PCCTU Perception Capital Corporation II

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File Number 001-40976

Spectaire Holdings Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (508) 213-8991

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2023, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $23.3 million, based on the closing price of the Registrant’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of $11.20 per share. Common stock beneficially owned by each executive officers, directors, and holders of more than 10% of our common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding as of March 27, 2024 was 15,344,864.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

BASIS OF PRESENTATION

On January 16, 2023, Spectaire Holdings Inc., a Delaware corporation, (formerly known as Perception Capital Corp. II) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger with Perception Spectaire Merger Sub Corp. (“Merger Sub”) and Spectaire Inc. (the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provided for, among other things, the merger of Merger Sub with and into Spectaire Inc. (the “Merger”  and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”), with Spectaire Inc. surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Spectaire, in accordance with the terms and subject to the conditions of the Merger Agreement. On October 19, 2023, we consummated the Business Combination.

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Annual Report”), unless the context requires otherwise, references to “Spectaire,” the “Company,” “Registrant,” “we,” “us,” and “our,” and similar references refer to Spectaire Holdings Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries following the Business Combination and to Spectaire Inc. prior to the consummation of the Business Combination. References to “PCCT” refer to Perception Capital Corp. II prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

This Annual Report contains references to trademarks, service marks and trade names owned by us or other companies. Solely for convenience, trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report and the information incorporated herein, including logos, artwork and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks, service marks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, service marks or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies. Other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Annual Report are the property of their respective owners.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report, including statements concerning possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or results of operations, and any statements that refer to projections, forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements in this Annual Report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report and are subject to a number of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including the risks, uncertainties and assumptions described under the section in this Annual Report titled “Risk Factors.” These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks, including, without limitation, the following:

Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified and some of which are beyond our control, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances, or otherwise.

You should read this Report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Spectaire Holdings Inc. (the “Company”, or “Spectaire”, “us”, “our” or “we”) is an industrial technology company whose core offering allows its customers to measure, manage, and potentially reduce carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) and other greenhouse gas emissions. Our core offering, AireCore^™, is a fully integrated hardware, software, and data platform for logistics and supply chain players that uses mass spectrometry to directly measure their emissions. The research and development for AireCore^™’s mass spectrometry technology began more than 15 years ago at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”), led by our Chief Technology Officer Dr. Brian Hemond and our co-founder Professor Ian Hunter. Our asset-light business model delivers a win-win-win for Spectaire, for our customers, and for the environment.

The Science Behind Spectaire

Companies are coming under increasing pressure from governments, customers, and the public to account for and reduce their emissions. We believe that, prior to our introduction of AireCore^™, there was no practical way to directly measure real-time transportation emissions. As we describe below, conventional mass spectrometers, the only technology that could directly measure transportation emissions in real-time, are large, expensive, and require stable lab environments. Even ostensibly “mobile” mass spectrometers are impractical and require behind towed separately behind an emitting vehicle. As a result of these impractical options, instead of directly measuring their emissions, our potential customers currently estimate their emissions using emissions estimation calculators for transport and logistics that estimate based on fuel consumption, mileage, and vehicle weight. These estimates cannot accommodate the minute-to-minute, mile-to-mile variations that often drive significant differences between these estimates and actual emissions. As a result, these estimates have come under criticism for being inaccurate, simplistic, and — until now — impossible to verify. A pilot study conducted with our anchor customer Mosolf found that their emissions estimate calculated using CSN EN 16258, a publicly available and widely used emissions estimation standard, overstated their actual emissions by approximately 60%.

The most practical way to directly measure emissions at the source is through mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is a chemical analytical technique used to confirm both the identity and the relative quantity of molecules in a sample. In a typical mass spectrometry measurement, a gas sample is ionized and the resultant ions are separated by their mass-to-charge ratios (m/z). The specific sample molecules can then be identified by the atomic masses of the ions and ion fragmentation pattern.

A mass spectrometer attached to a vehicle can precisely measure the CO₂e emitted while the engine is running. However, most commercially available mass spectrometers are industrial-scale equipment, roughly the size and weight of a refrigerator, can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, and typically require stable lab environments to operate. Companies today incur real costs in emissions offsets or carbon tax payments due to inaccurate estimates, while simultaneously lacking the technology to deliver an accurate accounting of their actual emissions. As a result, our potential customers currently face a no-win situation as public policy and corporate commitments outpace available technology.

Spectaire’s AireCore^™ Solution

Our AireCore^™ patented micro mass spectrometer (MMS) solves this problem. Unlike conventional mass spectrometers which typically have significant cost, size, power, and environmental requirements the AireCore^™ uses a proprietary miniaturized and ruggedized analyzer combined with solid state pump technology to address mobile operation in harsh environments.

AireCore^™ is cloud-connected through mobile phone networks, enabling a continuous feed of emissions data. AireCore^™ core software can also be upgraded over-the-air (OTA) smartphone-style, enabling continuous roll-out of features and improvements.

AireCore^™ is protected by a robust patent portfolio and a lengthy research and development timeline, with significant time and resources invested by MIT in developing technology that is not reflected in our historical financial statements. MIT has granted us an exclusive license for all of the intellectual property owned by MIT that underlies the AireCore^™ and is a minority shareholder in Spectaire.

Companies face a “technology gap” between emissions requirements and access to emissions management capabilities, creating a no-win scenario. We believe that AireCore^™ is the world’s first and only device able to address this technology gap by delivering real-time, accurate, and verifiable emissions measurements, and through our flagship AireCore^™ product, we provide a fully integrated hardware, software, and data solution for logistics and supply chain players to directly measure their emissions. We are aware of no other commercially available device that can be directly integrated into a vehicle, thus providing real-time emissions measurement while the vehicle is in everyday operation — yet reporting standards for emissions from industry, government, or other entities implicitly presume exactly such a technological capability.

Hardware

Software

Data

Patent portfolio

The following table sets forth certain information related to each of the issued patents related to AireCore^™’s MMS technology, including the relevant jurisdiction of each and corresponding expiration date.

Our Industry and Opportunity

We estimate a market opportunity exceeding $95 billion, derived bottom-up from logistics provider fleet sizes in the United States and Europe, and explicitly excluding several major sources of potential revenues. We believe our market is growing, and that we are well-positioned at the center of three converging forces: the evolution of the regulatory environment, changes in customer expectations, and the growth and development of carbon credit markets.

We Address a $95 Billion³ Market

We estimate our total addressable market exceeds $95 billion. This figure is derived by multiplying heavy-duty truck fleet size in the United States and Europe against our unit economics.⁴

We believe this estimate is conservative, as it excludes potential revenues from:

Emissions are Rising Rapidly

Global CO2e emissions have risen rapidly to all-time highs and are continuing to accelerate. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) estimates that global atmospheric CO2e levels reached 419.7 parts per million, a 10.2% increase from 2005 levels. Meanwhile, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that 35.3 billion metric tons of CO2e was emitted in 2020 alone, roughly equivalent to the weight of 570 billion people or more than 70 times the current global population. The trajectory of emissions increases is accelerating.

At the United Nations Climate Change Conference of 2015 (COP 21), 196 nations signed the Paris Agreement, which committed them to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2.0°C, and preferably 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. Achieving this goal will require net zero emissions by 2050. These commitments encourage focus on the largest sources of emissions. The International Energy Agency estimates that 37% of global emissions come from transport.

Evolutions of the Regulatory Environment

Regulation has historically required manufacturers to adhere to ever-evolving standards of emissions and efficiency. The United States first introduced regulation on vehicle emissions with the Clean Air Act of 1963 and fuel economy with the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975. The scope of government action under the Clean Air Act was significantly clarified by the 2007 Supreme Court case of Massachusetts vs. EPA. Today, three government agencies — the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) — set Federal and state vehicle emissions and fuel economy standards. These standards are steadily growing in specificity and granularity, and include:

The Clean Air Act further empowers the EPA to assess significant fines to manufacturers and distributors in case of noncompliant engines, tampering events, and reporting and recordkeeping violations. Similar legislation is in place in the European Union, Brazil, Japan, India, and other major jurisdictions.

Starting with Finland in 1990, and accelerating in recent years, many jurisdictions have introduced a new type of legislation that targets owners and operators — as opposed to manufacturers and distributors — of emissions producing assets. This type of legislation puts a price on the usage of carbon, to be borne by the owner or the end-state customers. Carbon-pricing legislation falls into two distinct categories.

First, an emissions trading scheme (ETS), also known as a cap-and-trade scheme, limits the total level of greenhouse gas emissions through the grant of allowances, and allows emitters who fall below their respective allowance to “sell” their excess allowance to emitters who have exceeded their allocations. This allows the “systemwide aggregate” level of emissions to be kept constant, while allowing market pricing to determine the price of emissions. In an ETS, the planned volume of emissions is — in theory — known (via the allowances), but the price of carbon is not set by the market. The European Union, the State of California, and New Zealand are examples of jurisdictions that have implemented emissions trading schemes.

Second, a carbon tax directly sets a price on carbon usage and is assessed by governments. Carbon taxes are simpler to administer versus the market infrastructure and operating costs of an ETS but are less common. In a carbon tax system, the planned volume of emissions is not known (although emitters are economically incentivized to reduce it), but the price of carbon is known, as it is set by government authorities as a tax. Germany, South Africa, and several Canadian provinces are examples of jurisdictions that have or plan to implement a carbon tax.

We expect further growth and convergence of carbon pricing legislation and regulation in the years ahead. We believe a trend of “carbon pricing without borders” will continue to accelerate, as emissions are not constrained by national or subnational borders. Emissions trading schemes are already “linking” their markets to encourage greater trading activity and liquidity, such as in the case of the Switzerland-EU ETS link, and the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a consortium of 12 US states.

We believe the growth of these trends will strengthen demand for our products and services. Both ETS and carbon taxes require accurate and continuous measurement, which is currently not possible without expensive and impractical equipment, and which can only work in lab settings, thus creating a “technology gap” between legal requirements and the capability to fulfill them. Our AireCore^™ MMS closes this “technology gap” and is key to the successful shift of manufacturer-directed emissions limits to user-directed emissions limits.

Changes in Customer Expectations

In line with government action, companies have become increasingly conscious of their environment footprint as a result of expectations placed upon them by their customers, investors, and other stakeholders. The Governance & Accountability Institute found that in 2022, 96% of S&P 500 companies and 81% of Russell 1000 companies published reports to their investors describing their ESG (environmental, social, and governance) commitments. We believe our products and services actively help our customers manage their sustainability profiles and derive real commercial and operational benefits from doing so.

We believe companies with significant carbon footprints (both direct and indirect) are developing strategies to adapt their business models in response to customer and investor demands.

First, they are adopting a common language to provide transparency on their environmental footprint. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard (GHG Protocol) and the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) are non-profit initiatives with significant participation. Over 18,700 companies representing more than half of global market capitalization participated in CDP’s annual disclosure programs, and 90% of Fortune 500 companies participating in CDP used GHG Protocol as the mechanism to frame their disclosures.

Second, they are adopting a common framework to guide their aspirations. The Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi), a partnership between CDP, the United Stations, the World Resources Institute (WRI), and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), is used by over 4,000 companies to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement goals — limiting global warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. SBTi targets are emissions reduction targets typically with a 5-15 year range from the date of submission and can include net-zero targets.

Third, they are expanding their scope of responsibility. The GHG Protocol defines emissions as Scope 1 (direct emissions from owned or controlled sources, such as a factory’s direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy, such as the power plant providing electricity for the factory), and Scope 3 (all other emissions not included in Scope 1 or Scope 2, both upstream and downstream, such as truck emissions from a supplier providing raw materials to the factory). For many companies, Scope 3 emissions make up a significant, if not a majority of their emissions, which they now seek to control and influence by exerting pressure upstream and downstream on their value chain.

Our initial set of indirect downstream customers have been working extensively with their suppliers to gain visibility on, manage, and reduce their Scope 3 emissions:

Companies that make such commitments require suppliers to report on their emissions and potentially purchase carbon credits or offsets as a cost of doing business. For these upstream suppliers (our direct customers), the ability to measure emissions directly enables them to comply with their customer mandates.

Growth and Development of Carbon Credit Markets

Companies that operate in jurisdictions with either ETS or carbon taxes can take advantage of carbon credits, a tradeable certificate or permit representing the right to emit a set amount of greenhouse gas, typically a single metric ton of CO₂ equivalent (MTCO₂e). Companies that generate certified carbon credits have two avenues to realize value. First, they can offset their own carbon emissions, thus lowering their exposure to carbon limits or carbon taxes. Once used to offset emissions, carbon credits are retired and no longer have value. Second, they can sell their carbon credits on carbon markets, creating an additional revenue stream.

Specific types of carbon credits are typically grouped into three categories: carbon avoidance (preventing carbon from entering the atmosphere, for example, building a wind farm in lieu of a natural gas plant), carbon reduction (reducing carbon already entering the atmosphere, for example, an efficiency upgrade to an emissions source), and carbon removal (removing carbon from the atmosphere, for example, carbon sequestration projects). Carbon credits are typically certified by a verification body such as Gold Standard, Verra, American Carbon Registry, and Climate Action Reserve. The certification process is rigorous and typically specific to a methodology of measurement, the emitting activity, and sometimes the site of emissions. Market pricing of carbon credits takes these differential factors into account.

Carbon markets are split between Compliance Carbon Markets (CCMs) and Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCMs). CCMs, as their name implies, exist where carbon limits are set by governmental authorities, such as the European Union or the State of California. VCMs allow emitters outside of CCMs to voluntarily offset their carbon emissions. CCMs are generally more mature and liquid than VCMs, given the regulatory aspect of participation. Carbon credits traded in VCMs and CCMs are generally not fungible, and thus give rise to significant pricing differentials. For example, in 2022, carbon credits in the EU CCM traded at €70-€100 per MTCO₂e, while carbon credits in VCMs traded at $2-$10 per MTCO₂e.

Carbon markets are growing and scaling significantly. Research from the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA) released in 2021 estimated the size of CCMs to be $170 billion, with a need to scale up to $1 trillion or more by 2030 to achieve Paris Agreement goals. Research by McKinsey & Company conducted in partnership with the Institute of International Finance estimate VCMs as much more nascent at $300 million, but forecasts that the market could increase to a value of $50 billion or more by 2030.

The growth and development of carbon markets creates upside potential for Spectaire. While the business model is not dependent on carbon credits, our technologies allow companies to reduce the volume of emissions through efficiency improvements. Spectaire is prepared to participate in both CCMs and VCMs and is in the certification process with both Gold Standard and Verra.

Spectaire’s Business Model

Our business model is based on asset-light production and delivers a win-win-win for Spectaire from high-margin revenue streams, for our customers who realize lower costs and new revenues, and for the environment from better outcomes and more effective public policy.

The following discussion of our business model reflects numerous estimates, beliefs and assumptions, including, but not limited to, general business, economic, regulatory, market and financial conditions, as well as assumptions about competition, future performance, and matters specific to Spectaire’s business, all of which are difficult to predict and inherently subject to significant risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond Spectaire’s and PCCT’s control. The various risks and uncertainties include those set forth in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 13 of this Annual Report and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” beginning on page 43 of this Annual Report, which you should read and carefully in connection with your review of the following discussion of our business model.

Note that Spectaire will be subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety, product stewardship and producer responsibility laws and regulations, including those arising from or relating to the use, generation, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous chemicals used during its manufacturing process, those governing worker health and safety, those requiring design changes, supply chain investigation or conformity assessments and those relating to the recycling or reuse of products it manufactures. If Spectaire fails to comply with any present or future regulations or obtain in a timely manner any needed permits, Spectaire could become subject to liabilities, and could face fines or penalties, the suspension of production, or prohibitions on services it provides. In addition, such regulations could restrict Spectaire’s ability to expand its facilities or could require it to acquire costly equipment, or to incur other significant expenses, including expenses associated with the recall of any non-compliant product or with changes in Spectaire’s operational, procurement and inventory management activities.

A Win for Spectaire: Three High-Margin Revenue Streams

We can achieve three high-margin revenue streams through its AireCore^™ MMS product line.

A Win for Customers: Lower Costs and New Revenues

Our customers realize immediate and long-term benefits by deploying the AireCore^™ MMS product at scale.

A Win for the Environment: Better Outcomes and More Effective Public Policy

Our technologies provide significant direct and indirect benefits for the environment far into the future.

Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had 8 employees located in the United States. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages and believed we maintain good relations with our employees.

Facilities

As of December 31, 2023, we lease space for our office and manufacturing operations in Watertown, Massachusetts. This facility consists of approximately 2,250 square feet under a lease that will expire in July 2024 and expected to be renewed annually.

Prospects for Future Growth

We plan to grow and scale our business significantly through a “land and expand” strategy, serving customers who are upstream suppliers of large emitters focused on their Scope 3 emissions.

Our Go-To-Market Approach

We focus on customers in the logistics industry who have made public commitments to reducing emissions, who have invested in technology that helps lower their carbon footprint, and who appreciate AireCore^™’s easy-to-understand value proposition to accurately quantify those reductions.

