated account. See also “Derivative Instruments.”
Obligations under swap agreements so covered will not be construed to be “senior securities” for purposes of a Fund’s investment restriction concerning senior securities. Except as otherwise indicated in the Fund’s Prospectus or in this SAI, a Fund will not enter into a swap agreement with any single party if the net amount owed or to be received under existing contracts with that party would exceed 5% of the Fund’s assets.
Whether a Fund’s use of swap agreements will be successful in furthering its investment objective will depend on the investment adviser’s or the subadviser’s ability to correctly predict whether certain types of investments are likely to produce greater returns than other investments. Because they are two-party contracts and because they may have terms of greater than seven days, swap agreements may be considered to be illiquid investments. Moreover, a Fund bears the risk of loss of the amount expected to be received under a swap agreement in the event of the default or bankruptcy of a swap agreement counterparty. A Fund will enter into swap agreements only with counterparties that meet certain standards for creditworthiness (generally, such counterparties would have to be eligible counterparties under the terms of the Fund’s repurchase agreement guidelines). Certain restrictions imposed by the Code for qualification as a regulated investment company may limit the Fund’s ability to use swap agreements. The swap market is a relatively new market and is largely unregulated. It is possible that developments in the swap market, including potential government regulation, could adversely affect the Fund’s ability to terminate existing swap agreements or to realize amounts to be received under such agreements.
Temporary Defensive Positioning
The investments and strategies described throughout the Prospectus are those the subadviser intends to use under normal circumstances. When the subadviser determines that market or other conditions warrant, a Fund may invest up to 100% of its assets in money market instruments, or hold U.S. dollars. When a Fund is investing for temporary or defensive purposes, it is not pursuing its investment goal.
Unit Investment Trusts
A Unit Investment Trust (“UIT”) is a type of investment company. Investments in UITs are subject to regulations limiting a Fund’s acquisition of investment company securities. Standard and Poor’s Depositary Receipts (“SPDRs”), DIAMONDS, MDYs and similar investments are interests in UITs that may be obtained directly from the UIT or purchased in the secondary market. SPDRs consist of a portfolio of securities substantially similar to the component securities of the Standard and Poor’s 500 Composite Stock Price Index. DIAMONDS and MDYs consist of a portfolio of securities substantially similar to the component securities of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and of the Standard and Poor’s MidCap 400 Index, respectively.
The price of a UIT interest is derived and based upon the securities held by the UIT. Accordingly, the level of risk involved in the purchase or sale of a UIT interest is similar to the risk involved in the purchase or sale of traditional common stock, with the exception that the pricing mechanism for UITs is based on a basket of stocks. Disruptions in the markets for the securities underlying UITs purchased or sold by a Fund could result in losses on UITs. Trading in UITs involves risks similar to the risks, involved in the writing of options on securities, described above under “Options.”
Interests in UITs are not individually redeemable, except upon termination of the UIT. To redeem, a Fund must accumulate a certain amount of UIT interests. The liquidity of small holdings of UITs, therefore, depends upon the existence of a secondary market. Upon redemption of a UIT interest, a Fund receives securities and cash identical to the deposit required of an investor wishing to purchase a UIT interest that day.
Other Investments
The Board may, in the future, authorize a Fund to invest in securities other than those listed here and in the Funds’ Prospectus, provided that such investment would be consistent with the Fund’s investment objective and that it would not violate any fundamental investment policies or restrictions applicable to that Fund.
CFTC Regulation
Each Fund intends to operate in compliance with the exclusion from regulation as a “commodity pool” under the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) provided by Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) Rule 4.5, which was recently amended. Under this rule, as amended, a Fund will not be deemed to be a “commodity pool” under the CEA if the Fund uses commodity interests solely for “bona fide hedging purposes” or, subject to certain exceptions, if the Fund limits its use of commodity interests for purposes other than bona fide hedging purposes to no more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s portfolio.
If a Fund were no longer able to claim the exclusion provided by Rule 4.5, the Fund would be required to register with the CFTC as a “commodity pool” and would become subject to regulation under the CEA, which could increase the Fund’s expenses, adversely affecting investment returns. In addition, in this event, Aston Asset Management, LP (“Aston” or the “Adviser”) would be required to register with the CFTC as a “commodity pool operator” and the applicable subadviser would be required to register with the CFTC as a “commodity trading advisor.”
INVESTMENT RESTRICTIONS
The investment objective of each Fund and investment restrictions set forth below are fundamental policies and may not be changed as to a Fund without the approval of a majority of the outstanding voting shares (as defined in the 1940 Act) of the Fund. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentage limitations governing the investments of each Fund apply only at the time of transaction. Accordingly, if a percentage restriction is adhered to at the time of investment, a later increase or decrease in the percentage which results from a relative change in values or from a change in a Fund’s total assets will not be considered a violation.
Neither Fund may:
(1) Purchase or sell real estate (but this restriction shall not prevent the Fund from investing directly or indirectly in portfolio instruments secured by real estate or interests therein or acquiring securities of real estate investment trusts or other issuers that deal in real estate).
(2) Purchase the securities of issuers conducting their principal business activities in the same industry (other than obligations issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, its agencies or instrumentalities) if immediately after such purchase the value of the Fund’s investments in such industry would exceed 25% of the value of the total assets of the Fund.
(3) Act as an underwriter of securities, except that, in connection with the disposition of a security, a Fund may be deemed to be an “underwriter” as that term is defined in the 1933 Act.
(4) As to 75% of the total assets of the Fund, (i) purchase the securities of any one issuer (other than cash, other investment companies and securities issued by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities) if immediately after such purchase, more than 5% of the value of the Fund’s total assets would be invested in securities of such issuer or (ii) purchase more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of such issuer.
(5) Purchase physical commodities, except to the extent permitted under the 1940 Act, the rules and regulations thereunder and any applicable exemptive relief or unless acquired as a result of the ownership of securities or instruments, but this restriction shall not prohibit a Fund from purchasing futures contracts, options, foreign currencies or forward contracts, swaps, caps, collars, floors and other financial instruments or from investing in securities of any kind.
(6) Make investments in securities for the purpose of exercising control.
(7) Purchase securities on margin, except such short-term credits as are necessary for the clearance of transactions. For this purpose, the deposit or payment by a Fund for initial or maintenance margin in connection with futures contracts or other financial instruments is not considered to be the purchase or sale of a security on margin.
(8) Make loans, except as permitted by the 1940 Act and the rules and regulations thereunder.
(9) Borrow money, except that a Fund may borrow from banks and enter into reverse repurchase agreements for temporary purposes in amounts up to one-third of the value of its total assets at the time of such borrowing.
(10) Issue senior securities (as defined in the 1940 Act) except in connection with permitted borrowings as described above or as permitted by rule, regulation or order of the SEC.