We believe that awareness of this problem — unreliable emissions calculations — spans many industries, and that we face no meaningful direct competition in this space. We believe a growing number of customers publishing accurate emission reduction figures supported by Spectaire will increase visibility among partners, suppliers, and vendors across an inherently interconnected industry. Our sales approach is tailored specifically to senior executives, who know the value of not only reducing emissions but also having reliable measurements and reports from outside sources for increased risk mitigation. We believe these network effects will support its “land and expand” go-to-market strategy.

Pilot Programs

Our customer engagement model is designed for modern, globalized operations. By focusing our initial pilots on companies that are already well-known to the Spectaire management team and board, we can achieve a significant and positive impact for our customers in managing efficient logistics solutions even without a physical presence in each territory.

We are currently preparing and deploying a robust set of pilot deployments with four customers — Borghi, Mosolf, and American Ag Energy — representing a potential fleet size of over 11,500 assets.

Borghi Italia SRL, headquartered in Modena, Italy, is a leading logistics and logistics service provider. Borghi supports the deployment of enterprise hardware installations including medical equipment such as imaging machines, financial equipment such as ATMs, and IT equipment such as servers and storage. Borghi has been servicing customers for over 30 years and in 2022 transported over 46,000 pieces of equipment for their clients. Borghi reports their logistics emissions to their clients, has the goal to measure emissions and believes Spectaire can help them monetize the investments they have made to logistics modernization by allowing them to capture additional carbon credits. We have received a purchase order from Borghi for a pilot deployment.

Mosolf SE & Co. KG, headquartered in Kirchheim unter Teck, Baden-Württemberg Germany, is a leading German logistics operator. Mosolf’s chairman Dr. Jörg Mosolf is a shareholder and member of Spectaire’s board. Mosolf was the first company where we were able to test the AireCore^™ MMS on vehicles. Based on Mosolf’s fleet of 208 Class 8 trucks, we estimate that Mosolf’s fleet would be able to prove an emissions reduction of approximately 60% and generate nearly 50,000 carbon credits over the course of a year. Mosolf has indicated its intent to use AireCore^™ units on its logistics fleet. We have received payment for deployment of pilot units.

American Ag Energy, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a next-generation agricultural technology solution provider. Their primary focus is to connect greenhouses with energy efficient power sources and measure and monitor the emissions of those locations. The ability to visualize in real time the emissions of their greenhouse equipment is critical to measuring the carbon footprint as well as the optimal growing conditions inside their growing centers. American Ag Energy has issued to us a non-binding letter of intent.

Customer Pipeline

We have a robust customer pipeline with line of sight to over 300,000 unit sales. We categorize our pipeline in four buckets.

Our customer pipeline is designed to meet its near-to-medium-term sales targets. Our pipeline includes customers across four continents and multiple logistics sectors, who in turn cater to private and public entities, all seeking measured emissions reductions. We believe the trend of increasingly stringent global regulations aimed at reducing emissions will continue, and result in increasing demand for the cutting-edge solutions we provide with AireCore^™. As such, we are confident in the continued growth and conversion of its customer pipeline.

Asset-Light Manufacturing Model

Our current manufacturing facility in Watertown, Massachusetts is of sufficient scale to supply the pilot units and smaller production volumes. We employ a lean manufacturing approach which minimizes engineering investment, while meeting precise technological requirements and encouraging continuous improvement.

We are currently working with multiple providers of contract manufacturing to develop agreements that will allow us to significantly increase production capacity and accommodate the growth in demand for AireCore^™ units. We believe these agreements will allow us to outsource machining, fabrication, and assembly, while realizing improved input cost pricing and gross margins by procuring raw materials at scale.

Our asset-light manufacturing model will pair extensive in-house R&D and limited in-house production with a scaled-up network of contract manufacturers. AireCore^™ is well-suited for contract manufacturing, as the hardware platform is designed to maximize optionality and minimize customization, while the software platform is cloud-connected and relies on smartphone-style over-the-air (OTA) upgrades to continuously roll out new features and improvements. We believe this business model provides a flexible and highly variable cost structure and limits fixed capital expenditures. We believe this business model will allow us to continue innovating while rapidly shortening the time-to-market.

Margin Profile Evolution

We believe we will benefit from unique characteristics in its business model, such that its margin profile will structurally improve over time. Our revenue mix will shift between its three revenue streams over time, which will include unit sales (approximately 30% gross margin), data subscriptions and services (approximately 65% gross margin), and carbon credits (100% gross margin).

Our revenues will initially be weighted towards unit sales. Over time, as the AireCore^™ MMS installed base grows and scales, we will be able to realize an increasing share of revenues from its data subscriptions (at a higher margin versus unit sales). Subsequently, we expect that it will begin deriving significant revenues from carbon credit. As the installed base grows, the center of gravity for revenue sources is expected to shift to progressively higher-margin revenue streams, which we believe will allow it to grow and increase its profitability over the long term.

Available Information

Our Internet address for our stockholders and other interested parties is www.spectaire.com. We make available, free of charge, through our website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after filing or furnishing such reports with the SEC. Also, the charter of our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, our Code of Ethics and Conduct, Corporate Governance Guidelines and stockholder communications are available through our website. All of these corporate governance materials are available free of charge to any stockholder who provides a written request to the Company at 19 Coolidge Hill Rd., Watertown, MA 02472, Attention: Leonardo Fernandes. The contents of our website are not intended to be incorporated by reference into this Report or any other report or document we file and any reference to our website is intended to be an inactive textual reference only.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this report, before making an investment in our Common Stock or Warrants. Our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects could be materially and adversely affected if any of these risks occurs, and as a result, the market price of our Common Stock and Warrants could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. This Annual Report on Form 10-K also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those set forth below.

Summary Risk Factors

The following is a summary of some of the risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. You should read this summary together with the more detailed risk factors contained below.

Risks Related to the Committed Equity Financing

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of common stock, if any, we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to Keystone, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.

On November 17, 2023, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Keystone (the “Common Stock Purchase Agreement”), whereby we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Keystone, and Keystone is obligated to purchase, up to the lesser of (i) an aggregate of $20 million of newly issued shares of common stock and (ii) the Exchange Cap, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Unless earlier terminated, the shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Keystone at our discretion until November 17, 2025.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of shares to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. Sales of shares, if any, to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Keystone all, some or none of the shares of common stock that may be available for us to sell to Keystone pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by Keystone for the shares of common stock that we may elect to sell to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our common stock at the time we elect to sell shares to Keystone pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this Annual Report and prior to any such sales, the purchase price per share that Keystone will pay for shares of common stock purchased from us under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement.

Because the market price of our common stock may fluctuate from time to time after the date of this Annual Report and, as a result, the actual purchase prices to be paid by Keystone for shares of our common stock that we direct it to purchase under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, if any, also may fluctuate significantly based on the market price of our common stock.

The number of shares of common stock ultimately offered for sale by Keystone is dependent upon the number of shares, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. However, even if we elect to sell shares of common stock to Keystone pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, Keystone may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices.

Investors who buy shares of common stock from Keystone at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, we have discretion to vary the timing, price and number of shares of common stock we sell to Keystone. If and when we elect to sell shares of common stock to Keystone pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, after Keystone has acquired such shares, Keystone may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from Keystone in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from Keystone in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Keystone at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with Keystone may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

We are engaged in multiple transactions and offerings of our securities. Future resales and/or issuances of shares of common stock, including pursuant to this Annual Report, may cause the market price of our shares to drop significantly.

To the extent we sell shares of common stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, substantial amounts of common stock will be issued and available for resale by Keystone, which would cause dilution and represent a significant portion of our public float and may result in substantial decreases to the price of our common stock. After Keystone has acquired shares under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, Keystone may resell all, some or none of such common shares at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices.

We have filed registration statements with the SEC for purposes of registering (a) the resale by Keystone of up to 3,067,438 shares of common stock and (b) (1) the resale from time to time of up to (i) up to 24,469,671 shares of common stock constituting approximately 61.9% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock and approximately 70.4% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock held by non-affiliates (in each case, assuming the exercise of all our warrants), which consists of (a) up to 6,133,344 shares of common stock issued in connection with the Business Combination, (b) up to 5,165,000 shares of common stock originally issued to the Sponsor, (c) up to 10,050,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of the Private Placement Warrants, (d) up to 670,874 shares of common stock issued to Polar pursuant to the Amended and Restated Polar Subscription Agreement, (e) up to 206,000 shares of common stock issued to Polar pursuant to the Polar Forward Purchase Agreement, (f) up to 50,000 shares of common stock issued in the PIPE Investment, and (g) up to 2,194,453 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of the Arosa Warrant, and (ii) up to 10,050,000 Private Placement Warrants and (2) the issuance by us of up to 23,744,453 shares of our common stock, which consists of (i) up to 10,050,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of 10,050,000 warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) constituting approximately 46.6% of our issued and outstanding Warrants, which were originally issued in a private placement at a price of $1.00 per Warrant in connection with the initial public offering of PCCT, (ii) up to 11,500,000 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of 11,500,000 warrants (the “Public Warrants” and, together with the Private Placement Warrants, the “Warrants”) originally issued in the initial public offering of PCCT, and (iii) up to 2,194,453 shares of common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of the Arosa Warrant.

Subject to applicable transfer restrictions, shares of common stock held by these stockholders will be eligible for resale, potentially subject to, in the case of stockholders who are our affiliates, volume, manner of sale, and other limitations under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act.

In addition, shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise or vesting of incentive awards under our incentive plans are, once issued, eligible for sale in the public market, subject to any lock-up agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144. Furthermore, shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our incentive plan may become available for sale in future.

The market price of shares of our common stock could drop significantly if the holders of the shares of common stock described above sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of shares of our common stock or other securities.

We may use proceeds from sales of shares of our common stock made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

We have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from sales of shares of our common stock made pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, as described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. In addition, the ultimate use of the net proceeds may vary from the currently intended uses. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of our securities in the public market by our existing securityholders could cause the price of our shares of common stock and Warrants to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our shares of common stock and/or Warrants in the public market by our existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our shares of common stock and Warrants and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our shares of common stock and Warrants.

Our Warrants are exercisable for shares of our common stock, which exercises will increase the number of shares of common stock eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our existing stockholders.

The outstanding Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 21,550,000 shares of our common stock became exercisable on December 22, 2022. Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of our common stock at a price of $11.50 per whole share. The Arosa Warrant to purchase an aggregate of 2,194,453 shares of our common stock became exercisable upon its issuance. The Arosa Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase up to 2,194,453 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. Warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of shares of common stock. To the extent such Warrants are exercised, additional shares of our common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the then existing holders of our common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

On March 27, 2024, the closing price for our common stock was $0.84. If the price of our common stock remains below $11.50 per share, we believe Warrant holders will be unlikely to cash exercise their Warrants, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us.

Nasdaq may delist the Company’s securities from trading on its exchange, which could limit investors’ ability to make transactions in the Company’s securities and subject the Company to additional trading restrictions.

The Company’s securities are listed on Nasdaq. However, the Company cannot assure you that its securities will continue to be listed on Nasdaq. In order to continue listing its securities on Nasdaq, the Company must maintain certain financial, distribution and stock price levels. Generally, the Company must maintain a minimum amount of stockholders’ equity (generally $4.0 million) and a minimum number of holders of its securities (generally 300 unrestricted, round-lot holders).

On December 5, 2023, the Company received a letter (the “Letter”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the Letter, the Company’s Market Value of Listed Securities (“MVLS”) was below the $50 million minimum MVLS requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Market under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(A) (the “MVLS Rule”). The Letter is only a notification of deficiency, not of imminent delisting, and has no current effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s securities. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), the Company will have 180 calendar days, or until June 3, 2024 (the “June 3^rd Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the MVLS Rule. To regain compliance with the MVLS Rule, the Company’s MVLS must equal or exceed $50 million for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days at any time prior to the June 3^rd Compliance Date. If the Company regains compliance with the MVLS Rule, Nasdaq will provide the Company with written confirmation and will close the matter. In the event that the Company does not regain compliance with the MVLS Rule by the June 3^rd Compliance Date, it will receive written notification that its securities are subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Hearings Panel. The Letter notes that the Company may be eligible to transfer the listing of its securities to the Nasdaq Capital Market (provided that it then satisfies the requirements for continued listing on that market). The Company is monitoring its MVLS and will consider its available options to regain compliance with the MVLS Rule; however, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain compliance with the MVLS Rule.

On December 15, 2023, Spectaire Holdings Inc. (the “Company”) received a letter (the “Letter”) from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq notifying the Company that, for the last 30 consecutive business days prior to the date of the Letter, the Company’s Market Value of Publicly Held Shares (“MVPHS”) was below the $15 million minimum requirement for continued listing on the Nasdaq Global Market under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(2)(C) (the “MVPHS Rule”). The Letter is only a notification of deficiency, not of imminent delisting, and has no current effect on the listing or trading of the Company’s securities. In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(D), the Company will have 180 calendar days, or until June 12, 2024 (the “June 12^th Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule. To regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule, the Company’s MVPHS must equal or exceed $15 million for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days at any time prior to the June 12^th Compliance Date. If the Company regains compliance with the MVPHS, Nasdaq will provide the Company with written confirmation and will close the matter. In the event that the Company does not regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule by the June 12^th Compliance Date, it will receive written notification that its securities are subject to delisting. At that time, the Company may appeal the delisting determination to a Hearings Panel. The Letter notes that the Company may be eligible to transfer the listing of its securities to the Nasdaq Capital Market (provided that it then satisfies the requirements for continued listing on that market). The Company is monitoring its MVPHS and will consider its available options to regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule; however, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to regain compliance with the MVPHS Rule.

If Nasdaq delists any of our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list such securities on another approved national securities exchange, we expect that such securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, we could face significant material adverse consequences, including: (i) a limited availability of market quotations for our securities, (ii) reduced liquidity for our securities, (iii) a determination that our public shares are “penny stocks” which will require brokers trading in our public shares to adhere to more stringent rules, including being subject to the depository requirements of Rule 419 of the Securities Act, and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our securities, (iv) a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future, and (v) a less attractive acquisition vehicle to a target business in connection with an initial business combination. The National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996, which is a federal statute, prevents or preempts the states from regulating the sale of certain securities, which are referred to as “covered securities.” The Company’s public shares, units and warrants qualify as covered securities under such statute. If we were no longer listed on Nasdaq, our securities would not qualify as covered securities under such statute and we would be subject to regulation in each state in which we offer our securities.

If Nasdaq delists our securities from trading on its exchange and we are not able to list its securities on another national securities exchange, we expect our securities could be quoted on an over-the-counter market. If this were to occur, the Company could face significant material adverse consequences, including:

Risks Related to Spectaire’s Business and Industry

The success of Spectaire’s business is dependent on Spectaire’s ability to keep pace with technological changes and competitive conditions in Spectaire’s industry, and Spectaire’s ability to effectively adapt Spectaire’s services as Spectaire’s customers react to technological changes and competitive conditions in their respective industries. Spectaire may not timely and effectively scale and adapt Spectaire’s existing technology, processes, and infrastructure to meet the needs of its business.

The success of Spectaire’s business is dependent on Spectaire’s ability to keep pace with technological changes and competitive conditions in Spectaire’s industry, and Spectaire’s ability to effectively adapt Spectaire’s services as Spectaire’s customers react to technological changes and competitive conditions in their respective industries. Spectaire may not timely and effectively scale and adapt Spectaire’s existing technology, processes, and infrastructure to meet the needs of its business. If Spectaire is unable to offer technologically advanced, high quality, quick turnaround, cost effective manufacturing services that are differentiated from its competition, or if Spectaire is unable to adapt those services as its customers’ requirements change, demand for Spectaire’s services may decline.

Spectaire’s operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from period to period and may fall below expectations in any particular period, which could adversely affect the market price of Spectaire’s common stock.

Spectaire’s operating results and financial condition have historically fluctuated, and Spectaire’s operating results and financial condition are expected to continue to fluctuate, from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year due to a number of factors, many of which will not be within Spectaire’s control.

Both Spectaire’s business and air quality measurement systems industry are changing and evolving rapidly, and Spectaire’s historical operating results may not be useful in predicting Spectaire’s future operating results. If Spectaire’s operating results do not meet the guidance that it provides to the marketplace or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of Spectaire’s common stock will likely decline. Fluctuations in Spectaire’s operating results and financial condition may be due to a number of factors, including:

In addition, Spectaire’s revenues and operating results may fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year due to its sales cycle and seasonality among its customers. Generally, Spectaire expects the air quality measurement systems market to be subject to the adoption and capital expenditure cycles of its customers. As a result, Spectaire expects to conduct a larger portion of its business during the first and fourth quarters of its fiscal year relative to the second and third quarters. Additionally, for more complex solutions, which may require additional facilities investment, potential customers may spend a substantial amount of time performing internal assessments prior to making a purchase decision. This may cause Spectaire to devote significant effort in advance of a potential sale without any guarantee of receiving any related revenues. As a result, revenues and operating results for future periods are difficult to predict with any significant degree of certainty, which could lead to adverse effects on Spectaire’s inventory levels and overall financial condition.

Due to the foregoing factors, and the other risks discussed in this Annual Report, you should not rely on Spectaire’s historical operating results as an indicator of Spectaire’s future performance.

The air quality measurement systems market is competitive. Spectaire expects to face increasing competition in many aspects of its business, which could cause its operating results to suffer.

The air quality measurement systems market in which Spectaire operates, and in which Spectaire will operate, is fragmented and competitive. Spectaire competes, and Spectaire will compete, for customers with a wide variety of producers of air quality measurement systems equipment that includes emissions measurement devices, as well as with providers of materials and services for this equipment. Some of Spectaire’s existing and potential competitors are researching, designing, developing and marketing other types of products and services that may render Spectaire’s existing or future products obsolete, uneconomical or less competitive. Existing and potential competitors may also have substantially greater financial, technical, marketing and sales, manufacturing, distribution and other resources than Spectaire, including name recognition, as well as experience and expertise in intellectual property rights and operating within certain international markets, any of which may enable them to compete effectively against Spectaire.

Future competition may arise from the development of allied or related techniques for equipment, materials and services that are not encompassed by Spectaire’s patents, from the issuance of patents to other companies that may inhibit Spectaire’s ability to develop certain products and from improvements to existing technologies.

Spectaire intends to continue to follow Spectaire’s strategy of product development and distribution network expansion to enhance its competitive position to the extent practicable. But Spectaire cannot assure you that it will be able to maintain Spectaire’s current position or continue to compete successfully against current and future sources of competition. If Spectaire does not keep pace with technological change and introduce new products and technologies, demand for its products may decline, and its operating results may suffer.

Customer relationships with emerging companies may present more risks than with established companies.

Customer relationships with emerging companies present special risks because Spectaire does not have, and Spectaire will not have, an extensive services or customer relationship history. Spectaire’s credit risk on these customers, especially in trade accounts receivable and inventories, and the risk that these customers will be unable to fulfill indemnification obligations to Spectaire, is potentially increased. Although it has not yet done so, Spectaire has the option to offer these customers extended payment terms and other support and financial accommodations which may increase Spectaire’s financial exposure.

Spectaire may be adversely affected by supply chain issues, including shortages of required electronic components and raw materials.

Strategic and efficient component and materials purchasing is an aspect of Spectaire’s, and will continue to be an aspect of Spectaire’s, strategy. When prices rise, they may impact Spectaire’s margins and results of operations if Spectaire is not able to pass the increases through to Spectaire’s customers or otherwise offset them. Some of the products Spectaire manufactures, and Spectaire will manufacture, require one or more components that are only available from a single source. Some of these components or materials are subject to supply shortages from time to time. In some cases, supply shortages will substantially curtail production of all assemblies using a particular component. A supply shortage can also increase Spectaire’s cost of goods sold if Spectaire has to pay higher prices for components or materials in limited supply or cause Spectaire to have to reconfigure products to accommodate a substitute component or material. In the past there have been industry wide conditions, natural disasters, and global events that have caused component and material shortages. Spectaire’s production of a customer’s product could be negatively impacted by any quality, reliability, or availability issues with any of Spectaire’s components and material suppliers. The financial condition of Spectaire’s suppliers could affect their ability to supply components or materials and their ability to satisfy any warranty obligations they may have, which could have a material adverse effect on Spectaire’s results of operations.

If a component or material shortage is threatened or anticipated, Spectaire may purchase its components or materials early to avoid a delay or interruption in Spectaire’s operations. Purchasing components or materials early may materially increase inventory carrying costs and may result in inventory obsolescence, which could materially adversely affect Spectaire’s results of operations. A component shortage may also require to the use of second-tier vendors or the procurement of components or materials through new and untested brokers. These components or materials may be of lesser quality than those Spectaire has historically purchased and could result in material costs to bring such components or materials up to necessary quality levels or to replace defective ones.

Fluctuations in the cost and availability of raw materials, equipment, labor and transportation could cause manufacturing delays or increase Spectaire’s costs.

The price and availability of key raw materials and components used to offer Spectaire’s services may fluctuate significantly. Additionally, the cost of logistics and transportation fluctuates in large part due to the price of oil, currency fluctuations, and global demand trends. Any fluctuations in the cost and availability of any of Spectaire’s raw materials or other sourcing or transportation costs related to Spectaire’s raw materials or services could harm Spectaire’s gross margins and its ability to meet customer demand. If Spectaire is unable to successfully mitigate a significant portion of these service cost increases or fluctuations, Spectaire’s results of operations could be harmed.

Spectaire may experience significant delays in the design, production and launch of its air quality measurement solutions, and may be unable to successfully commercialize products on its planned timelines.

Several of Spectaire’s air quality measurement solutions are still under development. There are often delays in the design, testing, manufacture and commercial release of new products, and any delay in the launch of Spectaire’s products could materially damage its brand, business, growth prospects, financial condition and operating results. Even if Spectaire successfully completes the design, testing and manufacture for one or all of its products under development, it may fail to develop a commercially successful product on the timeline it expects for a number of reasons, including:

Spectaire’s success in the market for the products it develops will depend largely on its ability to prove its products’ capabilities in a timely manner. Upon demonstration, Spectaire’s customers may not believe that its products and/or technology have the capabilities they were designed to have or that Spectaire believes they have. Furthermore, even if Spectaire successfully demonstrates its products’ capabilities, potential customers may be more comfortable doing business with another larger and more established company or may take longer than expected to make the decision to order Spectaire’s products. Significant revenue from new product investments may not be achieved for a number of years, if at all. If the timing of Spectaire’s launch of new products and/or of its customers’ acceptance of such products is different than Spectaire’s assumptions, Spectaire’s revenue and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If demand for Spectaire’s services does not grow as expected, or develops more slowly than expected, Spectaire’s revenues may stagnate or decline, and Spectaire’s business may be adversely affected.

Spectaire may not be able to develop effective strategies to raise awareness among potential customers of the benefits of its air quality measurement systems or Spectaire’s services may not address the specific needs or provide the level of functionality or economics required by potential customers. If mass spectrometry air quality measurement technology does not gain broader market acceptance as an alternative to conventional air quality monitoring, or does so more slowly than anticipated, or if the marketplace adopts air quality measurement technologies that differ from Spectaire’s technologies, Spectaire may not be able to increase or sustain the level of sales of Spectaire’s services, and its operating results would be adversely affected as a result.

Spectaire’s failure to meet its customers’ price expectations would adversely affect its business and results of operations.

Demand for Spectaire’s product lines is, and demand for Spectaire’s product lines will be, sensitive to price. Changes in Spectaire’s pricing strategies can have a significant impact on its business and ability to generate revenue. Many factors, including Spectaire’s production and personnel costs and its competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, can significantly impact Spectaire’s pricing strategies. If Spectaire fails to meet its customers’ price expectations in any given period, demand for its products and product lines could be negatively impacted and its business and results of operations could suffer.

Spectaire has considered, and Spectaire may implement, different pricing models for different products. For example, Spectaire may charge premium pricing based on delivery timelines and customizations. Such pricing models are still relatively new to some of Spectaire’s customers and may not be attractive to them, especially in regions where they are less common. If customers resist such pricing models, Spectaire’s revenue may be adversely affected and Spectaire may need to restructure the way in which it charges customers for its products.

Spectaire depends on a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers for substantially all of its manufacturing needs. If these third-party manufacturers experience any delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, Spectaire could lose market share and its brand may suffer.

Spectaire depends on third-party contract manufacturers for the production of its air quality measurement systems. While there are several potential manufacturers for most of these products, all of Spectaire’s products are, and all of Spectaire’s products will be, manufactured, assembled, tested and generally packaged by a limited number of third-party manufacturers. In most cases, Spectaire relies, and Spectaire will rely, on these manufacturers to procure components and, in some cases, subcontract engineering work. Such reliance on a limited number of contract manufacturers involves a number of risks, including:

If any of Spectaire’s third-party contract manufacturers experience a delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, or if a primary third-party contract manufacturer does not renew its agreement with Spectaire, Spectaire’s operations could be significantly disrupted and its product shipments could be delayed. Qualifying a new manufacturer and commencing volume production is expensive and time consuming. Ensuring that a contract manufacturer is qualified to manufacture products to Spectaire’s standards is time consuming. In addition, there is no assurance that a contract manufacturer can scale its production of Spectaire’s products at the volumes and in the quality that Spectaire will require. If a contract manufacturer is unable to do these things, Spectaire may have to move production for the products to a new or existing third-party manufacturer, which would take significant effort, and Spectaire’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

As Spectaire contemplates moving manufacturing into different jurisdictions, it may be subject to additional significant challenges in ensuring that quality, processes and costs, among other issues, are consistent with its expectations. For example, while Spectaire expects its third-party contract manufacturers to be responsible for penalties assessed on Spectaire because of excessive failures of the products, there is no assurance that Spectaire will be able to collect such reimbursements from these manufacturers, which causes Spectaire to take on additional risk for potential failures of its products.

In addition, because Spectaire will use a limited number of third-party contract manufacturers, increases in the prices charged may have an adverse effect on its results of operations, as Spectaire may be unable to find a contract manufacturer who can supply it at a lower price. As a result, the loss of a limited source supplier could adversely affect Spectaire’s relationships with its customers and its results of operations and financial condition.

All of Spectaire’s products must satisfy safety and regulatory standards and some of its products must also receive government certifications. Spectaire’s third-party contract manufacturers will be primarily responsible for conducting the tests that support its applications for most regulatory approvals for its products. If Spectaire’s third-party contract manufacturers fail to timely and accurately conduct these tests, Spectaire may be unable to obtain the necessary domestic or foreign regulatory approvals or certifications to sell its products in certain jurisdictions. As a result, Spectaire would be unable to sell its products and its sales and profitability could be reduced, its relationships with its sales channel could be harmed and its reputation and brand would suffer.

Defects in shipped products that give rise to returns or warranty or other claims could result in material expenses, diversion of management time and attention, adversely affected customer relationships, and damage to Spectaire’s reputation.

Spectaire’s air quality measurement devices may be complex and may contain undetected defects or errors. This could result in delayed market acceptance of services Spectaire offers or claims from customers or others, which may result in litigation, increased end user warranty, support and repair or replacement costs, damage to Spectaire’s reputation and business, or significant costs and diversion of support and engineering personnel to correct the defect or error. Spectaire may from time to time become subject to warranty claims related to product quality issues that could lead Spectaire to incur significant expenses.

Spectaire attempts to include provisions in Spectaire’s agreements with customers that are designed to limit Spectaire’s exposure to potential liability for damages arising from defects or errors in Spectaire’s products.

However, it is possible that these limitations may not be effective as a result of unfavorable judicial decisions or laws enacted in the future.

The sale and support of Spectaire’s products entails the risk of product liability claims. Any product liability claim brought against Spectaire, regardless of its merit, could result in material expense, diversion of management time and attention, damage to Spectaire’s business and reputation and brand, and cause Spectaire to fail to retain existing customers or to fail to attract new customers.

Spectaire may be involved in legal proceedings, including IP, anti-competition and securities litigation, employee-related claims, and regulatory investigations, which could, among other things, divert efforts of management and result in significant expense and loss of Spectaire’s IP rights.

Spectaire may be involved in legal proceedings, including cases involving Spectaire’s IP rights and those of others, anti-competition and commercial matters, acquisition-related suits, securities class action suits, employee-related claims and other actions. From time to time, Spectaire may also be involved or required to participate in regulatory investigations or inquiries which may evolve into legal or other administrative proceedings. Litigation or settlement of such actions, regardless of their merit, or involvement in regulatory investigations or inquiries, can be costly, lengthy, complex and time consuming, diverting the attention and energies of Spectaire’s management and technical personnel.

From time to time, third parties may assert against Spectaire and Spectaire’s customers their IP rights to technologies that are important to Spectaire’s business.

Many of Spectaire’s customer agreements and/or the laws of certain jurisdictions may require Spectaire to indemnify its customers or purchasers for third-party IP infringement claims, including costs to defend those claims, and payment of damages in the case of adverse rulings. However, Spectaire’s suppliers may or may not be required to indemnify Spectaire should Spectaire or its customers be subject to such third-party claims. Claims of this sort could also harm Spectaire’s relationships with its customers and might deter future customers from doing business with us. If any pending or future proceedings result in an adverse outcome, Spectaire could be required to:

Any of the foregoing results could have a material adverse effect on Spectaire’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, Spectaire may be obligated to indemnify Spectaire’s current or former directors or employees, or former directors or employees of companies that Spectaire has acquired, in connection with litigation or regulatory investigations. These liabilities could be substantial and may include, among other things, the cost of defending lawsuits against these individuals, as well as stockholder derivative suits; the cost of government, law enforcement or regulatory investigations; civil or criminal fines and penalties; legal and other expenses; and expenses associated with the remedial measure, if any, which may be imposed.

The projected financial information in this Annual Report is forward looking and reflects numerous estimates, beliefs and assumptions, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond Spectaire’s control. If these assumptions prove to be incorrect, Spectaire’s actual operating results may be materially different from the forecasted results.

This Annual Report contains projected financial information of Spectaire. The projected financial information in this Annual Report is forward looking and reflects numerous estimates, beliefs and assumptions, including, but not limited to, general business, economic, regulatory, market and financial conditions, as well as assumptions about competition, future performance, and matters specific to Spectaire’s business, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond Spectaire’s control. Important factors that may affect actual results and results of Spectaire’s operations following the Business Combination, or could lead to such projections not being achieved include, but are not limited to: inability to grow sales of the AireCore^™ MMS in Europe and North America, an evolving competitive landscape, rapid technological change, emissions regulation changes, successful management and retention of key personnel, unexpected expenses, and other risks and uncertainties relating to our business, industry, and general business and economic conditions as described in this “Risk Factors” section.

There can be no assurance that the projected financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report will be realized, and actual results may differ, and may differ materially, from those shown. The inclusion of the projected financial information in this Annual Report should not be regarded as an indication that Spectaire, or any of its affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives considered or consider the projected financial information necessarily predictive of actual future events, and the projected financial information should not be relied upon as such. None of Spectaire or any of its affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives can give any assurance that actual results will not differ from such projections. None of Spectaire or any of its affiliates, officers, directors, advisors or other representatives has made or makes any representation to any shareholder or other person regarding the ultimate performance of Spectaire compared to the information contained in the projected financial information or that forecasted results will be achieved. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our financial condition or results of operations will be consistent with those set forth in the projected financial information, which could have an adverse impact on the market price of Common Stock or Spectaire’s financial position following the closing of the Business Combination.

In addition, the projected financial information herein has not been independently verified or confirmed by any third party.

If Spectaire is unable to adequately protect or enforce its intellectual property rights, such information may be used by others to compete against Spectaire.

Spectaire has devoted substantial resources to the development of its technology and related intellectual property rights. Spectaire’s success and future revenue growth will depend, in part, on its ability to protect its intellectual property. Spectaire relies on a combination of registered and unregistered intellectual property. Spectaire protects its proprietary rights using patents, licenses, trademarks, trade secrets, confidentiality and assignment of invention agreements and other methods.

Despite Spectaire’s efforts to protect its proprietary rights, it is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use or disclose Spectaire’s technologies, inventions, processes or improvements. Spectaire cannot assure you that any of Spectaire’s existing or future patents or other intellectual property rights will not be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, or will otherwise provide Spectaire with meaningful protection. Spectaire’s pending patent applications may not be granted, and Spectaire may not be able to obtain foreign patents or pending applications corresponding to Spectaire’s U.S. patents. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available.

Spectaire’s trade secrets, know-how and other unregistered proprietary rights are a key aspect of its intellectual property portfolio. While Spectaire takes reasonable steps to protect its trade secrets and confidential information and enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements intended to protect such rights, such agreements can be difficult and costly to enforce or may not provide adequate remedies if violated, and Spectaire may not have entered into such agreements with all relevant parties. Such agreements may be breached, and trade secrets or confidential information may be willfully or unintentionally disclosed, including by employees who may leave Spectaire and join one of its competitors, or Spectaire’s competitors or other parties may learn of the information in some other way. The disclosure to, or independent development by, a competitor of any of Spectaire’s trade secrets, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent or other intellectual property system could materially reduce or eliminate any competitive advantage that Spectaire may have over such competitor.

If Spectaire’s patents and other intellectual property do not adequately protect its technology, Spectaire’s competitors may be able to offer services similar to those offered by Spectaire. Spectaire’s competitors may also be able to develop similar technology independently or design around Spectaire’s patents and other intellectual property. Any of the foregoing events would lead to increased competition and reduce Spectaire’s revenue or gross margin, which would adversely affect Spectaire’s operating results.

If Spectaire attempts enforcement of its intellectual property rights, Spectaire may be subject or party to claims, negotiations or complex, protracted litigation. Intellectual property disputes and litigation, regardless of merit, can be costly and disruptive to Spectaire’s business operations by diverting attention and energies of management and key technical personnel and by increasing Spectaire’s costs of doing business. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect Spectaire’s business and financial condition.

As part of any settlement or other compromise to avoid complex, protracted litigation, Spectaire may agree not to pursue future claims against a third party, including related to alleged infringement of Spectaire’s intellectual property rights. Part of any settlement or other compromise with another party may resolve a potentially costly dispute but may also have future repercussions on Spectaire’s ability to defend and protect its intellectual property rights, which in turn could adversely affect Spectaire’s business.

Certain software Spectaire uses is from open source code sources, which, under certain circumstances, could materially adversely affect Spectaire’s business, financial condition and operating results.

Some of the software used to execute Spectaire’s services contains code from open source sources, the use of which may subject Spectaire to certain conditions, including the obligation to offer such services for no cost or to make the proprietary source code involved in delivering those services publicly available. Further, although some open source vendors provide warranty and support agreements, it is common for such software to be available “as-is” with no warranty, indemnity or support. Although Spectaire monitors its use of such open source code to avoid subjecting its services to unintended conditions, such use, under certain circumstances, could materially adversely affect Spectaire’s business, financial condition and operating results and cash flow, including if Spectaire is required to take remedial action that may divert resources away from Spectaire’s development efforts.

If Spectaire fails to grow its business as anticipated, its operating results will be adversely affected. If Spectaire grows as anticipated but fails to manage its operations and costs accordingly, its business may be harmed and its results of operations may suffer.

Spectaire is expected to grow its business substantially. To this end, Spectaire has made significant investments in its business, including investments in infrastructure, technology, marketing and sales efforts. These investments include dedicated facilities expansion and increased staffing, both domestic and international. If Spectaire’s business does not generate the level of revenue required to support its investment, Spectaire’s net sales and profitability will be adversely affected.

Spectaire’s ability to effectively manage its anticipated growth and expansion of its operations will also require Spectaire to enhance its operational, financial and management controls and infrastructure, as well as its human resources policies and reporting systems. These enhancements and improvements will require significant capital expenditures, investments in additional headcount and other operating expenditures and allocation of valuable management and employee resources. Spectaire’s future financial performance and its ability to execute on its business plan will depend, in part, on Spectaire’s ability to effectively manage any future growth and expansion. There are no guarantees that Spectaire will be able to do so in an efficient or timely manner, or at all.

Spectaire continues to implement strategic initiatives designed to grow its business. These initiatives may prove more costly than Spectaire currently anticipates and Spectaire may not succeed in increasing its revenue in an amount sufficient to offset the costs of these initiatives and to achieve and maintain profitability.

Spectaire continues to make investments and implement initiatives designed to grow its business, including:

These initiatives may prove more expensive than Spectaire currently anticipates, and Spectaire may not succeed in increasing its revenue, if at all, in an amount sufficient to offset these higher expenses and to achieve and maintain profitability. Certain of the market opportunities Spectaire is pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it may be many years before the end markets it expects to serve generate demand for its products at scale. Spectaire’s revenue may be adversely affected for a number of reasons, including the development and/or market acceptance of new technology that competes with its AireCore™ and other air quality measurement offerings; its inability to create, validate, and manufacture at high volume, and ship product to customers; its inability to effectively manage its inventory or manufacture products at scale; its inability to enter new markets or help its customers adapt its products for new applications; or its failure to attract new customers or expand orders from existing customers or increasing competition. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict the size and growth rate of Spectaire’s target markets, customer demand for its products, commercialization timelines, the entry of competitive products or the success of existing competitive products and services. If Spectaire’s revenue does not grow, its ability to achieve and maintain profitability may be adversely affected, and the value of its business may significantly decrease.

As Spectaire acquires and invests in companies or technologies, it may not realize expected business or cost synergies or expected technological or financial benefits. Such acquisitions or investments could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt Spectaire’s business, dilute stockholder value and adversely affect Spectaire’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, any of which could harm Spectaire’s business and negatively affect its financial condition and results of operations. The success of acquisitions, including the success of Spectaire’s acquisition of microMS, Inc. (“microMS”), will depend in part on our ability to realize the anticipated business opportunities from combining the operations of acquired companies with Spectaire’s existing business in an efficient and effective manner. These integration processes could take longer than anticipated and could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of each company’s ongoing businesses, tax costs or inefficiencies, or inconsistencies in standards, controls, information technology systems, procedures and policies, any of which could adversely affect Spectaire’s ability to maintain relationships with customers, employees or other third parties, or Spectaire’s ability to achieve the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, and could harm Spectaire’s financial performance. If Spectaire is unable to successfully or timely integrate the operations of an acquired company, including microMS, with Spectaire’s existing business, Spectaire may incur unanticipated liabilities and be unable to realize the revenue growth, synergies and other anticipated benefits resulting from the acquisition, and Spectaire’s business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Developments in alternative technologies may adversely affect the demand for Spectaire’s technology.

Significant developments in alternative technologies may materially and adversely affect Spectaire’s business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results in ways it does not currently anticipate. Existing and future air quality measurement or mass spectrometry technologies may emerge as customers’ preferred alternative to our solutions. Any failure by Spectaire to develop new or enhanced technologies or processes, or to react to changes in existing technologies, could materially delay Spectaire’s development and introduction of new and enhanced products in the industries it serves, which could result in the loss of competitiveness of its solutions, decreased revenue and a loss of market share to competitors (or a failure to increase revenue and/or market share). Spectaire’s research and development efforts may not be sufficient to adapt to changes in technology. As technologies change, Spectaire’s plans to upgrade or adapt its solutions with the latest technology. However, Spectaire’s solutions may not compete effectively with alternative systems if Spectaire is not able to source and integrate the latest technology into its existing products.

Spectaire competes against established market participants that have substantially greater resources than it and against known and unknown market entrants who may disrupt its target markets.

Spectaire’s target markets are highly competitive and it may not be able to compete effectively in the market against these competitors. Competitors may offer products at lower prices than Spectaire’s products, including pricing that Spectaire believes is below its cost, or may offer superior performing products. These companies will also compete with Spectaire indirectly by attempting to solve some of the same challenges with different technology. Established competitors in the market for these devices have significantly greater resources and more experience than Spectaire does. These competitors have commercialized technology that has achieved market adoption, strong brand recognition and may continue to improve in both anticipated and unanticipated ways. They may also have entered into commercial relationships with key customers and have built relationships and dependencies between themselves and those key customers.

In addition to the established market competitors, new competitors may be preparing to enter or are entering the market in which Spectaire competes, and in which Spectaire will compete, that may disrupt the commercial landscape of target markets in ways that Spectaire may not be able to prepare for, including customers of Spectaire’s products who may be developing their own competitive solutions. Spectaire does not know how close any of its current and potential competitors are to commercializing their similar products and services, if at all, nor what they intend to develop as part of their product roadmaps. The already competitive landscape of the air quality measurement systems market, along with both foreseeable and unforeseeable entries of competitors and similar technology from those competitors in Spectaire’s target markets, may result in pricing pressure, reduced margins and may impede its ability to increase the sales of its products or cause Spectaire to lose market share, any of which will adversely affect its business, results of operations and financial condition.

Spectaire’s manufacturing costs may increase and result in a market price for its products above the price that customers are willing to pay.

If the cost of manufacturing Spectaire’s products increases, Spectaire will be forced to charge its customers a higher price for the products in order to cover its costs and earn a profit. While Spectaire expects its products will benefit from continued cost reduction over time from scale and planned redesigns, there is no guarantee that these efforts will be successful, or that these savings would not be offset by additional required content. If the price of Spectaire’s products is too high, customers may be reluctant to purchase its products, especially if lower priced alternative products are available, and Spectaire may not be able to sell its products in sufficient volumes to recover its costs of development and manufacture or to earn a profit.

Spectaire purchases a significant amount of the materials and components it uses from a limited number of suppliers and if such suppliers become unavailable or inadequate, its customer relationships, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Spectaire’s manufacturing processes rely on many materials. Spectaire purchases a significant portion of its materials, components and finished goods used in its production facilities from a few suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers. As certain materials are highly specialized, the lead time needed to identify and qualify a new supplier is typically lengthy and there is often no readily available alternative source. Spectaire does not generally have long-term contracts with Spectaire’s suppliers and substantially all of Spectaire’s purchases are on a purchase order basis. Suppliers may extend lead times, limit supplies, place products on allocation or increase prices due to commodity price increases, capacity constraints or other factors and could lead to interruption of supply or increased demand in the industry. Additionally, the supply of these materials may be negatively impacted by increased trade tensions between the U.S. and its trading partners, particularly China. In the event that Spectaire cannot obtain sufficient quantities of materials in a timely manner, at reasonable prices or of sufficient quality, or if Spectaire is not able to pass on higher materials costs to its customers, Spectaire’s business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely impacted.

Spectaire, its contract manufacturers and its suppliers may rely on complex machinery for production, which involves a significant degree of risk and uncertainty in terms of operational performance and costs.

Spectaire, its contract manufacturers and its suppliers may rely on complex machinery for the production, assembly and installation of Spectaire’s products, which will involve a significant degree of uncertainty and risk in terms of operational performance and costs. Spectaire’s production facilities and the facilities of its contract manufacturers and suppliers may suffer unexpected malfunctions from time to time and will depend on repairs and spare parts to resume operations, which may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of these components may significantly affect the intended operational efficiency. Operational performance and costs can be difficult to predict and are often influenced by factors outside of Spectaire’s control, such as, but not limited to, scarcity of natural resources, environmental hazards and remediation, costs associated with decommissioning of machines, labor disputes and strikes, difficulty or delays in obtaining governmental permits, damages or defects in electronic systems, industrial accidents, fire, seismic activity and natural disasters. Should operational risks materialize, it may result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to production facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production, environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities, all which could have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

Spectaire’s facilities, and its suppliers’ facilities and customers’ facilities, will be vulnerable to disruption due to natural or other disasters, public health crises, strikes and other events beyond Spectaire’s control.

A major earthquake, fire, tsunami, hurricane, cyclone or other disaster, such as a pandemic, major flood, seasonal storms, nuclear event or terrorist attack affecting Spectaire’s facilities or the areas in which they are located, or affecting those of Spectaire’s customers or third-party manufacturers or suppliers, could significantly disrupt Spectaire’s or its customers’ or suppliers’ operations and delay or prevent product shipment or installation during the time required to repair, rebuild or replace Spectaire’s damaged manufacturing facilities. These delays could be lengthy and costly. Additionally, customers may delay purchases until operations return to normal. Even if Spectaire is able to respond quickly to a disaster, the continued effects of the disaster could create uncertainty in Spectaire’s business operations. In addition, concerns about terrorism, the effects of a terrorist attack, political turmoil, labor strikes, war or the outbreak of epidemic diseases could have a negative effect on Spectaire’s operations and sales.

If Spectaire does not maintain the correct level of inventory or if it does not adequately manage its inventory, Spectaire could lose sales or incur higher inventory-related expenses, which could negatively affect its operating results.

To ensure the correct level of inventory supply, Spectaire will forecast inventory needs and expenses, place orders sufficiently in advance with its suppliers and manufacturing partners and manufacture products based on its estimates of future demand. Fluctuations in the adoption of its products may affect Spectaire’s ability to forecast its future operating results, including revenue, gross margins, cash flows and profitability. Spectaire’s ability to accurately forecast demand for its products could be affected by many factors, including the rapidly changing nature of its current target markets, the uncertainty surrounding the market acceptance and commercialization of its technology, the emergence of new markets, an increase or decrease in customer demand for its products or for products and services of its competitors, product introductions by competitors, health epidemics and outbreaks, and any associated work stoppages or interruptions, unanticipated changes in general market conditions and the weakening of economic conditions or consumer confidence in future economic conditions. Spectaire may face challenges acquiring adequate supplies to manufacture its products and Spectaire and its partners may not be able to manufacture its products at a rate necessary to satisfy the levels of demand, which would negatively affect Spectaire’s short-term and long-term growth. This risk may be exacerbated by the fact that Spectaire may not carry or be able to obtain from its suppliers a significant amount of inventory to satisfy short-term demand increases. If Spectaire fails to accurately forecast customer demand, Spectaire may experience excess inventory levels or a shortage of products available for sale.

Inventory levels in excess of customer demand may result in inventory write-downs or write-offs and the sale of excess inventory at discounted prices, which would adversely affect Spectaire’s financial results, including its gross margin, and have a negative effect on its brand. Conversely, if Spectaire underestimates customer demand for its products, Spectaire may not be able to deliver products to meet its requirements, and this could result in damage to its brand and customer relationships and adversely affect its revenue and operating results.

Spectaire’s operations could suffer if Spectaire is unable to attract and retain key management or other key employees.

Spectaire believes its success has depended, and Spectaire’s success will continue to depend, on the efforts and talents of senior management and other key personnel. Spectaire’s executive team is critical to the management of Spectaire’s business and operations and will continue to be critical to the development of Spectaire’s strategy. Members of Spectaire’s existing senior management team may resign at any time. The loss of the services of any members of Spectaire’s senior management team could delay or prevent the successful implementation of Spectaire’s strategy or Spectaire’s commercialization of new services or could otherwise adversely affect Spectaire’s ability to carry out its business plan. There is no assurance that if any senior executive leaves in the future, Spectaire will be able to rapidly replace him, her or them and transition smoothly towards his, her or their successor, without any adverse impact on Spectaire’s operations.

To support continued growth of Spectaire’s business, Spectaire will also be required to effectively recruit, hire, integrate, develop, motivate, and retain additional new employees. High demand exists for senior management and other key personnel (including scientific, technical, engineering, financial, manufacturing, and sales personnel) in Spectaire’s industry, and there can be no assurance that Spectaire will be able to retain its current key personnel. Spectaire experiences intense competition for qualified personnel. While Spectaire intends to provide competitive compensation packages to attract and retain key personnel, some of its competitors for these employees have greater resources and more experience, which may make it difficult for Spectaire to compete successfully for key personnel. All of Spectaire’s U.S. employees are at-will employees, meaning that they may terminate their employment relationship with Spectaire at any time, and their knowledge of Spectaire’s business and industry would be extremely difficult to replace. It may be difficult for Spectaire to restrict its competitors from benefiting from the expertise that Spectaire’s former employees or consultants developed while working for Spectaire.

Spectaire will require additional capital to support business growth and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Historically, Spectaire’s primary sources of liquidity have been cash flows from contributions from founders or other investors. Spectaire reported operating losses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company reported negative cash flows from operations of $7,374,497 and $365,813 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, Spectaire had an aggregate cash balance of $342,996 and a net working capital deficit of $25,370,057.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $0.3 million in cash and cash equivalents. The Company will utilize its existing cash balance and the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants for its near-term liquidity and operating needs. However, in order to fund planned operations while meeting obligations as they come due, the Company will need to secure additional capital. The Company’s future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including its revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts. In order to finance these opportunities, Spectaire will need to raise additional financing. While there can be no assurances, the Company intends to raise such capital through additional debt or equity financing transactions, including the sale of shares of Common Stock to Keystone pursuant to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, subject to the terms and conditions therein. Although the Common Stock Purchase Agreement provides that the Company may, in its sole discretion, from time to time during the term of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, and on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein, direct Keystone to purchase shares of Common Stock from the Company in one or more purchases under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement for a maximum aggregate purchase price of up to $20.0 million, the Company may not issue or sell any shares of Common Stock under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement if such issuance or sale would breach any applicable Nasdaq rules. Under the applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may the Company issue to Keystone under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement more than the Exchange Cap, equal to 3,067,438 shares of Common Stock (representing 19.99% of the total number of our shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Common Stock Purchase Agreement), unless the Company obtains stockholder approval to issue shares of Common Stock in excess of the Exchange Cap or unless sales of Common Stock are made at a price equal to or greater than $2.23 per share, such that the Exchange Cap limitation would not apply under applicable Nasdaq rules. The Common Stock Purchase Agreement also prohibits the Company from directing Keystone to purchase any shares of our Common Stock if those shares, when aggregated with all other shares of our Common Stock then beneficially owned by Keystone (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 thereunder), would result in Keystone beneficially owning more than 4.99% of the outstanding Common Stock. Our inability to access a part or all of the amount available under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock or Warrants by the Selling Securityholders pursuant to this Annual Report. We will receive up to approximately $247.8 million from the exercise of the Warrants and the Arosa Warrant, assuming the exercise in full of all of the Warrants and the Arosa Warrant for cash, but not from the sale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon such exercise. Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of our Common Stock at a price of $11.50 per share. The Arosa Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase up to 2,194,453 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.01 per share. On March 27, 2024, the closing price for our Common Stock was $0.84. If the price of our Common Stock remains below $11.50 per share, we believe our warrant holders will be unlikely to cash exercise their Warrants, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us.

While the Company will continue to evaluate potential sources of funding, the Company may not be able to raise additional capital on terms acceptable to it or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital when desired, the Company may be required to modify, delay, or abandon some of its planned future expansion or development, or to otherwise enact operating cost reductions available to management, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results, financial condition, and ability to achieve its intended business objectives.

The Selling Securityholders can sell, under this Annual Report, up to (a) 24,469,671 shares of Common Stock constituting approximately 61.9% of our issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock and approximately 70.4% of our issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock held by non-affiliates (assuming, in each case, the exercise of all of our Warrants) and (b) 10,050,000 Warrants constituting approximately 46.6% of our issued and outstanding Warrants. Sales of a substantial number of our shares of Common Stock and/or Warrants in the public market by the Selling Securityholders and/or by our other existing securityholders, or the perception that those sales might occur, could depress the market price of our shares of Common Stock and Warrants and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. The Sponsor beneficially owned (assuming exercise in full of its Warrants) approximately 62.2% of the number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding immediately following consummation of the Transactions, including the redemption of Class A Ordinary Shares as described above and the consummation of the PIPE Investment, which shares of Common Stock are registered for resale pursuant to this Annual Report. The Sponsor will be able to sell all such registered shares (subject to contractual lockups) for so long as the registration statement relating thereto is available for use. See “Beneficial Ownership” and “Selling Securityholders” for additional details on the Sponsor’s beneficial ownership. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our shares of Common Stock and Warrants.

As a result of the above, in connection with the Company’s assessment of going concern considerations in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, “Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern,” management has determined that the Company’s liquidity condition raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental, health and safety, product stewardship and producer responsibility laws or regulations could cause Spectaire significant expense.

Spectaire will be subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental, health and safety, product stewardship and producer responsibility laws and regulations, including those arising from global pandemics or relating to the use, generation, storage, discharge and disposal of hazardous chemicals used during its manufacturing process, those governing worker health and safety, those requiring design changes, supply chain investigation or conformity assessments and those relating to the recycling or reuse of products it manufactures. If Spectaire fails to comply with any present or future regulations or obtain in a timely manner any needed permits, Spectaire could become subject to liabilities, and could face fines or penalties, the suspension of production, or prohibitions on services it provides. In addition, such regulations could restrict Spectaire’s ability to expand its facilities or could require it to acquire costly equipment, or to incur other significant expenses, including expenses associated with the recall of any non-compliant product or with changes in Spectaire’s operational, procurement and inventory management activities.

Certain environmental laws impose liability for the costs of investigation, removal and remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on an owner, occupier or operator of real estate, or on parties who arranged for hazardous substance treatment or disposal, even if such person or company was unaware of, or not responsible for, contamination at the affected site. Soil and groundwater contamination may have occurred at or near, or may have arisen from, some of Spectaire’s facilities. In certain instances where contamination existed prior to Spectaire’s ownership or occupation of a site, landlords or former owners have retained some contractual responsibility for contamination and remediation. However, failure of such persons to perform those obligations could result in Spectaire being required to address such contamination. As a result, Spectaire may incur clean-up costs in such potential removal or remediation efforts. In other instances, Spectaire may be responsible for clean-up costs and other liabilities, including the possibility of claims due to health risks by both employees and non-employees, as well as other third-party claims in connection with contaminated sites.

In addition, there is an increasing governmental focus around the world on global warming and environmental impact issues, which may result in new environmental, health and safety regulations that may affect Spectaire, its suppliers or its customers. This could cause Spectaire to incur additional direct costs for compliance, as well as increased indirect costs resulting from its customers, suppliers or both incurring additional compliance costs that get passed on to Spectaire. These costs may adversely impact Spectaire’s operations and financial condition.

An inability to successfully manage the procurement, development, implementation or execution of Information Technology (“IT”) systems, or to adequately maintain these systems and their security, as well as to protect data and other confidential information, may adversely affect Spectaire’s business and reputation.

As a complex company, Spectaire is heavily dependent on its IT systems to support its customers’ requirements and to successfully manage its business. Any inability to successfully manage the procurement, development, implementation, execution, or maintenance of such systems, including matters related to system and data security, cybersecurity, privacy, reliability, compliance, performance and access, as well as any inability of these systems to fulfill their intended purpose, could have an adverse effect on Spectaire’s business. See “If Spectaire experiences a significant cybersecurity breach or disruption in its information systems, Spectaire’s business could be adversely affected.” below.

Spectaire is subject to increasing expectations and data security requirements from its customers, including those related to the U.S. Federal Acquisition Regulation, U.S. Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, and U.S. Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification. In addition, Spectaire is required to comply with increasingly complex and rigorous regulatory standards enacted to protect business and personal data in various jurisdictions. For example, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, and similar legislation in other jurisdictions in which Spectaire will operate, imposes additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provide certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is stored. Compliance with customer expectations and existing, proposed and recently enacted laws and regulations can be costly; any failure to comply with these expectations and regulatory standards could subject Spectaire to legal and reputational risks. Misuse of or failure to secure personal information could also result in violation of data privacy laws and regulations, proceedings against Spectaire by governmental entities or others, fines and penalties, damage to Spectaire’s reputation and credibility and could have a negative impact on Spectaire’s business and results of operations.

If Spectaire experiences a cybersecurity breach or disruption in its information systems, Spectaire’s business could be adversely affected.

Malicious actors may be able to penetrate Spectaire’s network and misappropriate or compromise Spectaire’s confidential information or that of third parties, create system disruptions or cause shutdowns. Malicious actors also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms and other malicious software programs that attack Spectaire’s platform or otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities of Spectaire’s platform. While Spectaire will employ a number of protective measures, including firewalls, network infrastructure vulnerability scanning, anti-virus and endpoint detection and response technologies, these measures may fail to prevent or detect attacks on Spectaire’s systems due at least in part to the frequent evolving nature of cybersecurity attacks. Although these measures are designed to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of Spectaire’s information and technology systems, there is no assurance that these measures will detect all threats or prevent a cybersecurity attack in the future, which could adversely affect Spectaire’s business, reputation, operations or services.

In addition, the costs to Spectaire to eliminate or mitigate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs and security vulnerabilities could be significant and, if Spectaire’s efforts to address these problems are not successful, could result in interruptions, delays, cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers that may impede Spectaire’s sales, manufacturing, distribution or other critical functions.

Spectaire relies on its IT systems to manage numerous aspects of its business and a disruption of these systems could adversely affect its business.

Spectaire relies on its IT systems to manage numerous aspects of its business, including purchasing products from its suppliers, providing procurement and logistic services, shipping products to its customers, managing its accounting and financial functions (including its internal controls) and maintaining its research and development data. Spectaire’s IT systems are an essential component of its business and any disruption could significantly limit its ability to manage and operate its business efficiently. A failure of Spectaire’s IT systems to perform properly could disrupt Spectaire’s supply chain, product development and customer experience, which may lead to increased overhead costs and decreased sales and have an adverse effect on Spectaire’s reputation and its financial condition. The hardware and software that Spectaire utilizes in Spectaire’s services may contain defects in design or manufacture, including “bugs” and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation or security of the services.

In addition, a substantial portion of Spectaire’s employees have conducted work remotely, making Spectaire more dependent on potentially vulnerable communications systems and making Spectaire more vulnerable to cyberattacks. Although Spectaire takes steps and incurs significant costs to secure its IT systems, including its computer systems, intranet and internet sites, email and other telecommunications and data networks, such security measures may not be effective and its systems may be vulnerable to damage or interruption. Disruption to Spectaire’s IT systems could result from power outages, computer and telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attack or other security breaches, catastrophic events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, acts of war and terrorism.

Spectaire’s current levels of insurance may not be adequate for Spectaire’s potential liabilities.

Spectaire maintains insurance to cover potential exposure for most claims and losses, including potential product and non-product related claims, lawsuits and administrative proceedings seeking damages or other remedies arising out of its commercial operations. However, Spectaire’s current insurance coverage is subject to various exclusions, self-retentions and deductibles. Spectaire may be faced with types of liabilities that are not covered under Spectaire’s current insurance policies, such as environmental contamination or terrorist attacks, or that exceed Spectaire’s current or future policy limits. Even a partially uninsured claim of significant size, if successful, could have an adverse effect on Spectaire’s financial condition.

In addition, Spectaire may not be able to continue to obtain insurance coverage on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, Spectaire’s existing policies may be cancelled or otherwise terminated by the insurer, and/or the companies that Spectaire acquires may not be eligible for certain types or limits of insurance. Maintaining adequate insurance and successfully accessing insurance coverage that may be due for a claim can require a significant amount of Spectaire’s management’s time, and Spectaire may be forced to spend a substantial amount of money in that process.

Because Spectaire’s industry is and will continue to be rapidly evolving, forecasts of market growth may not be accurate, and even if these markets achieve the forecasted growth, there can be no assurance that Spectaire’s business will grow at similar rates, or at all.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this Annual Report are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The forecasts and estimates in this Annual Report relating to the expected size and growth of the markets for air quality measurement systems technology may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets experience the forecasted growth described in this Annual Report, Spectaire may not grow its business at similar rates, or at all. Spectaire’s future growth is subject to many factors, including market adoption of Spectaire’s products and services, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the forecasts and estimates of market size and growth described in this Annual Report, including the estimate that Spectaire’s total addressable market size is approximately $95 billion based on a bottom-up build of fleet sizes in the United States and Europe, should not be taken as indicative of Spectaire’s future growth.

Global economic, political and social conditions and uncertainties in the markets that Spectaire will serve may adversely impact Spectaire’s business.

Spectaire’s performance will depend on the financial health and strength of its customers, which in turn will be dependent on the economic conditions of the markets in which Spectaire and its customers operate. A decline in the global economy, difficulties in the financial services sector and credit markets, continuing geopolitical uncertainties and other macroeconomic factors all affect the spending behavior of potential customers. The economic uncertainty in Europe, the United States, India, China and elsewhere arising out of, among other things, increased monetary inflation may cause end-users to further delay or reduce technology purchases.

Spectaire may also face risks from financial difficulties or other uncertainties experienced by its suppliers, distributors or other third parties on which it relies. If third parties are unable to supply Spectaire with required materials or components or otherwise assist Spectaire in operating its business, Spectaire’s business could be harmed.

Spectaire’s industry routinely experiences cyclical market patterns and Spectaire’s services are used across different end markets. A significant downturn in the industry or in any of these end markets could cause a meaningful reduction in demand for Spectaire’s services and harm its operating results.

The air quality measurement systems industry is cyclical and Spectaire’s financial performance may be affected by downturns in the industry. Down cycles are generally characterized by price erosion and weaker demand for Spectaire’s services. Spectaire attempts to identify changes in market conditions as soon as possible; however, the dynamics of the market in which Spectaire operates make prediction of and timely reaction to such events difficult. Due to these and other factors, Spectaire’s past results are not reliable predictors of Spectaire’s future results. Furthermore, any significant upturn in the air quality measurement systems industry could result in increased competition for access to raw materials and third-party service providers.

Additionally, Spectaire’s services are used across different end markets, and demand for Spectaire’s products is difficult to predict and may vary within or among the various industries it serves. Spectaire’s target markets may not grow or develop as it currently expects, and demand may change in one or more of Spectaire’s end markets, which may reduce Spectaire’s revenue, lower Spectaire’s gross margin and/or affect Spectaire’s operating results. Spectaire has experienced concentrations of revenue at certain customers and within certain end markets. Any deterioration in these end markets, reductions in the magnitude of revenue streams, Spectaire’s inability to meet requirements, or volatility in demand for Spectaire’s services could lead to a reduction in Spectaire’s revenue and adversely affect Spectaire’s operating results. Spectaire’s success in its end markets depends on many factors, including the strength or financial performance of the customers in such end markets, Spectaire’s ability to timely meet rapidly changing requirements, market needs, and its ability to maintain program wins across different markets and customers to dampen the effects of market volatility. The dynamics of the markets in which Spectaire operates make prediction of and timely reaction to such events difficult.

If Spectaire is unable to accomplish any of the foregoing, or to offset the volatility of cyclical changes in the air quality measurement systems industry or its end markets through diversification into other markets, such inability could harm its business, financial condition, and operating results.

Spectaire’s limited operating history makes evaluating Spectaire’s current business and Spectaire’s future prospects difficult and may increase the risk of your investment.

Spectaire’s limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate Spectaire’s current business and Spectaire’s future prospects as Spectaire continues to grow its business. Spectaire’s ability to forecast its future operating results is subject to a number of uncertainties, including Spectaire’s ability to plan for and model future growth. Spectaire has encountered risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly evolving industries, and Spectaire will encounter such risks and uncertainties as it continues to grow Spectaire’s business. If Spectaire’s assumptions regarding these uncertainties are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in its markets, or if Spectaire does not address these risks successfully, Spectaire’s operating and financial results could differ materially from Spectaire’s expectations, Spectaire’s business could suffer, and the trading price of Spectaire’s stock may decline.

Spectaire expects to be dependent on a limited number of customers and end markets. A decline in revenue from, or the loss of, any significant customer could have a material adverse effect on Spectaire’s financial condition and operating results.

As of March 27, 2024, Spectaire only has five anticipated customers in its initial pilot program, and Spectaire expects to depend upon a small number of customers for a substantial portion of its future revenue. Accordingly, a decline in revenue from, or the loss of, any significant customer could have a material adverse effect on Spectaire’s financial condition and operating results. Spectaire cannot assure: (i) that orders that may be completed, delayed, cancelled or reduced will be replaced with new business; (ii) that the pilot customers will ultimately utilize Spectaire’s products and services; or (iii) that the pilot customers will enter into additional contracts with Spectaire on acceptable terms or at all.

There can also be no assurance that Spectaire’s efforts to secure new customers and programs in Spectaire’s traditional or new markets, including through acquisitions, will succeed in reducing Spectaire’s customer concentration. Acquisitions are also subject to integration risk, and revenues and margins could be lower than Spectaire anticipates. Failure to secure business from existing or new customers in any of Spectaire’s end markets would adversely impact Spectaire’s operating results.

Any of the foregoing may adversely affect Spectaire’s margins, cash flow, and Spectaire’s ability to grow Spectaire’s revenue, and may increase the variability of Spectaire’s operating results from period to period. See “Spectaire’s operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from period to period and may fall below expectations in any particular period, which could adversely affect the market price of Spectaire’s common stock.” Spectaire’s failure to meet Spectaire’s customers’ price expectations may adversely affect Spectaire’s business and results of operations.

Demand for Spectaire’s service lines is sensitive to price. Spectaire believes its competitive pricing has been an important factor in Spectaire’s results to date. Therefore, changes in Spectaire’s pricing strategies can have a significant impact on Spectaire’s business and ability to generate revenue. Many factors, including Spectaire’s production and personnel costs and Spectaire’s competitors’ pricing and marketing strategies, can significantly impact Spectaire’s pricing strategies. If Spectaire fails to meet its customers’ price expectations in any given period, demand for Spectaire’s services and service lines could be negatively impacted and Spectaire’s business and results of operations could suffer.

The market price of shares of common stock may be volatile or may decline regardless of Spectaire’s operating performance. You may lose some or all of your investment.

The trading price of common stock may be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as the following:

These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of common stock, regardless of Spectaire’s operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of common stock is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If Spectaire was involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of management from Spectaire’s business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

Spectaire does not intend to pay dividends on common stock for the foreseeable future.

Spectaire currently intends to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of its business. As a result, Spectaire does not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on common stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, Spectaire’s business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, certain restrictions related to Spectaire indebtedness, industry trends and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. Any such decision will also be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing Spectaire’s current and future indebtedness. In addition, Spectaire may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent it from paying dividends on common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your common stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Spectaire’s inability or decision not to pay dividends could also adversely affect the market price of common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about Spectaire’s business or the Business Combination or publish negative reports, the market price of common stock could decline.

The trading market for common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about Spectaire, Spectaire’s business. Spectaire may be unable or slow to attract research coverage and if one or more analysts cease coverage of Spectaire, the price and trading volume of Spectaire’s securities would likely be negatively impacted. If any of the analysts that may cover Spectaire change their recommendation regarding Spectaire’s securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about Spectaire’s competitors, the price of Spectaire’s securities would likely decline. If any analyst that may cover Spectaire ceases covering Spectaire or fails to regularly publish reports on Spectaire, it could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of Spectaire’s securities to decline. If one or more of the analysts who cover Spectaire downgrades common stock or if Spectaire’s reporting results do not meet their expectations, the market price of common stock could decline. Moreover, the market price of common stock may decline as a result of the Business Combination if Spectaire does not achieve the perceived benefits of the Business Combination as rapidly or to the extent anticipated by financial analysts, or the effect of the Business Combination on Spectaire’s financial results is not consistent with the expectations of financial analysts. Accordingly, holders of common stock may experience a loss as a result of a decline in the market price of such common stock. In addition, a decline in the market price of common stock following the consummation of the Business Combination could adversely affect Spectaire’s ability to issue additional securities and to obtain additional financing in the future.

Spectaire’s ability to timely raise capital in the future may be limited, or may be unavailable on acceptable terms, if at all. Spectaire’s failure to raise capital when needed could harm its business, operating results and financial condition. Debt issued to raise additional capital may reduce the value of common stock.

Spectaire has funded its operations since inception primarily through private capital raises with existing securityholders. However, Spectaire has more recently incurred debt through the Arosa Loan (as described below). Spectaire cannot be certain when or if its operations will generate sufficient cash to fund its ongoing operations or the growth of its business.

Spectaire intends to continue to make investments to support Spectaire’s business and may require additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, Spectaire may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm Spectaire’s business, operating results and financial condition. We are currently in default under the Arosa Loan. Although the parties are working to reach a resolution for an extension, it is possible that such resolution may not be on favorable terms or that no such resolution may be reached. If Spectaire and Arosa are unable to reach an a resolution, Arosa may exercise their rights under the loan which includes (i) declaring all Spectaire obligations immediately due and payable, (ii) to stop advancing money or extending money or extending credit for Spectaire’s benefit, (iii) to notify any person or entity owing Spectaire money of Arosa’s security interest in such funds, (iv) take any such action as Arosa deems necessary to take possession of collateral thereunder, (v) ship, reclaim, maintain, or otherwise take ownership and sell the collateral thereunder, or (vi) otherwise exercise all rights and remedies available to Arosa under the Loan Agreement. As a result, debt holders could have rights senior to holders of common stock to make claims on Spectaire’s assets. The terms of the Loan Agreement and any debt could restrict Spectaire’s operations, including its ability to pay dividends on common stock. As a result, Spectaire shareholders bear the risk of future issuances of debt securities reducing the value of common stock.

The issuance of additional shares of common stock or convertible securities could make it difficult for another company to acquire Spectaire, may dilute your ownership of Spectaire and could adversely affect the price of common stock.

In the future, Spectaire expects to obtain financing or to further increase its capital resources by issuing additional shares of common stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity, or shares of preferred stock. Issuing additional shares of common stock, other equity securities, or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of Spectaire’s existing stockholders, reduce the market price of outstanding common stock, or both. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Spectaire Preferred Stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit Spectaire’s ability to pay dividends to the holders of common stock. Spectaire’s decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond its control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of its future offerings. As a result, holders of common stock bear the risk that Spectaire’s future offerings may reduce the market price of common stock and dilute their percentage ownership. See the section entitled “Description of Securities of Spectaire.”

Spectaire is an “emerging growth company.” The reduced public company reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make common stock less attractive to investors.

Spectaire qualifies as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. While Spectaire remains an emerging growth company, it is permitted to and plans to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These provisions include: (1) an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of Spectaire’s internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (2) not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, (3) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation arrangements in Spectaire’s periodic reports, registration statements, and proxy statements, and (4) exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, the information Spectaire provides will be different than the information that is available with respect to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the exemption from complying with new or revised accounting standards provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act as long as Spectaire is an emerging growth company. An emerging growth company can therefore delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, but any such election to opt out is irrevocable.

Spectaire cannot predict whether investors will find common stock less attractive if it relies on these exemptions. If some investors find common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for common stock. The market price of common stock may be more volatile.

Spectaire will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the PCCT IPO, (b) in which Spectaire has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which Spectaire is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of common stock that is held by non-affiliates equaled or exceeded $700 million as of the end of that year’s second fiscal quarter, and (2) the date on which Spectaire has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Spectaire’s management has limited experience in operating a public company.

Spectaire executive officers have limited experience in the management of a U.S. publicly traded company. Spectaire’s management team may not successfully or effectively manage its transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of Spectaire. Spectaire may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that Spectaire will be required to expand its employee base and hire additional employees to support its operations as a public company which will increase its operating costs in future periods.

Spectaire’s management may be exposed to risk if it cannot enhance, maintain, and adhere to our internal controls and procedures.

As a public company trading on the NASDAQ, we have significant requirements for enhanced financial reporting and internal controls. The process of designing and implementing effective internal controls is a continuous effort that will require us to anticipate and react to changes in our business accounting, auditing and regulatory requirements and to expend significant resources to maintain a system of internal controls that is adequate to satisfy our reporting obligations as a public company, and we are still early in the process of generating a mature system of internal controls and integration across business systems. If we are unable to establish or maintain appropriate internal financial reporting controls and procedures, it could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations on a timely basis, result in material misstatements in our financial statements, harm our operating results, and subject us to litigation and claims arising from material weaknesses in our internal controls and any resulting consequences, including restatements of our financial statements.

Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information in an accurate manner or on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of NASDAQ rules. There also could be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Confidence in the reliability of our financial statements also could suffer if we or our independent registered public accounting firm continue to report a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting. This could materially adversely affect us and lead to a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. If we are unable to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us, materially and adversely affect our business and operating results and subject us to litigation and claims. 

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented, or detected and corrected on a timely basis.

Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and reduce the risk of fraud. We continue to evaluate measures to remediate the material weakness. These remediation measures may be time consuming and costly and there is no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects.

If any new material weaknesses are identified in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable NASDAQ listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our share price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses.

Additionally, if our revenue and other accounting, auditing or tax systems do not operate as intended or do not scale with anticipated growth in our business, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting could be adversely affected. Any failure to develop, implement, or maintain effective internal controls related to our revenue and other accounting, auditing or tax systems and associated reporting could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. We have encountered difficulties with growth and change. If we fail to address these difficulties in assessing data usage, if the personnel handling our accounting, auditing or finance function fail to perform at an appropriate level for a public company, or if other weaknesses in internal controls are detected, it may be determined that we have a material weakness. In addition, most of our employees who work within our accounting, auditing and financial reporting functions have limited to no experience managing a publicly traded company and have limited to no experience implementing, monitoring and enforcing the internal financial, auditing and accounting controls for a publicly traded company. The identification of a material weakness could result in regulatory scrutiny and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial condition and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations.

We are in the process of designing and implementing measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate any possible material weaknesses, primarily by implementing additional review procedures within our accounting, auditing and finance department, hiring additional staff, designing and implementing information technology and application controls in our financially significant systems, and, if appropriate, engaging external auditing and accounting experts to supplement our internal resources in our computation and review processes. While we are designing and implementing measures to remediate the material weaknesses, we cannot predict the success of such measures or the outcome of our assessment of these measures at this time. We can give no assurance that these measures will remediate either of the deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our consolidated financial statements that may lead to a restatement of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.

As a public company, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for each annual report on Form 10-K to be filed with the SEC. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we expect to need to undertake various actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring accounting or internal audit staff. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC, the NASDAQ or other regulatory authorities, as well as subject us to litigation and claims, any of which would require additional financial and management resources. We have begun the costly and challenging process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404, but we may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion.

Spectaire may be required to take write-downs or write-offs, or Spectaire’s may be subject to restructuring, impairment or other charges that could have a significant negative effect on their financial condition, results of operations and the price of Spectaire’s securities, which could cause you to lose some or all of your investment.

Factors outside of Spectaire’s control may, at any time, arise. As a result of these factors, Spectaire may be forced to write down or write off assets, restructure its operations, or incur impairment or other charges that could result in Spectaire reporting losses. Even though these charges may be non-cash items and therefore not have an immediate impact on Spectaire’s liquidity, the fact that Spectaire reports charges of this nature could contribute to negative market perceptions about Spectaire or its securities. In addition, charges of this nature may cause Spectaire to be unable to obtain future financing on favorable terms or at all.

Delaware law and Spectaire’s organizational documents contain certain provisions, including anti-takeover provisions, that limit the ability of stockholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.

Spectaire’s organizational documents and the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of common stock, and therefore depress the trading price of common stock. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by the current members of the Board or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in Spectaire’s management. Among other things, Spectaire’s organizational documents include provisions regarding:

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in the Board or management.

Item 1B . Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

We operate in the emissions measurement sector, which is subject to various cybersecurity risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, including intellectual property theft; fraud; extortion; harm to employees or customers; violation of privacy laws and other litigation and legal risk; and reputational risk. We use various tools and methodologies to manage cybersecurity risk that are tested on a regular cadence. We also monitor and evaluate our cybersecurity posture and performance on an ongoing basis through regular vulnerability scans, penetration tests and threat intelligence feeds. We require third-party service providers with access to personal, confidential or proprietary information to implement and maintain comprehensive cybersecurity practices consistent with applicable legal standards and industry best practices. We design and assess our program based on the PCI-DSS, GDPR, and OWASP cybersecurity frameworks. This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the frameworks as a guide to help us identify, assess and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our business depends on the availability, reliability, and security of our information systems, networks, data, and intellectual property. Any disruption, compromise, or breach of our systems or data due to a cybersecurity threat or incident could adversely affect our operations, customer service, product development, and competitive position. They may also result in a breach of our contractual obligations or legal duties to protect the privacy and confidentiality of our stakeholders. Such a breach could expose us to business interruption, lost revenue, ransom payments, remediation costs, liabilities to affected parties, cybersecurity protection costs, lost assets, litigation, regulatory scrutiny and actions, reputational harm, customer dissatisfaction, harm to our vendor relationships, or loss of market share.

We have not identified any risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any cybersecurity incidents, which have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our Company, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. The company is currently in the process of implementing a more formalized cybersecurity program.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Governance:

Our cybersecurity risk management program adheres to a comprehensive set of requirements and recommendations, including but not limited to those outlined by the Payment Application Data Security Standard (PA-DSS). This entails refraining from retaining complete card validation, code, or value, as well as PIN block data associated with access or payment cards. Stored account holder data is rigorously protected, and robust authentication features are provided to ensure secure access. All activities, including sampling, telematics, payments, and transactions, are securely logged. Measures are in place to safeguard wireless transmissions and conduct vulnerability tests on access points, portals, and payment applications. Network implementation is meticulously secured, with stringent protocols ensuring that account holder data is never stored on servers directly connected to the internet. The program also facilitates secure remote software updates and access to portals and payment applications. Encryption protocols are employed to safeguard sensitive traffic over public networks, and additional measures such as anti-tampering protection for emissions data and carbon credits issuance are implemented. Encrypted offsite backups are maintained, and a robust disaster recovery plan is in place to mitigate potential risks effectively.

Cybersecurity Leadership and Committee:

Our Chief Information Officer (CIO), Rui Mendes, leads our cybersecurity initiatives. Our CIO’s experience includes co-founding 3RDGP Limited/Corsario, a third-generation payments company, specializing in issuing and acquiring technology solutions. Prior to 3RDGP, he co-founded Carta Worldwide, a global leader in digital enablement and payments processing technology. Mr.

Mendes is associated with multiple digital enablement solutions over the past fifteen years, including the world’s first integration by a global processor of the Mastercard Mobile Over-the-Air Provisioning Service (MOTAPS) in conjunction with MasterCard Worldwide. Additionally, Mr. Mendes oversaw the development of the Token Processing Appliance (TPA) solution that enables Host Card Emulation (HCE) and Tokenization deployment to simplify on-premises implementation of Cloud-based payments.

External Support and Third-Party Risk Management:

To strengthen our cybersecurity posture, we engage with external assessors, auditors, and consultants for regular risk assessments, penetration testing, and vulnerability analyses, allowing for proactive identification and mitigation of potential threats. We also rigorously verify the cybersecurity practices of our third-party service providers, vendors, and partners, conducting due diligence before establishing relationships and ongoing monitoring to verify compliance with our cybersecurity standards.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters are located at 19 Coolidge Hill Rd., Watertown, MA 02472. We believe our existing facility meets our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We are and, from time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any other legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.   

Market Information

Our Common Stock and Warrants are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “SPEC” and “SPECW,” respectively. Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, our Class A ordinary shares, units and warrants were listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “PCCT,” “PCCTU” and “PCCTW,” respectively.

Holders of Common Stock

As of December 31, 2023, there were 32 holders of record of our Common Stock and two holders of record of our Warrants. The actual number of stockholders of our Common Stock and the actual number of holders of our Warrants is greater than the number of record holders and includes holders of our Common Stock or Warrants whose shares of Common Stock or Warrants are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

See Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report for information about our equity compensation plans which is incorporated by reference herein.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of the business, and therefore, do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors (our “Board”) after considering our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, debt repayment obligations, capital expenditure needs, contractual restrictions, covenants in the agreements governing current and future indebtedness, industry trends, the provisions of Delaware law affecting the payment of dividends and distributions to stockholders and any other factors or considerations the Board deems relevant.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Parties

None.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

Set forth below is information regarding all equity securities of Spectaire sold by Spectaire during the year ended December 31, 2023 that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Polar Investment

On October 4, 2023, the Company entered into a subscription agreement with Polar to cover working capital requirements of PCCT prior to the consummation of the Business Combination (the “Polar Subscription Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Polar Subscription Agreement, Polar agreed to contribute up to $650,000 to the Company (the “Capital Contribution”). In consideration of the Capital Contribution, the Company agreed to issue 0.9 shares of Common Stock for each dollar of the Capital Contribution. Accordingly, at closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued 585,000 shares of Common Stock to Polar. These securities were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

PIPE Investment

On October 11, 2023, the Company entered into a private placement subscription agreement (the “PIPE Subscription Agreement”) with Dr. Jörg Mosolf (the “PIPE Investor”), pursuant to which the PIPE Investor agreed to subscribe for newly-issued shares of Common Stock (the “PIPE Shares”), with an aggregate purchase price of $3,500,000. On October 19, 2023, concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination, the PIPE Investor closed on the purchase of 50,000 PIPE Shares at a price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000 (the “PIPE Investment”). These securities were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Arosa Warrant

On March 31, 2023, Spectaire Inc., as borrower, entered into a loan agreement with Arosa, as lender, providing for a term loan in a principal amount not to exceed $6.5 million (the “Arosa Loan Agreement”). Pursuant to the Arosa Loan Agreement, on October 19, 2023, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued a warrant to Arosa to purchase 2,194,453 shares of Common Stock, subject to adjustment as described therein (the “Arosa Warrant”). The shares of Common Stock underlying the Arosa Warrant represented approximately 10.3% of the outstanding number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination on a fully diluted basis. These securities were issued pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Item 6. Reserved.

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and other information included elsewhere in this report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this report. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in any future period. Amounts are presented in U.S. dollars.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “Spectaire,” “we”, “us”, “our”, and the “Company” are intended to refer to (i) following the Business Combination (as defined below), the business and operations of Spectaire Holdings Inc. (formerly Spectaire Inc.) and its consolidated subsidiaries (“Spectaire”), and (ii) prior to the Business Combination, Spectaire (the predecessor entity in existence prior to the consummation of the Business Combination) and its consolidated subsidiary.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable Canadian securities laws. In addition, any statements that refer to projections (including EBITDA and cash flow), forecasts or other characterizations of future events or circumstances, including any underlying assumptions, are forward-looking statements. When used in this proxy statement/prospectus, words such as “plan,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “outlook,” “estimate,” “forecast,” “project,” “continue,” “could,” “may,” “might,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “should,” “would” and other similar words and expressions, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking. When the Company discuss strategies or plans, including as they relate to the Business Combination, the Company is making projections, forecasts or forward-looking statements. Such statements are based on the beliefs of, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to, the Company’s management.

Forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to:

The forward-looking statements are based on the current expectations of the Company’s management and are inherently subject to uncertainties and changes in circumstances and their potential effects and speak only as of the date of such statement. There can be no assurance that future developments will be those that have been anticipated.

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize or should any of the assumptions made by the management of the Company prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those projected in these forward-looking statements.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning matters addressed herein and attributable to the Company or any person acting on their behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to herein. Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, the Company undertakes no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Company Overview 

Spectaire is an industrial technology company whose core offering allows its customers to measure, manage, and potentially reduce carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) and other greenhouse gas emissions. Our core offering, AireCore^™, is a fully integrated hardware, software, and data platform for logistics and supply chain players that uses mass spectrometry to directly measure their emissions. The research and development for AireCore^™’s mass spectrometry technology began more than 15 years ago at MIT, led by our Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Brian Hemond and our co-founder Professor Ian Hunter. Our asset-light business model delivers a win-win-win for Spectaire, for our customers, and for the environment.

Companies are coming under increasing pressure from governments, customers, and the public to account for and reduce their emissions. We believe that, prior to our introduction of AireCore^™, there was no practical way to directly measure real-time transportation emissions. Instead of directly measuring their emissions, our potential customers currently estimate their emissions using emissions estimation calculators for transport and logistics that estimate based on fuel consumption, mileage, and vehicle weight. These estimates cannot accommodate the minute-to-minute, mile-to-mile variations that often drive significant differences between these estimates and actual emissions. As a result, these estimates have come under criticism for being inaccurate, simplistic, and—until now—impossible to verify. A pilot study conducted with our anchor customer Mosolf found that their emissions estimate calculated using CSN EN 16258, a publicly available and widely used emissions estimation standard, overstated their actual emissions by approximately 60%.

Our AireCore^™ patented micro mass spectrometer (MMS) solves this problem. Unlike conventional mass spectrometers which typically have significant cost, size, power, and environmental requirements the AireCore^™ uses a proprietary miniaturized and ruggedized analyzer combined with solid state pump technology to address mobile operation in harsh environments.

AireCore^™ is cloud-connected through mobile phone networks, enabling a continuous feed of emissions data. AireCore^™ core software can also be upgraded over-the-air (OTA) smartphone-style, enabling continuous roll-out of features and improvements.

AireCore^™ is protected by a robust patent portfolio and a lengthy research and development timeline, with significant time and resources invested by MIT in developing technology that is not reflected in our historical financial statements. MIT has granted us an exclusive license for all of the intellectual property owned by MIT that underlies the AireCore^™ and is a minority shareholder in Spectaire.

Companies face a “technology gap” between emissions requirements and access to emissions management capabilities, creating a no-win scenario. We believe that AireCore^™ is the world’s first and only device able to address this technology gap by delivering real-time, accurate, and verifiable emissions measurements, and through its flagship AireCore^™ product, we provide a fully integrated hardware, software, and data solution for logistics and supply chain players to directly measure their emissions.

Recent Developments

Subscription Agreement

On March 18, 2024, the Company entered into a subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with an investor, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell securities to the investor in a private placement. The Subscription Agreement provided for the sale and issuance by the Company of (i) an aggregate of 1,538,461 shares of the Company’s common stock and (ii) an accompanying warrant to purchase up to 1,538,461 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.30 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.0 million, before deducting related expenses. The warrant is immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until March 18, 2027.

Joint Venture

On December 22, 2023, the Company entered into a joint venture agreement (the “Joint Venture”) with MLab Capital GmbH (“MLab”) and Spectaire Europe GmbH (“JVC”), a wholly owned subsidiary of MLab and an affiliate of a director of the Company. Under the Joint Venture, JVC is responsible for the marketing, sale and manufacture of the Company’s AirCore technology in Europe, the Middle East and South America. In accordance with the Joint Venture, the Company will consequently grant JVC an exclusive, non-sublicensable license to conduct such activities upon closing. In consideration for the rights granted by the Company to JVC, JVC agreed to pay to the Company an amount of $1.5 million. Pursuant to the Joint Venture’s payment schedule, JVC has paid the Company $500,000 as of December 31, 2023, which has been recorded as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. The remaining $1.0 million in payments to the Company are contingent upon a third party’s approval of the AirCore technology’s effectiveness and the delivery of units specified thereunder. The Joint Venture did not commence operations as of December 31, 2023 and any financial accounts are not material to the consolidated financial statements.

Business Combination

Spectaire entered into the Merger Agreement with PCCT on January 16, 2023. On October 19, 2023, Merger Sub merged with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of New Spectaire (the “Business Combination” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Transactions”).

On October 16, 2023, the Company effected a deregistration under the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and a domestication under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the “DGCL”), as amended, pursuant to which the Company’s jurisdiction of incorporation changed from the Cayman Islands to the State of Delaware (the “Domestication”). In connection with the Domestication, (i) each issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”) and each then issued and outstanding Class B ordinary share, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (the “Class B Ordinary Shares” and together with the Class A Ordinary Shares, the “Ordinary Shares”), converted automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into a share of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (“Common Stock”), (ii) each issued and outstanding warrant to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share (“Cayman Warrant”) converted automatically into a warrant to acquire one share of Common Stock (“Warrant”) pursuant to the Warrant Agreement, dated as of October 27, 2021, by and between the Company and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent, and (iii) each issued and outstanding unit of the Company, consisting of one Class A Ordinary Share and one-half of one Cayman Warrant, was cancelled and entitled the holder thereof to one share of Company Common Stock and one-half of one Warrant.

On October 11, 2023, the Company entered into a private placement subscription agreement (the “PIPE Subscription Agreement”) with an investor (the “PIPE Investor”), pursuant to which the PIPE Investor agreed to subscribe for newly-issued shares of Common Stock (the “PIPE Shares”), with an aggregate purchase price of $3,500,000. On October 19, 2023, concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination, the PIPE Investor closed on the purchase of 50,000 PIPE Shares at a price of $10.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $500,000 (the “PIPE Investment”). Pursuant to the PIPE Subscription Agreement, within two years following the Closing, the PIPE Investor will purchase additional PIPE Shares in one or multiple subsequent closings for a purchase price per share of $10.00 (subject to as described in the PIPE Subscription Agreement) for an aggregate purchase price of $3,000,000 (the “Additional Investments”).

The purchase and sale of the PIPE Shares in the Additional Investments is conditioned upon certain conditions as noted in the PIPE Subscription Agreement. The PIPE Shares issued and sold in the PIPE Investment and to be issued and sold in the Additional Investments pursuant to the PIPE Subscription Agreement have not been and will not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and have been and will be issued in reliance on the availability of an exemption from such registration.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization. Under this method of accounting, PCCT was treated as the acquired company and Spectaire was determined to be the acquirer for financial statement reporting purposes.

As a result of the Business Combination, each share of Spectaire’s preferred stock and common stock was converted into the right to receive approximately 0.43 shares of Common Stock . After the Close of the Business Combination, there were 15,344,864 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.

The Common Stock and Warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq under the symbols “SPEC” and “SPECW,” respectively, on October 20, 2023, subject to ongoing review of the Company’s satisfaction of all listing criteria following the Business Combination.

Acquisition of MicroMS

On December 13, 2022, Spectaire engaged in a group corporate reorganization in which the owners of MicroMS contributed their equity interests in MicroMS to Spectaire in exchange for equity in Spectaire. As part of this reorganization (the “MMS Merger”), the ownership of MicroMS was transferred to Spectaire. From September 2022 to December 13, 2022, Spectaire had limited pre-combination activities and was formed specifically to acquire MicroMS. All mergers or business combinations require the identification of the acquiring entity, which is the entity that obtains control of the acquiree. A merger or business combination may be consummated by forming a new entity that has no significant pre-combination activities other than to issue shares to the shareholders of the combining companies. In such situations, regardless of the number of entities involved in the merger, Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”) precludes the new entity from being identified as the acquirer. Based on this guidance, management has determined that since Spectaire was newly-formed for the sole purpose of acquiring MicroMS and had limited activity prior to the MMS Merger, Spectaire is considered a new entity that lacks substance in the context of ASC 805 and therefore could not be the accounting acquirer. As MicroMS was acquired through an exchange of equity interests, further analysis was needed to determine the accounting acquirer. The Company determined that MicroMS was the accounting acquirer, as MicroMS has a clear business purpose and operating assets including a license agreement to generate revenue streams and has invested resources in developing its technology, Spectaire has no operations, MicroMS is significantly larger than Spectaire, the board composition and management is mixed between former MicroMS and Spectaire executives so these factors were considered neutral, and there was no other shareholder or group of shareholders that had substantive kick-out or participating rights. As such, the MMS Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“US GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, Spectaire, who is the legal acquirer, is treated as the “acquired” company for accounting purposes and MicroMS is treated as the accounting acquirer whereby the historical financial statements of MicroMS became the historical financial statements of Spectaire upon the closing of the MMS Merger. Accordingly, the MMS Merger was treated as the equivalent of MicroMS issuing shares at the closing of the MMS Merger for the net assets of Spectaire as of the closing date, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Spectaire were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

Key Financial Definitions/Components of Results

Revenue 

Spectaire will earn revenue based on three high-margin revenue streams through its AireCore^™ MMS product line.

Operating Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expense

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our executives. These expenses also include non-personnel costs, such as rent, legal, audit and accounting services, share-based compensation expense and other professional fees.

Depreciation expense

Depreciation expense consists of depreciation of Spectaire’s lab equipment.

Research and development expense

Research and development expenses include internal personnel and third party consulting costs related to preliminary research and development of Spectaire’s products and platforms and share-based compensation expense.

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods:

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing increased by $527,330, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to an increase in personnel costs as Spectaire continues to develop and market its products and technology.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by $12,562,936 or 9,124%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to share-based compensation expense ($6,847,393), audit and accounting fees ($1,631,766), personnel costs ($1,757,714) and legal expenses ($1,608,736).

Research and development

Research and development increased by $2,512,905 or 260%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily related to an increase in personnel costs as Spectaire continues to develop its products and technology.

Depreciation expense

Depreciation expense increased by $10,708 or 103% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to depreciation on Spectaire’s lab equipment.

Interest Expense

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Spectaire incurred $6,321,665 of interest expense primarily related to the Arosa loan ($1,014,361) and amortization of discount relating to the warrants issued to Arosa ($5,200,000).

Gain on extinguishment of debt

During the year ended December 31, 2022, Spectaire recognized a gain on the extinguishment of debt of $700,000. During 2021 and 2022, a lender loaned money to MicroMS with the intention of becoming a shareholder once an initial capital commitment was met. This capital commitment was never met as the lender ran into liquidity issues. In September 2022, Spectaire and the lender entered into a termination and mutual release agreement which terminated any obligations of Spectaire for repayment. As such the total amount owed, $700,000, was recognized into income as an extinguishment of debt for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Fair value of forward purchase agreements

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, Spectaire assumed $965,000 in liabilities in connection with Forward Purchase Agreements. The change in fair value of $248,000 during the year ended December 31, 2023 is recognized into earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Fair value of earnout liabilities

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, Spectaire assumed $49,894,000 of earnout liabilities. The change in fair value of $47,930,000 is recognized into earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Loss on initial issuance of warrants

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Spectaire recorded $15,919,501 of loss related to the initial issuance of warrants issued to Arosa.

Net income (loss)

Net income was $8,952,082 for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the net loss of $415,907 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change primarily relates to changes in the fair value of earnout liabilities partially offset by the increase in interest expense, loss on initial issuance of warrants and operating expenses, as discussed above.

Liquidity and capital resources 

Historically, the Company’s primary sources of liquidity have been cash flows from contributions from founders or other investors. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company reported an operating loss of $16.7 million and negative cash flows from operations of $7.4 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had an aggregate unrestricted cash balance of $0.3 million, a net working capital deficit of $25.4 million, and accumulated deficit of $27.2 million.

The Company’s future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the Company’s revenue growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support further sales and marketing and research and development efforts. In order to finance these opportunities, the Company will need to raise additional financing. While there can be no assurances, the Company intends to raise such capital through issuances of additional equity raises. If additional financing is required from outside sources, the Company may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital when desired, the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

As a result of the above, in connection with the Company’s assessment of going concern considerations in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-15, “Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern,” management has determined that the Company’s liquidity condition raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern through twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recovery of the recorded assets or the classification of the liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Note Receivable - Related Party

On March 31, 2023, the Company entered into a promissory note (the “Note”) with Perception Capital Corp. II. (the “Maker”) which the Company will advance to the Maker a sum of $500,000. On August 17, 2023, the Note was amended to $778,000 effective June 16, 2023. On September 6, 2023, the Note was further amended to $818,000. The Note does not bear interest and is payable on the date of the termination of the merger agreement or at any time at the election of the Maker. On April 3, 2023, and April 18, 2023, the Maker drew down $200,000 and $300,000 on this note respectively. On June 16, 2023, and June 30, 2023, the Maker drew down an additional $110,000 and $84,000 on this note respectively. On August 1, 2023 and September 5, 2023, the Maker drew a further $84,000 and $40,000 respectively. Upon the consummation of the Business Combination on October 19, 2023, Perception Capital Corp. II. repaid a total of $125,000 of this Note and was released from all other obligations under this Note and the Note was cancelled, as it was effectively assumed by Spectaire in the Business Combination.

Loan Payable

On March 31, 2023, Spectaire, as borrower, entered into the Arosa Loan Agreement with Arosa Multi-Strategy Fund LP (“Arosa”), as lender, providing for a term loan (the “Arosa Loan”) in a principal amount not to exceed $6.5 million (the “Loan Agreement”), comprised of (i) $5,000,000 in cash of which (a) $2.0 million was funded to a deposit account of Spectaire and (b) $3.0 million (the “Arosa Escrow Funds”) was funded into an escrow account (the “Arosa Escrow Account”) pursuant to an escrow agreement, dated as of March 31, 2023, by and between Spectaire and Wilmington Savings Fund Society, Federal Savings Bank (“FSB”), and (ii) Arosa caused its affiliate to transfer founder units valued by the parties at $1.5 million (the “Arosa Founder Units”) to Spectaire. Spectaire will distribute the Arosa Founder Units to Spectaire’s shareholders (other than Arosa and its affiliates) on a pro rata basis. Release of the Arosa Escrow Funds from the Arosa Escrow Account is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of customary conditions, including certification that all representations and warranties contained in the Arosa Loan Agreement and related documents are true and correct in all material respects. These funds were released from escrow on April 17, 2023. 

The Arosa Loan matured on March 27, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). The outstanding principal amount and the final payment amount of $1.3 million (the “Final Payment Amount”) are not paid in full as of the Maturity Date, and therefore the unpaid balance will accrue interest at a rate of 20.0% per annum. During the continuance of an event of default under the Arosa Loan Agreement, all outstanding obligations under the Arosa Loan Agreement will bear interest at a rate per annum that is 5.0% greater than the rate that would otherwise be applicable under the Arosa Loan Agreement. All interest under the Arosa Loan Agreement will be computed on the basis of a 360-day year for the actual number of days elapsed. As of the date these consolidated financial statements are issued, no payments on the outstanding principal or interest amounts of the Arosa Loan have been made to Arosa. Arosa has not exercised any rights or remedies based on the Company’s default under the Loan Agreement. Arosa and the Company are working to reach a resolution including a possible extension.

The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, of the outstanding balance of the Arosa Loan at any time upon three days’ prior written notice to Arosa. Spectaire will be required to repay the outstanding principal amount of the Arosa Loan, plus the Final Payment Amount and all other sums, if any, that have become due and payable under the Arosa Loan Agreement, upon the occurrence of an event of default under the Arosa Loan Agreement, the closing of the Business Combination or the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Arosa Loan Agreement). In addition, upon the receipt by Spectaire or any of its subsidiaries of proceeds from an asset sale, Spectaire will be required to repay all or a portion of the outstanding principal amount of the Arosa Loan equal to the amount of the proceeds received from such asset sale.

Pursuant to the Arosa Loan Agreement, Spectaire will pay to Arosa all expenses incurred by Arosa through and after March 31, 2023 relating to the Arosa Loan, provided that Spectaire will not be required to pay any fees of counsel to Arosa incurred on or prior to March 27, 2023 in excess of $200,000. As of December 31, 2023, $119,576 was expensed for counsel fees under the Arosa Loan Agreement of which $69,576 is included in accounts payable on the consolidated balance sheet.

While the Arosa Loan remains outstanding, Arosa will, subject to certain limitations, have the right to participate in any capital raise by Spectaire or any of its subsidiaries consummated on or prior to the Maturity Date.

The Arosa Loan Agreement includes customary representations, warranties and covenants of the parties for loans of this type. The Arosa Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including, among others, non-payment of principal or interest by Spectaire, violations of covenants by Spectaire, Spectaire’s insolvency, material judgments against Spectaire, the occurrence of any material adverse change with respect to Spectaire, breaches by any party to that certain Exclusive Patent License Agreement, dated as of September 1, 2018, by and between Spectaire and MIT or the failure of Spectaire to issue the Arosa Warrants.

Spectaire, its subsidiaries and Arosa also entered into a Guarantee and Collateral Agreement providing that Spectaire’s obligations to Arosa are secured by substantially all of Spectaire’s assets and all of Spectaire’s shareholders entered into a pledge agreement with Arosa pursuant to which such shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Spectaire to Arosa as collateral under the Arosa Loan.

On March 31, 2023, in accordance with the terms of the Arosa Loan Agreement, Spectaire agreed to issue to Arosa a warrant to purchase a number of shares of Spectaire Common Stock representing 10.0% of the outstanding number of shares of Spectaire Common Stock on a fully diluted basis as of March 31, 2023 at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, subject to adjustment as described in the Arosa Loan Agreement (the “Closing Date Warrant”). Pursuant to the Arosa Loan Agreement, Spectaire will, upon the closing of the Business Combination, issue an additional warrant to Arosa to purchase a number of shares of NewCo Common Stock equal to 5.0% of the outstanding number of shares of NewCo Common Stock on a fully diluted basis at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, subject to adjustment as described in the Arosa Loan Agreement (the “Additional Warrants”). Taken together after giving effect to the closing of the Business Combination, the shares of NewCo common stock underlying the Closing Date Warrant and the Additional Warrant will represent 10.3% of the outstanding number of shares of NewCo Common Stock on a fully diluted basis. On May 2, 2023, the Company issued Arosa the Closing Date Warrant to purchase 2,200,543 shares of common stock. As a result of the issuance of the Closing Date Warrant, which met the criteria for equity classification under applicable US GAAP, the Company recorded additional paid-in capital in the amount of $13.8 million which was the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on initial issuance of Closing Date Warrants of $7.3 million and a debt discount of $6.5 million. The debt discount is accreted over the term of the loan and netted against the loan principal. As of December 31, 2023, $4.9 million of principal net of loan discount is reported in loan payable on the consolidated balance sheet.

On October 13, 2023, The Company requested an additional advance in the aggregate principal amount of $650,000 (the “Additional Advance”) under the Arosa Loan Agreement. The Advance together with the original loan in the aggregate principial amount of $6,500,000 advanced by the Lender to the Borrower on or around March 31, 2023 constitute the Loan for all purposes under the Arosa Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents such that the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the Loan after the making of the Additional Advance is $7,150,000, and all of the terms and conditions applicable to the Loan under the Arosa Loan Agreement and the other Loan Documents shall apply to the Additional Advance.

Pursuant to the Arosa Loan Agreement, on October 19, 2023, in connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company issued the Additional Warrant to Arosa to purchase 2,194,453 shares of Common Stock, subject to adjustment as described therein. Upon the issuance of the Additional Warrant, Arosa and the Company agreed to terminate and cancel the Closing Date Warrant. The shares of Common Stock underlying the Additional Warrant represented approximately 10.3% of the outstanding number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination on a fully diluted basis. As a result of the issuance of the warrant, which met the criteria for equity classification under applicable US GAAP, the Company recorded additional paid-in capital in the amount of $9.3 million which was the fair value of the warrants on the issuance date. As a result, the Company recognized a loss on initial issuance of warrants of $8.6 million and debt discount of $0.7 million. The debt discount is accreted over the term of the loan and netted against the loan principal. As of December 31, 2023, $0.3 million of principal net of loan discount is reported in loan payable on the consolidated balance sheet.

Debt Financings

In October, November, and December 2022, Spectaire entered into three convertible notes with shareholders to which the shareholders agreed to loan to Spectaire, in the aggregate, $437,499. In January 2023, Spectaire entered into four additional convertible notes for a face value of $500,000, $369,980, $100,000, and $50,000. In February 2023, Spectaire entered into two additional convertible notes for a face value of $500,000 and $75,000. In April 2023, Spectaire entered into an additional convertible note with a face value of $225,000. In August 2023, Spectaire entered into two additional convertible notes for a face value of $100,000 (All notes collectively the “Convertible Promissory Notes”).

The Convertible Promissory Notes bear interest at a rate of 6% per annum and subject to the conversion provisions, all principal and interest shall be due and payable on May 8, 2024. Effective upon the closing of a Qualified Financing (as defined below), all of the outstanding principal and interest under the Convertible Promissory Notes will automatically be converted into shares of the same class and series of capital stock of Spectaire issued to other investors in the Qualified Financing (the “Qualified Financing Securities”) at a conversion price equal to the lower of (i) the price per share of Qualified Financing Securities paid by the other investors in the Qualified Financing and (ii) the price per share that would have been paid by the investors in the Qualified Financing had the pre-money valuation of Spectaire been $17,900,000 (the “Valuation Cap”) (it being understood that, for purposes of clause (ii), the total number of securities of Spectaire outstanding shall be deemed to include all securities issuable upon the exercise or conversion of Spectaire Options or warrants then outstanding (including any securities reserved and available for future issuance under any equity incentive plan of Spectaire), but shall exclude any securities issuable upon conversion or cancellation of the Convertible Promissory Notes and any other indebtedness of Spectaire or similar instruments), in each case with any resulting fraction of a share rounded down to the nearest whole share. “Qualified Financing” means the first issuance or series of related issuances of capital stock by Spectaire after the date of the Convertible Promissory Note, with immediately available gross proceeds to Spectaire (excluding proceeds from this and any other indebtedness of Spectaire or similar instruments that convert into equity in such financing) of at least $2,500,000. Spectaire shall notify the holder in writing of the anticipated occurrence of a Qualified Financing at least five days prior to the closing date of the Qualified Financing. Each holder has agreed to execute and become party to all agreements that Spectaire reasonably requests in connection with such Qualified Financing.

Upon the closing of the Business Combination on October 19, 2023, all of the outstanding principal and interest under the Convertible Promissory Notes automatically converted into 1,460,638 shares of the common stock of the Company at a conversion price of $1.

In order to finance transaction costs in connection with a Business Combination, the initial shareholders or an affiliate of the initial shareholders or certain of the PCCT’s directors and officers may, but are not obligated to, loan the Company funds as may be required (“Working Capital Loans”). If the Company completes a Business Combination, the Company will repay the Working Capital Loans out of the proceeds of the Trust Account released to the Company. Otherwise, the Working Capital Loans would be repaid only out of funds held outside the Trust Account. In the event that a Business Combination does not close, the Company may use a portion of proceeds held outside the Trust Account to repay the Working Capital Loans, but no proceeds held in the Trust Account would be used to repay the Working Capital Loans. Except for the foregoing, the terms of such Working Capital Loans, if any, have not been determined and no written agreements exist with respect to such loans. The Working Capital Loans would either be repaid upon consummation of a Business Combination, without interest, or, at the lender’s discretion, up to $2,500,000 of such Working Capital Loans may be convertible into warrants at a price of $1.00 per warrant. On October 17, 2023, PCCT amended the debt, extending the maturity date to 180 days following the consummation of the Business Combination unless converted at the close of the Business Combination. The Working Capital Loans were not converted at the close of the business combination and as of December 23, 2023, the outstanding amount of Working Capital Loans were $536,701 was recorded in convertible promissory notes - related party on the consolidated balance sheets.

Prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, on October 31, 2022, PCCT issued a convertible promissory note in the aggregate principal amount of up to $720,000 (the “Extension Loan”) to its sponsor. The Extension Loan was issued in connection with certain payments to be made by the sponsor into the PCCT trust account pursuant to PCCT’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, to provide PCCT with an extension of the date by which it must consummate an initial business combination from November 1, 2022 to November 1, 2023 (the “Extension”). The contribution(s) and the Extension Loan do not bear interest. At the close of the Business Combination, there were insufficient funds in the PCCT trust to repay this loan and the Extension Loan was not converted at the close of the Business Combination. On April 10, 2023, PCCT amended the debt, increasing the aggregate principal amount of the extension loan up to $1,200,000. On October 17, 2023, PCCT amended the debt, extending the maturity date to one year following the consummation of the Business Combination unless converted at the close of the Business Combination. As the Extension Loan did not convert at the close of the Business Combination, the Company assumed the Extension Loan and as of December 31, 2023, $574,815 is outstanding and recorded in convertible notes payable - related party on the consolidated balance sheets.

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered into the Common Stock Purchase Agreement with Keystone whereby we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Keystone, and Keystone is obligated to purchase, up to the lesser of (i) an aggregate of $20 million of newly issued shares of common stock and (ii) the Exchange Cap, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. On November 17, 2023, the Company entered into a convertible note with an investor (the “Holder”) to the investor as settlement of the commitment fee related to the Common Stock Purchase Agreement, in the aggregate, $300,000 (the “New Convertible Promissory Notes”) which is recorded as capital raise expense in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Convertible Promissory Notes bear interest at a rate of 5% per annum and subject to the conversion provisions, all principal and interest shall be due and payable on May 17, 2024. At the sole discretion of the Holder, the principal and accrued interest may be converted in part of whole into share of common stock of the company equivalent to the average dollar volume-weighted average price of a share of Common Stock during the five (5) trading day period ending on the trading day immediately prior to the date of the conversion notice (the “VWAP Price”). If the VWAP Price is less than $1.00, the VWAP Price shall be deemed to be $1.00. At December 31, 2023, $300,000 owing under this promissory note is included on the consolidated balance sheet at par.

Equity Financings

In October, November, and December 2022, prior to the merger with MicroMS, Spectaire raised approximately $455,000 from a Series Seed Preferred Stock.

Cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

The following table summarizes Spectaire’s cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Cash flows from operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(7,374,497), primarily related to Spectaire’s non-cash items such as change in value of earnout liabilities partially offset by share-based compensation, loss on initial issuance of warrants and non-cash interest expense as well as an increase in accounts payable.

Cash flows from investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(24,696), driven by the purchases of lab equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $42,190, driven by cash acquired in the acquisition of MicroMS.

Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the years ended December 31, 2023 was $7,723,303, consisting primarily of the proceeds received from the issuance of the Convertible Promissory Notes and common stock and entering into the Arosa Loan Agreement partially offset by disbursement from the issuance of note receivable.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

AireCore^™ Mass Spectrometer Program

On June 30, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with a Contract Manufacturer in which the vendor will support the Company with a co-build of 5 AireCore^™ Mass Spectrometers at the Company’s facilities followed by documentation and assembly of 50 AireCore^™ Mass Spectrometers at the vendor’s facility. The co-build, documentation and assembly is estimated to cost $276,834. On December 14, 2023, the agreement was amended to build an additional 30 units at a cost of $122,743.

Off balance sheet arrangements

None

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an emerging growth company (“EGC”), as defined in the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with EGC status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable us to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an EGC, we intend to rely on such exemptions, we are not required to, among other things: (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis); and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

We will remain an EGC under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the Initial Public Offering, (ii) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three-years.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company maintains its cash in checking and savings accounts. The Company held investment securities in mutual funds primarily in U.S. government securities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Bank deposits are held by accredited financial institutions and these deposits may at times be in excess of federally insured limits. The Company limits its credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing them with financial institutions that it believes are of high quality. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash or cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our cash were maintained with one financial institution in the United States in checking and savings accounts.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates  

We prepare our financial statements in accordance with US GAAP for interim financial information, expressed in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, they do not include all information and footnotes required by US GAAP for complete financial statements. The accompanying consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments including normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with US GAAP. The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full fiscal year. References to GAAP issued by the FASB in these accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from these estimates. On an ongoing basis the Company evaluates its estimates including those relating to inventory valuation, fair values, income taxes, and contingent liabilities among others. The Company bases its estimates on assumptions both historical and forward looking that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgements about the carrying values of assets and liabilities.

In addition, management monitors the effects of the global macroeconomic environment, including increasing inflationary pressures; social and political issues; regulatory matters, geopolitical tensions; and global security issues. The Company is also mindful of inflationary pressures on its cost base and is monitoring the impact on customer preferences.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The authoritative guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based upon the best information available in the circumstances. The categorization of financial assets and liabilities within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels:

The carrying amounts of certain financial instruments, such as cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The fair value of debt instruments for which the Company has not elected fair value accounting is based on the present value of expected future cash flows and assumptions about the then-current market interest rates as of the reporting period and the creditworthiness of the Company. All of the Company’s debt is carried on the consolidated balance sheet on a historical cost basis net of unamortized discounts and premiums because the Company has not elected the fair value option of accounting.

Warrants

The Company reviews the terms of warrants to purchase its common stock to determine whether warrants should be classified as liabilities or stockholders’ deficit in its consolidated balance sheets. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ deficit, the warrant must be (i) indexed to the Company’s equity and (ii) meet the conditions for equity classification.

If a warrant does not meet the conditions for stockholders’ deficit classification, it is carried on the consolidated balance sheets as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in other non-operating losses (gains) in the consolidated statements of operations. If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded, at its relative fair value on the date of issuance, in stockholders’ deficit in the consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation: Stock Compensation”, by measuring the grant date fair value of the award and recognizing the resulting expense over the period during which the employee is required to perform service in exchange for the award. Equity-based compensation expense is only recognized for awards subject to performance conditions if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved. The Company accounts for forfeitures when they occur.

Inventories

Inventories consist of finished stock of spectrometer units built by the Company and recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value and work -in- progress units measured at cost. The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities and records a provision for excess and/or obsolete inventory which reduces the cost basis of the inventory. There was no inventory reserve as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Revenue Recognition

Product sales

The Company generates revenue through the sale of AireCore^™ units directly to customers. The Company considers customer agreements and purchase orders to be the contracts with the customer. There is a single performance obligation, which is the Company’s promise to transfer the Company’s product to customers based on specific payment and shipping terms in the arrangement. The entire transaction price is allocated to this single performance obligation. Product revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of the Company’s product, which occurs at shipment. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products.

The Company evaluated principal versus agent considerations to determine whether it is appropriate to record third-party logistics provider fees paid as an expense. The Company owns and controls all the goods before they are transferred to the customer. The Company can, at any time, direct the third-party logistics provider to return the Company’s inventories to any location specified by the Company. It is the Company’s responsibility to make any returns made by customers directly to logistic providers and the Company retains the back-end inventory risk. Further, the Company is subject to credit risk (i.e., credit card chargebacks), establishes prices of its products, fulfills the goods to the customer and can limit quantities or stop selling the goods at any time. Therefore, these fees such, mainly, shipping and handling expenses will be recorded within cost of goods sold as they are incurred and are not recorded as a reduction of revenue since.

Profit Sharing Agreement

The Company entered into an agreement with a customer pursuant to which the company will provide training and marketing support to the customer and receive a percentage of revenue received by the customer when the customer markets spectrometers. The Company evaluated variable considerations to determine if the company should estimate a reasonable amount of this revenue to be included in the transaction price. The Company determined that since customer controls all aspects of the transactions with their customers including pricing and timing of service, the expected outcome is highly uncertain and variable revenues cannot be reasonably estimated. Revenue under this agreement will be recognized when customer makes such confirmation and receipt of a determined amount of funds is highly certain.

Licensing agreement revenue  

The Company enters into license agreements to strategic partners to sell and distribute AireCore^™. For licenses of technology, recognition of revenue is dependent upon whether the Company has delivered rights to the technology, and whether there are future performance obligations under the contract. Revenue from non-refundable upfront payments is recognized when the license is transferred to the customer and the Company has no other performance obligations. Customers pay in advance for the licenses. Revenue is initially deferred and is recognized at the time the performance obligation is complete.

Research and Development costs

Costs related to preliminary research and development of internal use software are expensed as incurred as a component of operating expenses.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing the net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock of the Company outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, convertible notes, warrants and earn-out shares, to the extent dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2023, unvested restricted stock awards, restricted stock units,  and warrants were included in the calculation of dilutive earnings per share (“EPS”) using the treasury stock method; the convertible notes were included in the calculation of dilutive EPS using the if-converted method; and the earn-out shares would be included in the calculation of dilutive EPS based on the number of shares, if any, that would be issuable if the end of the reporting period were the end of the earn-out period. There were no potential dilutive common stock equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, all potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 See Note 3, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, to Spectaire’s consolidated financial statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk 

The Company maintains its cash in checking and savings accounts. The Company held investment securities in mutual funds primarily in U.S. government securities We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

Concentration of Major Customers

As of December 31, 2023, Spectaire only had five anticipated customers in its initial pilot program, and Spectaire expects to depend upon a small number of customers for a substantial portion of its future revenue. Accordingly, a loss of any significant customer could have a material adverse effect on Spectaire’s financial condition and operating results. Spectaire cannot assure that (i) orders that may be completed, delayed, cancelled or reduced will be replaced with new business; (ii) the pilot customers will ultimately utilize Spectaire’s products and services; or (iii) the pilot customers will enter into additional contracts with Spectaire on acceptable terms or at all.

There can also be no assurance that Spectaire’s efforts to secure new customers and programs in Spectaire’s traditional or new markets, including through acquisitions, will succeed in reducing Spectaire’s customer concentration. Acquisitions are also subject to integration risk, and revenues and margins could be lower than Spectaire anticipates. Failure to secure business from existing or new customers in any of Spectaire’s end markets would adversely impact Spectaire’s operating results.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities. Bank deposits are held by accredited financial institutions and these deposits may at times be in excess of federally insured limits. The Company limits its credit risk associated with cash and cash equivalents by placing them with financial institutions that it believes are of high quality. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash or cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2023, our cash was maintained with one financial institution in the United States in checking and savings accounts.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Our operations include activities in the United States. In addition, we contract with vendors that are located outside of the United States and certain invoices are denominated in foreign currencies. While our operating results are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and various foreign currencies, there was no material impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor and material costs. We do not believe that inflation and changing prices had a significant impact on our results of operations for any periods presented herein. While we are seeing, and expect to continue to see, inflation due to, among other things, geopolitical and macroeconomic events, such as the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, as of December 31, 2023, we do not expect anticipated changes in inflation to have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations for future reporting periods other than general impacts on companies due to general economic and market conditions.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

This information appears following Item 15 of this Report and is included herein by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreement With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the Company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective, due solely to the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which pertains to internal controls over the recognition of share-based payment expense and income taxes. As a result, we performed additional analysis as deemed necessary to ensure that our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with US GAAP. Accordingly, management believes that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly in all material respects our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the period presented.

Management intends to implement remediation steps to improve our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting. Specifically, we intend to expand and improve our review process for complex transactions. We plan to further improve this process by enhancing access to accounting literature, identification of third-party professionals with whom to consult regarding complex accounting applications, and consideration of additional staff with the requisite experience and training to supplement existing accounting professionals.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the most recently completed fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023, there was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting with the exception of the ongoing implementation of our plan to remediate the material weakness described above.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the JOBS Act for “emerging growth companies” and because we qualify as a “non-accelerated filer” (i.e., we do not qualify as either an “accelerated filer” or a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act).

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.